September 2016

Produced in association with:

Changing

migration

Brexit update

2

Class

The Centre for Labour and Social Studies is a

new trade-union based think tank established in

2012 to act as a centre for left debate and

discussion. Originating in the labour movement,

Class works with a broad coalition of

supporters, academics and experts to develop

and advance alternative policies for today.

www.classonline.org.uk @classthinktank

Migrants' Rights Network is a young, dynamic

national NGO working and campaigning in

support of migrants in the UK. Our work brings

together migrant activists and support

organizations, think tanks, academics, faith

groups and public sector representatives to

advocate for a rights-based approach towards

migration in the UK.

www.migrantsrights.org.uk @migrants_rights

Migrants' Rights Network

Foreword

3

Politicians often say we need an honest debate about immigration. The irony is these same people talk about immigration incessantly and dishonestly. Their anti-immigration rhetoric has proved extremely damaging – and at times fatal – to migrants’ and asylum seekers’ lives. The UK’s EU referendum unleashed xenophobia and racism that have long been bubbling under the surface of a country consistently constructed as civilised. Seven days before the referendum, pro-refugee MP Jo Cox was murdered on a street. The man on trial for killing her stated his name in court as “Death to traitors, freedom for Britain”. In the week before and after the referendum the reported incidents of hate crimes shot up by 42% - police said they believed this spike the worst on record. Migrants were told, implicitly or explicitly, to “go home”. Attacks were not confined to those born in

other countries; British-born people of colour

were the subject of anger, too. They were

told they didn’t belong. This is because anti-

immigration feeling at times acts as a proxy

for a resurgent national identity tied to

whiteness.

The outpouring of aggression was partly the

result of a fiercely xenophobic campaign run

by Leave that was rooted in a nostalgia for

Empire; a desire to return to a time when the

UK – unencumbered by the EU – was thought

of as culturally and racially superior to the

rest of the world. Well-known right wing

politicians were adamant that the country

didn’t have control over its own borders and

constantly threatened that Turkey would join

the EU, with the underlying implication that

all Turkish people are criminals. The message

was: “foreigners” are causing this country’s

problems and degrading our national identity.

Sorely missing from the campaign was a

strong challenge to the rhetoric spewed by

Leave politicians. Pro-Remain then Prime

Minister, David Cameron, largely accepted

the anti-immigrant premise of Leave’s

argument, having whipped up similar

sentiments in the months and years prior to

the referendum. In the media, there was no

extensive challenge to or analysis of the

insidious lies perpetuated by the campaigns.

This was no new trend. Immigration was one

of the topics that dominated the 2015 general

election. There was little robust debate

among the political elite; in the lead-up to the

By Maya

Goodfellow,

LabourList

4

election it was apparent that the UK’s main

political parties were, in some form or

another, anti-immigration. They repeated the

fallacy that people from abroad move to the

UK to claim from the system. But only 1% of

migrants claim benefits, in comparison to 4%

of the British population. Most are in work

and are key to running public services. An

unregulated financial sector, wealthy

landlords and voracious employers, have

caused steady economic decline for many

people in this country. The blame is

incorrectly placed on “outsiders”. The absent

response to misleading, often hysterical,

coverage of migration exacerbated already

existing prejudices.

With diminutive political opposition over the

past decade, the myth that immigrants have

played a central role in creating job and

housing shortages by hoovering up resources

for themselves has become entrenched in

public consciousness. The violent backlash

against immigrants and UK-born people of

colour after the EU referendum had been a

long time in the making.

Meanwhile, the UK’s brutal immigration

system shows little sign of changing. People

are locked in immigration detention centres

where they’re subjected to physical and

psychological abuse. Others, who could face

persecution at home, are forcibly removed

from the country in the dead of night. The

news that refugees desperately need a safe

home elicits too little compassion. Thousands

of people are living in a camp in Calais;

Britain’s response is to ‘strengthen borders’.

It took the pictures of the body of three-year

old asylum seeker Alan Kurdi washed up on a

Turkish beach to soften public opinion

towards refugees. It quickly hardened again.

Some believe the electorate won’t listen to

the truth about migration. But public opinion

is not rigid and social change is not achieved

by pandering to opinion polls. On immigration

we must challenge, confront and transform

misconceptions about people from abroad –

whether they are classified as immigrants, or

asylum seekers. Migrants and asylum seekers

share common ground with people born in

the UK who bore the brunt of the economic

crisis: both are exploited and used as

scapegoats for this country’s problems. Lies

about immigration shroud this potential base

for solidarity.

The situation can get worse. Hard-right

parties are on the march across Europe and

beyond. A world where inequality is growing

provides a fertile breeding ground for fascism.

Nevertheless, politicians continue to

aggressively bang the anti-migrant drum and

a vociferous right-wing press regurgitates lies

about people from abroad. The updated

version of this pamphlet is vital in providing

us with the key facts desperately needed in

this dangerous racist and xenophobic climate.

Maya Goodfellow

Changing the debate

on migration

Update: Brexit and migration

In the year since the last

publication of this booklet, the

rhetoric around migration has

become increasingly hostile;

much of this in the context of

the EU referendum campaign.

The official Vote Leave campaign announced a focus on immigration during the last

stage of the campaign1 and UKIP unveiled a controversial poster depicting refugees

travelling through Europe with the phrase “Breaking Point”.

A key pillar of the Leave

campaign platform was an

Australian style points based

immigration system2. Although

new Prime Minister Theresa

May has made immigration

reform a red line in Brexit

negotiations, she has ruled out a points based system amid claims that it would not

necessarily reduce the number of migrants in the UK3.

We know our immigration system will change, but don’t

yet know how. What we do know is that the immigration

debate will rage on.

The aftermath of a hostile campaign

After the referendum result, reported hate crime

offences increased by 60%. The number of hate crimes

has gone down, but there are still 14% more than in the

equivalent period in 20154. It remains to be seen if, or for

how long, this trend will continue.

“...soon after the result I was told by someone

getting on my bus to enjoy my job while it lasted.

Soon I would be 'going home'."

Abdul Rashid, Bus Driver

Speaking at TUC Congress, 13th September 2016

“When I saw that poster, I shuddered. I thought it

was the wrong thing to do.”

Michael Gove on UKIP’s “Breaking Point”

migration poster, 19th June 2016

Hate crimes increased by

in the aftermath of the referendum result

60%

5

Too often, terms with very different meanings are used interchangeably to describe

migrants. This can result in confusion and create an inaccurate perception of what is

going on. There are many different reasons people move from one country to another,

some people choose to move and some are forced.

Migrants: An umbrella term to describe those who move from one place to another

to find work or better living conditions.

Immigrants: Those who come to a country mainly for work, generally to settle.

Asylum Seekers: Those who apply for protection under the United Nations

Convention on the Status of Refugees and are awaiting a decision from the government as to whether they are recognised as a refugee.

Refugees: People fleeing their country of origin due to fear of persecution for

reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion and who have officially been given permission to stay in the country.

Migrants or refugees?

There is no such thing as an

‘illegal’ or ‘bogus’ asylum

seeker. Under international

law, anyone has the right to

apply for asylum in any

country that has signed the

1951 Convention and to

remain there until their

claim has been assessed.

6

Source: Refugee Council 1

Changing the debate

on migration

Media coverage of migration is often misleading and increasingly hysterical. Instead of

empathising with the plight of desperate migrants, the media, until very recently, has

chosen to stoke up prejudice. The refugee crisis escalating in Europe due to conflicts

across the Middle East and North Africa has been ignored to the point this became

impossible, showing just how far this xenophobic attitude has skewed perceptions. These

attitudes effectively shut down any real discussion about how, or why, Britain should play

a part in supporting refugees and migrants.

Despite a promise to give 20,000 people

’humanitarian status’ in the face of huge public

support for refugees, the Government is still refusing

to take part in a fair asylum

system. In the first 3 months

of 2015 they rejected 64%

of asylum cases and have

restricted the already basic

rights of those who are

granted asylum3.

Asylum seekers are not allowed to work while their

claim is processed. The Government is cutting the

already limited support to the few asylum seekers

who have come to Britain – those with children now

have to live on £73.90 a week as a result of cuts of up

to 30% in their support payments4.

The truth about refugees and asylum seekers

In the first 3 months of 2015 the

UK Government rejected 64% of asylum cases.

7

62% What people think

4% The reality

Source: IPPR, ONS2

Perceptions on the share of asylum seekers as % of

migrants (UK)

Britain

France

Sweden

Germany

Refugees in Turkey

In reality the number of refugees coming to Britain is

an incredibly small percentage of the world’s refugee

population. The vast majority – 86% – of refugees are

taken in by developing countries with far fewer

resources than Britain5. In 2014, Turkey – whose GDP

per capita is about four times less than Britain’s –

hosted the largest number at 1.59 million refugees6.

Britain had 31,945 applications for asylum in 2014; but

in Sweden – whose population is nearly seven times smaller than ours – there were

81,325 such applications. France had more than twice as many, and Germany – with

202,851 applications – had more than six times the British rate7.

Asylum and new asylum applicants 2014

8

Developing countries host

of the world’s refugees

Adjusting the figures for each country’s population, the

country that received by far the most applicants was Sweden with 8,365 per

million people living there. The UK received just 494,

which compares to 2,513 for Germany and 972 for France.

64,310

202,815

81,325

31,945

Italy

64,625

1,590,000

The UK has one of the lowest rates of applications per

resident in Europe at just 0.5 per 1,000 – 1 asylum

application for every 2,000 residents.

Source: Eurostat 8

Changing the debate

on migration

8

After five years of war:

More than 250,000 people have been killed

13.5 million people are in need of urgent humanitarian assistance

More than 50% of Syria’s population is displaced

The refugee crisis: focus on Syria

Source: UNHCR

One in three refugees making the perilous journey across the Mediterranean sea to

reach Europe is Syrian9. After anti-government protests escalated into a civil war five

years ago, the economy is in tatters, unemployment is estimated at 50%, and the

largest industry, farming, has been almost destroyed by the ongoing conflict.

Where are Syrian refugees?

2.7 million 1 million 656,000 20,000

Turkey Lebanon UK Jordan

Source: UNHCR10

9

Patterns of migration The distorted debate around migration is clearly evidenced by the gulf between public

perception around numbers, versus the reality. Polls show that people think there are

far more immigrants in Britain than there really are. On average people think that

immigrants make up a quarter – 24.4% – of the population when it is actually half that,

at just over 12%9. In a global context, Britain has a smaller proportion of migrants in the

population than the US (13%)10, Canada (20.6%)11 and Australia (25%)12.

The movement of migrants is not just

one way. Large numbers of people

emigrate from Britain every year. An

estimated 323,000 people

emigrated from the UK in 2014,

joining the almost 1 in 10 British

citizens that already live overseas13.

Internal migration within Britain is

also an important factor. 2.85

million residents moved between

local authorities in England and

Wales last year, an increase of 5%

compared with a year earlier14.

Migration flows are

complex and there is broad

consensus that the net

migration target is

unhelpful and shouldn’t

guide future policy.

5.5 million or 8% of the UK

population live abroad - compared

to just 0.8% of Americans.15

Changing the debate

on migration

The reality

12.5%

10

What proportion of Britain’s population

are immigrants?

24.4%

What people think

Migrants increase the labour supply of a country and help to

grow the economy through increased consumer demand,

which leads to the creation of more jobs16. Some argue that

there is a fixed amount of work to be done in the economy,

and that more migrants means less jobs for those already

living in Britain. In reality, migrants not only increase the

size of the economy but also the number of jobs

available17.

Despite the myths, the majority of new jobs created are not taken up by immigrants.

The immigrant share in new jobs is – and always has been – broadly the same as the

share of immigrants in the working age population18.

Between 2005 and 2008, generally a period of economic

strength and high migration in Britain, employment of

existing British workers increased by 116,00019. Even in

2008, when migration was high, the number of UK

unfilled vacancies reached almost three quarters of a

million20.

All the evidence suggests that migrants – especially

migrants from the new EU member states – are net

contributors to the public purse. In fact, new EU

migrants paid in via taxes about 30% more than they

cost public services21. In particular, they were far

less likely to claim benefits and tax credits.

The real impact of migration on the economy and jobs

of EU citizens coming to the UK for work have a

definite job to go to22

11

New EU migrants paid in taxes about

than they cost public services.

In total, there is evidence that migration has positive effects on the average wage23. By

adding the skill sets of migrant workers to existing sectors, there is an increase in overall

productivity, which in turn increases the average wage. In some sectors, if migrants have

skills that are direct substitutes for existing workers, and if collective agreements are not

enforced, then a slight downward pressure on wages at the lower end of the labour

market might be felt24.

But the race to the bottom in wages began for many

reasons. The root of this can be found in the

deregulation of labour markets and the introduction

of a raft of anti-union laws25. This gave employers the

go-ahead to push back against decent wages and

working conditions. Deregulation, the reduction in

trade-unionism and the failure to upgrade or enforce

the minimum wage, has been to blame for this race

to the bottom.

Changing the debate

on migration

What’s the real reason for the race to the bottom in wages?

12

Deregulation of labour markets

Failure to implement the Agency Workers

Directive

Reduction in trade unionism

Failure to enforce minimum wage

WAGES:

The race to the

bottom

The only way to ensure decent wages

and working conditions for all workers is to: renew the

regulation of employment conditions; ensure a stronger role for trade unions; and put

policies in place to tackle the squeeze on living

standards across the board.

Migration and public services

Housing Successive government failure has meant that not

enough housing has been built over a long period

and there are now desperate shortages of

affordable housing across the country. In some areas

this has led to anger at the lack of housing being

misdirected towards migrants. The majority of new

immigrants are not eligible for social housing and

myths of migrants ‘jumping’ social housing waiting

lists are completely untrue. On average, immigrants

are less likely to be in social housing than people

born in the UK26. Likewise, immigrants are much less

likely to own their home and immigration is unlikely

to have an impact on overall house prices27.

Social Security The term ‘benefit tourism’ is often

bandied around to conjure up

images of lazy migrants heading

abroad to live off benefits. But

‘benefit tourism’ does not exist.

The UK is the only EU country to

have a lower unemployment rate

for migrants – 7.5% – than

nationals – 7.9%28.

UK

-bo

rn h

ead

s o

f h

ou

seh

old

Source: EHRC

Owner Occupiers

74% 17%

Social Housing Tenants

17% 11%

Private Tenants

7% 64%

Fore

ign

-bo

rn h

ead

s o

f h

ou

seh

old

13

of migrants claim unemployment

benefits

of UK nationals

compared to

Source: European Commission29

About 2.5% of Britons in other EU countries are

claiming unemployment benefits – the same level as

the number of EU nationals claiming jobseeker’s

allowance (JSA) in the UK30.

The UK has some of the lowest benefits in Europe and

the government has introduced harsher rules on

claiming support31. These include EU migrants having to

wait three months before they can claim for JSA, Child

Benefit and Child Tax Credits.

National Health Service

The phrase ‘health tourism’

refers to the idea that migrants

come to the UK with the sole

intention of accessing free

healthcare. We are told it is a major problem, but in reality this is not the case. A

government report identified a "plausible range for health tourism" of just 5,000 to

20,000 visitors a year32. This equals just 0.3% of total NHS spending33 – far from the

billions of pounds we are led to believe is being spent. In reality, the UK is a net

beneficiary of so-called ‘health tourism’. More British

people receive treatment abroad than the number of

foreign born who receive treatment on the NHS34.

Immigrants resident in England account for 4.5% of the

population but are responsible for less than 2% of NHS

spending, meaning migrants cost the NHS less than

British-born residents35. In the NHS, you are far more

likely to be treated by a migrant worker than meet one

in the waiting room.

Overseas visitors currently account

for about

of total NHS expenditure

14

Changing the debate

on migration

"Epidemics of health tourists cost us billions"

The Daily Mail, 3rd April 2013

Around the same number of

Britons are claiming unemployment benefits in

other EU countries as there are EU

nationals claiming JSA in the UK

On average migrants are younger and better educated

than their UK-born counterparts. The most recent

immigrants are better educated still. While more than half

of the UK-born workforce left school at 16 or earlier, fewer

than 1 in 6 new immigrants finished their education by the

age of 1636. In 2012, just over 1 in 5 UK-born members of

the workforce finished education at 21 or later compared

with more than 40% of all immigrants and more than 50%

of all new immigrants37.

While English may not be the first

language of many migrants, the

overwhelming majority speak English.

Just 0.3% of the total UK population

don't speak English at all38.

The UK points-based system for non-EU immigrants means that

migrants are only permitted to take jobs where there are recognised skill shortages and

if they can prove, before entering the UK, that

they have the necessary qualifications. Unlike in

the United States, where the skill composition of

migrants is tilted towards the unskilled, migrants

in the UK are over-

represented in very

high-skilled

occupations.

15

Students, migration and the skills shortage

More than 1 in 4 doctors in the UK are foreign-born nationals

1 in 7 qualified clinical staff in hospitals and surgeries are foreign-born nationals

Just 0.3% of the UK

population is unable to speak

English

of recent EU migrants and

of recent non-EU migrants

have a university degree

Source: HSCIC 39

Changing the debate

on migration

After reading Maya Goodfellow’s Foreword,

there is no denying that things have gone

from bad to worse. Further broadcasting of

immigration myths during the EU

referendum by the UKIP and Vote Leave

campaigns meant that Class was compelled

to update this publication. However, while

the facts matter, the persistence of lies and

rejection of experts in the last year and now

a Prime Minister that even expresses anti-

immigration sentiment on the global stage

means that a society that is positive about

immigration feels further away than ever.

Arming ourselves with the truth will only

get us so far.

Polls that measure the attitudes of the

public towards immigrants document the

scale of the challenge we face. The

proportion of Britons who admit to being

racially prejudiced has risen since the start

of the millennium. Even before the Brexit

Vote, the proportion of people admitting

racist views to pollsters was 29%40 - and this is

undoubtedly an under estimation. More

recently, Pew Research Centre found that

31%41 felt that that diversity makes the Britain

a worse place to live.

EU campaigners who knocked on doors across

the country repeat stories of a public that

rejects facts, preferring to rely instead on

anecdotes and perceptions. This situation

presents a different challenge to what many

on the left have been contemplating – we are

fighting a belief system, not what many on

the political left and right refer to as

‘legitimate concerns.’

Turning the tide on such deeply embedded

views and prejudices is of course a long term

project. Helpfully, the EU debate gives us a

clue as to where to start. While the Leave

campaign magnified pre-existing negative

ideas and myths on immigration, the Remain

campaign avoided the issue. The positive case

for immigration was seldom made, apart from

to say that immigrants pay taxes – not a

message that pulls at the heart-strings. Even

now, politicians on the left are focused almost

entirely on a narrative of a ‘left behind’

working class who are angry about inequality,

again ignoring the ballooning anti-

immigration sentiment that has gripped this

country. The EU referendum result was at

least in part to do with racism - to deny this is

to bury your head in the sand.

So the first step is to admit there is a problem.

By Dr Faiza

Shaheen,

Director of

Class

16

What now?

The second is to start to tell the positive

stories. British athletes with immigrant

backgrounds, such as Mo Farah, are helpful in

this regard, but we need to go further. I was

struck recently when listening to the

Canadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, who

on a popular American late night TV show had

this to say about why Canada is welcoming

Syrian refugees: ‘One of the great things

about Canadian culture is we figured out that

things are done by addition, so you take

flavours and perspectives and experiences of

the world and you create something better

than the sum of its parts with it.’42

It felt like music to my ears – finally a leader

of a country unashamedly proud and positive

about immigration. Of course there are UK

political leaders who will occasionally say

positive things about immigration, but these

remarks are inevitably followed by a line on

the need to control borders.

There is reason to think that positive framing,

alongside efforts to point the finger away

from immigrants to the real culprits of the

shortage of good jobs, housing, and

overwhelmed public services, would start to

shift perspectives. After all, it is exactly the

opposite strategy that got us to this point. But

policy matters too: a study of Canada’s

success found that their story was in part to

do with an emphasis on civil society to help

with the practicalities of integration43.

Furthermore, we know that local level funding

that helps to tackle new demand on local

services can help to ease transition.

And there is reason for hope. While a third of

the population think diversity makes Britain

worse, an equal number think it makes Britain

better44.

Some may feel that we are too late. The

damage done by the political consensus to

bash immigration and insist on closing

borders in Brexit negotiations will mean we

continue down a slippery slope. But we can’t

afford to be despondent. Unless the left are

vocal about immigration in a way that

promotes a positive and inclusive message, it

will not only be elections we lose, but the soul

of our country. Instead of denial or blame, it is

time our leaders showed courage and

changed the record.

Faiza Shaheen

17

Sources and References

The following footnotes refer to sources and reports quoted in the text:

1. BBC (2016), EU referendum: Vote Leave focuses on Immigration

2. Telegraph (2016), EU referendum: Boris and Gove pledge tough new immigration system after Brexit

3. The Guardian (2016), No 10 rules out points based immigration system for Britain

4. See National Police Chiefs Council: http://news.npcc.police.uk/releases/tackling-hate-crime-remains-a-priority

5. See Refugee Council http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/glossary

6. See IPPR (2014) Perceptions and Reality: Public Attitudes to Immigration https://www.ipsos-mori.com/DownloadPublication/1634_sri-perceptions-and-reality-immigration-report-2013.pdf

7. See Refugee Council (2015) Quarterly Asylum Statistics http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/assets/0003/4620/Asylum_Statistics_May_2015.pdf

8. See http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/16/asylum-seekers-with-children-to-see-support-payments-cut

9. UNHCR (2014) Refugee Statistics http://www.unhcr.org.uk/about-us/key-facts-and-figures.html

10. See UNHCR above

11. See Eurostat (2015) Asylum and new asylum applicants http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_quarterly_report

12. See Eurostat (2015) above

13. See UNHCR (2016): http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php

14. See UNHR (2016): http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php

15. See House Of Commons Briefing (2015) Migration Statistics using Ipsos Mori and Census

2011 data http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06077#fullreport

16. See http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2013/04/03/59040/the-facts-on-immigration-today-3/

17. See http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-s-foreign-born-population-soars-to-6-8-million-1.1308179

18. See http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1370.0~2010~Chapter~Overseas%20born%20population%20%283.6%29

19. ONS Migration Quarterly Report (May 2015) http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/may-2015/stb-msqr-may-2015.html

20. ONS (2014) Internal Migration by Local Authorities in England and Wales http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/internal-migration-by-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/year-ending-june-2014/index.html

21. Royal Statistical Society analysis of ONS data (2014) http://www.statslife.org.uk/social-sciences/1910-how-many-british-immigrants-are-there-in-other-people-s-countries

22. Bennett, A. (2014), Does Immigration From EU Countries Cause Unemployment In The UK?, Huffington http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/01/21/immigration-ids-may_n_4632089.html

23. See Bennett, A. Huffington Post above

24. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (2015)Immigration and the UK Labour Market http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/ea019.pdf

25. Bennett, A. (2014), Does Immigration From EU Countries Cause Unemployment In The UK?, Huffington Post

26. See Bennett, A. Huffington Post above

27. Dustmann, C. and Frattini, T. (2013), The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK, Discussion Paper Series CDP No 22/13, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, UCL

18

Changing the debate

on migration

19

28. ONS Quarterly Report (Aug 2015) http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2015/index.html

23. See Dustmann, C. and Frattini, T. UCL above

24. Dustmann, C., Frattini, T. and Preston, I. (2013), ‘The Effect of Immigration along the Distribution of Wages’, Review of Economic Studies, Vol 80(1), pp. 145-173. and Lemos, S. and Portes, J. (2008), New Labour? The Impact of Migration from Central and Eastern European Countries on the UK Labour Market, Discussion Paper No. 3756, IZA, Germany.

25. See Migrants Rights Network (2013) http://www.migrantsrights.org.uk/blog/2013/11/migrants-are-undermining-working-conditions-no-blame-30-years-government-deregulation

26. See Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Immigration and the UK Labour Market (2013) http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/pa014.pdf

27. Rutter, J. and Latorre, M. (2009), Social housing allocation and immigrant communities, Equality and Human Rights Commission, available: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/ehrc_report_-_social_housing_allocation_and_immigrant_communities.pdf

28. ICF GHK (2013), A fact finding analysis on the impact on the Member States' social security systems of the entitlements of non-active intra-EU migrants to special non-contributory cash benefits and healthcare granted on the basis of residence: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&newsId=1980&furtherNews=yes

29. See ICF GHK above

30. Guardian analysis of EU countries (2015) via statistics offices, ministries and government authorities http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/19/-sp-thousands-britons-claim-benefits-eu

31. See New Statesman (2015) http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/11/what-are-eu-migrants-entitled-terms-benefits-and-housing-and-when and Stovicek, K. and Turrini, A. (2012), Benchmarking Unemployment Benefit Systems: European Economy Economic Papers 454,

European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/economic_paper/2012/pdf/ecb454_en.pdf

32. Prederi (2013), Quantitative Assessment of Visitor and Migrant use of the NHS In England: Exploring the data https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/251909/Quantitative_Assessment_of_Visitor_and_Migrant_Use_of_the_NHS_in_England_-_Exploring_the_Data_-_FULL_REPORT.pdf

33. See Channel 4 Full Fact https://fullfact.org/health/costs_health_tourism-37227

34. See Hanefeld, J; Horsfall, D; Lunt, N and Smith, R (2013) Medical Tourism: A Cost or Benefit to the NHS?

35. Royal Society of Medicine (2014) https://www.rsm.ac.uk/about-us/media-information/2014-media-releases/immigration-bill-will-pose-risk-to-public-health.aspx

36. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Immigration and the UK Labour Market (2012)

37. See Centre for Economic Performance above

38. NIESR analysis of ONS 2011 Census data (2014) http://www.niesr.ac.uk/blog/speaking-english-does-matter-almost-all-immigrants-uk-do#.Vds4bflVikp

39. Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) research (2014) http://www.hscic.gov.uk/

40. The Guardian (2014) Racism on the rise in Britain

41. See: Pew Research Centre, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/12/in-views-of-diversity-many-europeans-are-less-positive-than-americans/

42. Justin Trudeau, 19 May 2016, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah.

43. Hiebert, D. ‘What’s so special about Canada? Understanding the resilience of immigration and multiculturalism.’ Trans-Atlantic Council on Migration.

44. Pew Research Centre, Op. Cit.

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© Class 2016

The views, policy proposals and comments in this piece do not represent the collective views of Class or Migrants’

Rights Network but have been approved as worthy of consideration by the labour movement.