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PhosphorusBy: Pansy Haney
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» Phosphorus was first discovered by Hennig Brandt in 1669. Brandt found phosphorus by heating concentrated urine with sand. Brandt collected the heated product under water which was a waxy substance.
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What is Phosphorus?
Phosphorus is a chemical element that is part of the nitrogen family. Phosphorus can be identified on the periodic table of element by the symbol P.
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Where do we find Phosphorus?
• Phosphorus is found in every living organism.
• Phosphorus is found in our Lakes, river and streams.
• Phosphorus is found in vegetable, fruits, and meats.
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Phosphorus allotropic forms
• White/yellow Phosphorus
• Red Phosphorus
• Black Phosphorus
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White Phosphorus
• Does not occur naturally• Soft, very reactive• Consists of P4 molecules• So unstable that it turns yellow• Reddens when hit by light• Glows in the dark making
Phosphorescence • Stored underwater to isolate from air
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White Phosphorus Uses
• Production of phosphoric acid and other chemicals
• Fertilizers
• Additives in foods and drinks
• Cleaning compounds
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White Phosphorus Hazards
• A poison that can be absorb through skin contact, ingestion, or breathing.
• Removes oxygen from the air
• Highly explosive if mixed with other chemicals
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Red Phosphorus
• Red phosphorus formed by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight or heating to 275°c
• Not has explosive as white
• Used to make matches, tracer bullets, pesticides, fire bombs, and fire works
• Black phosphorus formed by heating white phosphorus 225°c
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Black Phosphorus
• Black phosphorus formed by heating white phosphorus, but a mercury catalyst and a seed crystal of black phosphorus is needed.
• Least reactive form of Phosphorus• Glows in the dark• Since it’s discovery phosphorescence has been
used to describe substances that glow in the dark without burning
• No significant commercial uses
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Phosphorus Cycle
• Phosphorus goes through a cycle when it enter our river and lakes.
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Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Definition
Concentrated Feeding Operations is where animals are kept and raised in confined situations. Animals kept in a confined space for 45 days or more and not allowed to graze for food. It is illegal to spread manure of a CAFO animal where it moves off the land and into waters of the state. CAFO is loaded with plant nutrient nitrogen and phosphorus.
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CAFO Impact on Ground Water
Ground Water
• E. coli poisoning• Blue baby syndrome
Surface Water
• Cryptosporidium parasite infection
• Giardia parasite • Pfisteria
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North Carolina
• North Carolina has develop a site- specific P indexing system that is called Phosphorus Loss assessment Tool. This helps North Carolina to see how much phosphorus is lost in the agricultural fields. A study was done on 100 counties that were sampled in North Carolina. This was to see how many farms would have to make changes under the PLAT act.
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How Phosphorus gets into our lakes and river.
• Runoff from roads
• Farmed fields
• Septic system
• Residential lawns with high phosphorus fertilizer
• Wastewater treatment
• Industrial waste
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What you can do to stop excess phosphorus in ground and surface water
• Use fertilizers sparingly
• Use phosphorus free detergents
• Plant ground cover in bare spots in your yard
• Take car to car wash instead of washing in the driveway
• Pick up after your pet
• Don’t use CAFO manure for fertilizer
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The schematic diagram below highlights the complexity of soil P
chemistry.
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Web site1- http: www.jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract.com
This site talks about the North Carolina Phosphorus Loss Assessment tool.
2- www.1.fipr.state.fl.us/phosphateprimer.comThis site has information on the fertilization, where it was first mined, and how important phosphorus is to animals and plants.
3- www.3dchem.com this site tells what phosphorus is and its allotropic forms.
4- www.carrs-fertiliser.co.uk/.../scotphos4.html diagram of the schematic
5- http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/ecosystem/phosphorus-cycle.php
phosphorus cycle6- http://www.3dchem.com/moremolecules.asp?
ID=210&othername=Black%20Phosphorus Black Phosphorus7- http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/p.htm
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Books
• Odum, P. Eugene, 1993, Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support Systems, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
• Raven, Peter H., Berg, Linda R., Hassenzahl, David M., 2004,Environment, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.