HAPPY FRIDAY!!

• Pick up an Agenda on the stand in the front• Turn in vocab

Expansion and Build-up to the Civil WarManifest Destiny and War with Mexico

Manifest Destiny

• The idea the Americans would expand to the Pacific Ocean started with Thomas Jefferson (Lewis and Clark expedition)• Definition: The idea that the US should

expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific in order to create a vast republic that would spread democracy and civilization

Reasons for moving west

• The Panic of 1837 convinced people that they were better off with a fresh start in the West

• Tons of land out west• Farming and mining for gold!!

• Transportation and communication revolution• Steamboats• Railroads• Communication wires (Morse code)

Trails West• Santa Fe Trail- 780 miles from Independence,

Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico• Oregon Trail- Started in Independence, Missouri and

ended in Portland, Oregon• Fertile soil, lots of rainfall• Traveled in wooden-wheeled Conestoga wagons• Walked, and pushed handcarts

• Trip took months, many died of disease• Caravans provided protection against NA attacks and

loneliness • By 1844, about 4,000 Americans settled in Oregon

Mormon Movement

• Religious community• Joseph Smith established the Church of Jesus

Christ of Latter-day Saints in NY in 1830• Moved to Illinois

• Brigham Young, Smith successor, decided to move beyond the boundaries of the US• Settled in Utah near the Great Salt Lake

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”

• 1844, James K. Polk ran for president on the platform that wanted to annex (take) all of the Oregon Territory• Newspapers adopted the slogan “Fifty-Four Forty

or Fight!”- referred to the latitude and longitude lines 54 degrees 40’

• Peaceful agreement made- extend the boarder between US and Canada to 49th parallel

Impact of Native Americans

• Conflict between Native Americans and settlers grew as more whites were moving west• Native Americans continued to be removed

from their homelands throughout the remainder of the 19th century

War With Mexico-Background• Mexico breaks from Spain in 1821-

independent• Mexican gov’t encouraged American farmers

to settle in Mexico• To prevent boarder violations by horse thieves and

protect against NA attacks• Offered land grants• Americans pledged to obey Mexican laws and

observed Roman Catholicism

US tries to buy Texas

• President JQA tried to buy Texas from Mexico for $1 million- failed

• Jackson tried to buy Texas for $5 million- failed• Tension between Mexico and Americans living in TX

grew over cultural differences and slavery• Many southerners moving in and bringing slaves• Mexico abolished slavery in 1824

• Mexico seals its borders in 1830

Stephan Austin and Texas

• Austin established a colony between the Brazos and Colorado rivers- “no drunkard, no gambler, no profane swearer, no idler” would be allowed

• Austin wanted greater self-gov’t for Texas but was unsuccessful

• Mexican President, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna imprisoned Austin for inciting revolution

Texas Independence• The Alamo: Spanish Mission in San Antonio used as a fort• Attacked by Santa Anna’s Mexican army• All 187 Texan defenders were killed by the Mexican army• Including: • William Travis- commander of the TX forces• Jim Bowie-famous for knife• Davy Crockett- famous woodsman

• Significance: “Remember the Alamo!”- war cry for Texans fighting for independence

• Battle of San Jacinto- 1836• April 21, 1836, Sam Houston and Texans defeated Santa Anna

and shouted “Remember the Alamo!”• March 2, 1836- Texans declare their independence from Mexico

• 1845- Texas joins the Union

Polk Urges War With Mexico

• Jame K. Polk- big believer in “Manifest Destiny”, wanted to purchase California from Mexico• Many supported b/c of Manifest Destiny and

land opportunities• Northerners feared that slavery would spread

Mexican-American War 1846-48• War started with Mexico over the southern border of

Texas• Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked US forces

that were positioned there led by Gen. Zachary Taylor• War was declared May 1846

• Stephen Kearny invaded and captured New Mexico w/o bloodshed

• John C. Fremont invaded and captured California• Established the Republic of California

• Winfred Scott invaded Mexico and captured Mexico City

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• February 2, 1848- treaty signed by US and Mexico• US received full title over Texas and Rio Grande• US gained California and New Mexico territory• Includes Utah, Nevada, and Colorado

• US bought California for $15 million• Gadsden Purchase established the current

boundaries of the lower 48 states

California Gold Rush• Gold found in California in 1848, led to the Gold Rush of

1849• Forty-niners- people who moved to CA in 1849 to search

for gold• San Francisco population explodes

• Significance- California applies to statehood in 1850- major sectional issue

Expansion and the Build-up to Civil WarDivisive politics of slavery

Difference between North and South

• North:• Economy based on manufacturing and industrialization• Railroad construction• Urbanization• Immigration from European countries

• South:• Economy based on agriculture and slavery- COTTON• Plantations and small farms• Lack of railroads and industry• No significant European immigration

Election of 1848• New political party developed

• Free Soil Party- anti slavery• Nominee was Martin Van Buren

• Whig Party nominee was Zachary Taylor• Easily won the election

Wilmot-Proviso

• Wilmot- Proviso- banned slavery in territory acquired from war with Mexico• California, Utah and New Mexico

• Divided Congress on regional lines• Northerners supported Proviso- feared that adding slave territory

would give South more influence• Southerners opposed- raised Constitutional issues (property protected

in the const.)- Proviso goes against this• House approved the Proviso, Senate rejected it

California Gold Rush • Gold discovered in California- people flooded to

California• Called “forty-niners”- people who went looking for gold

in 1849

• Gold Rush- by 1849, 95,000 people had settled in California• Growing number required need for government• Many different nationalities coming (Asians, South

Americans, Europeans, Free African-Americans, Mexicans)- also included slaves

California Statehood

• Applied to the Union as a free state (new constitution banned slavery)• Caused debate b/c again it would upset the balance of free state

and slave states in the Senate• South thought it would be a slave state b/c it was below the

Missouri Compromise line• South warned that if California came in as a free state, they would

rebel

Compromise of 1850- Background

• When Congress met in 1849, the California statehood issue was on the top of their agenda

• Northerners also demanded slavery be abolished in Washington D.C.

• Southerners accused Northerners of refusing to follow the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

• Southerners threaten secession- withdraw from the Union

Compromise of 1850• Terms of the Compromise:

• California enters as a free state• Tougher fugitive slave laws• Slave trade is not allowed in D.C.• Mexican Territory divided into 2 parts with the people deciding

on the slavery question• POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

• Taylor died, and successor Millard Fillmore supported the compromise

• After 8 months of debate the compromise was passed• Fillmore thought the compromise was the “final settlement” on

the issue of slavery

STOP AND THINK!!!!• When California applied for statehood in 1850,

Mississippi senator Jefferson Davis warned, “For the first time, we are about permanently to destroy the balance of power between sections.” Why might Davis have felt this way?

Slavery leads to violence

• Proslavery in the South and antislavery in North disagreed over the treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery into the new territories

• Resulted in increased sectionalism between the regions

Fugitive Slave Laws

• Part of the Compromise of 1850-• Runaway slaves could NOT testify in court and no trial by

jury• Helping an escaped slave resulted in fines and jail time• Slaves were returned to owners

Underground Railroad

• Secret network of abolitionists who would help fugitive slaves escape to the North and Canada• Harriet Tubman- former slave and “conductor” on the

underground railroad• Made 19 trips and helped 300 people to freedom• Nicknamed the “Moses” of her people for her efforts

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe• Attacked the institution of slavery as evil, became a

bestseller in the North• Significance- • increased sectional tensions between North and South• Portrays slavery as a moral issue

Kansas-Nebraska Act• Stephen Douglas’ plan to organize territories in the West• Popular Sovereignty- settlers in the territories would vote

for or against slavery in both Nebraska and Kansas

• Repealed the Missouri Compromise-• Kansas and Nebraska both north of 36th parallel line

• Significance- sectional tension exploded• Northerners resented the idea that slavery could expand in

territories previously banned• Led to the formation of the Republican Party

“Bleeding Kansas”• Violence erupted as pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers

rushed to Kansas and began fighting with each other• 2 rival governments were set up”• Pro-slavery capital- Lecompton• Anti-slavery capital- Topeka

• Pottawatomie Massacre- John Brown, a fiery abolitionist, murdered 5 slave owners with a broad-sword in Kansas

• Significance- Kansas erupted in its own civil war

Brooks Sumner incident• Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner delivered

a 2 day speech attacking supporters of slavery• Called out SC senator Andrew P. Butler

• Butler’s nephew, Preston S. Brooks struck Sumner over the head with his cane• Southerners applauded and showered Brooks with new

canes

Expansion and Build-up to Civil War

New Political Parties• Whig Party collapses in 1854- conflict over slavery• Know-Nothing Party (American Party) established in

1854• Members believed in nativism- favoring native-born

Americans over immigrants• Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic

• Republican Party- est. 1854• Opposed to the expansion of slavery into western territories• Supported by many people in the North as a result of

“Bleeding Kansas”

Slavery Dominates Politics• President James Buchanan elected in 1856• Weak and indecisive at dealing with the slavery issue

Dred Scott v. Sandford- Dred Scott Decision

• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri• taken north of the Missouri compromise line by his owner in

1834

• Sued for his freedom because he had lived in free territory

• Supreme Court ruled he couldn’t sue b/c he wasn’t a citizen• The Founding Fathers had not intended for African-

Americans to be citizens• Also said Congress had no right to prohibit slavery in the

territories and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Lincoln-Douglas Debates• Abraham Lincoln (Republican) v. Stephen

Douglas (Democrat) ran for Senate in Illinois 1858

• Held 7 open-air debates throughout Illinois on the issue of slavery in the territories

• Douglas believed in popular sovereignty and that slavery would pass away on its own• Freeport Doctrine-

• If people didn’t want slavery all they had to do was elect people who wouldn’t enforce slavery

John Brown’s Raid• John Brown was a fiery abolitionist

• Wanted to free slaves and punish the slaveholders

• October 16, 1859- led 21 men into Harper’s Ferry, VA (Now WV)• Aim was to seize the federal arsenal, take the weapons and

start a revolt• Captured and tried for treason and executed• Northerners saw him as a martyr (individual who sacrifices his

life or personal freedom in order to further a cause or belief for many)

• Southerners thought his punishment was just• Scared of more uprisings

Election of 1860• 3 major candidates in addition to Lincoln (Republican

candidate)• Democratic Party was split

• Stephen Douglas in North (b/c of popular sovereignty)• John Breckinridge in South

• Constitutional Union Party- John Bell- wanted to ignore the issue of slavery all together

• Lincoln wins the Election of 1860• Southerners thought they lost their political voice in the

national government• South thought Lincoln would free the slaves, said they had not

choice but to leave the Union

Secession• From November- March 1860-61, 7 States left

the union• SC led the way, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,

Louisiana, Georgia and Texas• Argued the Constitution was a contract and the North

broke it by not enforcing the Fugitive Slave Laws *****

• Cry for “States’ rights”- complete independence of Southern states from federal government control

Confederate States of America

• These 7 states drafted their own Constitution and called themselves the Confederate States of America (Confederacy)• Constitution resembled the US Constitution but it

“protected and recognized” slavery in new territories• Stressed that each state would be “sovereign and

independent”

• Chose Jefferson Davis to be their President• Lincoln said he wouldn’t take active measures to

force the states back in the Union