hand_tools chap 5.ppt

Hand Tools

Shop Tools and Techniques

Industrial Tool UsageTwo categoriesHand toolsMachine toolsImportance of hand tools should not be overlookedBench work includes operations of inspecting, fitting, and assembling


Two Classes of Hand ToolsNon cuttingCutting


Two Classes of Hand ToolsNon cuttingInclude vises, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, pliers, and etc.Used basically for holding, forming, assembling, reassembling, destroying, or dismantling parts


Bench ViseAlso Called Machinists ViseUsed to hold small work securely for sawing, chipping, filing, polishing, drilling, reaming, and tappingSize determined by width of jaws


Bench Vise

Solid or swivel baseJaw caps made of brass, aluminum, or copper to protect the work surface from being marred or damaged


Other Vises


Clamping DeviceC-ClampPopular in Plant settings2 to 12Allows clamping two or more items together or clamping one item to another


Clamping DeviceBoiler ClampsHeavy Duty6 to 24


Hard Faced HammersBall PeenPeen: smaller, rounded endUsed in riveting or peening operationsVariety of sizes


Hard Faced HammersSledgeLargest striking surfaceUsed in persuading or nudging objectsVariety of sizes: head mass range 1 to 12 lbSmaller sizes used for gentle persuasionLarger sizes used for serious business


Hard Faced HammersClaw typeSmaller striking surfaceClaw end can be used for prying nails and etcVariety of sizes: head mass range 10 oz to 22 ozSmaller available with ergonomic handles


Soft-Faced HammersFaces made of plastic or rubber. Plastic or rubber faced hammers are fastened to steel body and replaced when wornUsed in assembling or dismantling parts so finished surface of work not marred


Soft-Faced HammersHeads with replaceable faces made of plastic or rubber


Soft-Faced HammersHeads made of rawhide, aluminum, brass, copper, copper/bronze or leadEntire head made of above materialUsed in assembling or dismantling parts so finished surface of work not marred


Soft-Faced HammersHeads with replaceable section of leather.


Soft-Faced HammersDead Blow hammersFilled with lead or steel shotDo not bounce back or rebound after striking objectDo not lose shape and last longer than lead hammers


Safety Precautions When Using a HammerBe sure handle is solid and not crackedBe sure head is tight on handle and secured with proper wedge to keep handle expanded in headNever use with greasy handle or when your hands are greasyNever strike two hammer faces together


Screw driversTwo most common types Standard or flat bladeBlades for smaller make of round stockBlades for larger often square for leveragePhillipsDifferent sizes and stylesStandard shankStubby shankOffset


Regular Screwdrivers Tip for use with slotted-type screw Manufactured in various sizesTo suit various-sized slots in heads of fasteners


Phillips Screwdrivers Tip for use with Phillips-type screwsManufactured in sizes: #1, #2, #3, #4To suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners


Torx Screwdrivers shaped tip for use with Torx-type recessed screw headsManufactured in assorted sizesTo suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners


Square Head Screwdrivers Tip for use with Square-type screw headsManufactured in assorted sizesTo suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners


Star Head ScrewdriversStar shaped tip for use with Star-type recessed screw headsManufactured in assorted sizesTo suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners


Allen Head Screwdrivers Tip for use with Allen-type screw headsManufactured in assorted sizes


Care of a ScrewdriverChoose correct size of screwdriver for jobToo small, both screw recess and tip of screwdriver may become damagedDo not use screwdriver as pry bar, chisel, or wedgeIf tip or handle breaks or wears out, replace the screwdriver


WrenchesMany types used in machine shop workEach suited for specific purposeName derived from use, shape, or constructionMost available in both inch and metric measuring systems


Open-End WrenchesSingle-ended or double-endedOpenings usually offset at 15 anglePermits turning nut or bolt head in limited spaces by "flopping" wrenchDouble-ended have different-size opening at each end


Box-End WrenchesCompletely surround nut and useful in close quarters where only small rotation of nut can be obtained at one timeBox end has 4, 6, or 12 precisely cut notches around inside faceNotches fit closely over points on outside of nutHave different sizes at each end


Combination WrenchesBox end at one endOpen end at otherMay have socket attached as one endWide variety available


Line WrenchesAlso referred to as Flared nut wrenchesSix point constructionOne section of wrench head removed to enable the head to encircle a flared nut with a line or tube running through it.


Spud WrenchesSimilar to box or open end wrenchesOnly one end has a wrench headOther end used as an alignment tool


Striking End WrenchesBox or open end wrenchesOnly one end has a wrench headOther end used as an striking surface


Torque WrenchesSpecialized wrenches for tightening nuts and bolts to specificationsBeam TypeDial TypeDigital TypeClicker Type


Torque Wrenches

Beam Types


Torque Wrenches

Dial Type


Torque Wrenches

Digital Type


Torque Wrenches

Clicker Types


Torque Wrenches

3/8 Drive will measure 25-250 inchpounds3/8 Drive will measure 10-75 footpounds1/2 Drive will measure 20-150 footpounds


Torque Wrenches

Clicker Type


SocketsSize of Drives inchLight duty driveGeneral purpose inch driveGeneral Purpose inch drive and aboveIndustrial Applications


Sockets

Six PointEight PointTwelve Point


SocketsRegularGeneral purposeImpactHeavy dutyIndustrial


Socket Accessories

Universal JointsVarious Adapters


SocketsSpecialtyHex HeadTorx Head InternalTorx Head ExternalFlare Nut Crows Foot


Socket DriversRachets


Sockets AdjunctsExtensions


Socket Accessories

Breaker BarSpeeder BarBreaker Bar


Adjustable WrenchesMay be adjusted to within certain range to fit several sizes of nuts or bolt headsUseful for odd-size nuts or when proper size not availableCan slip when not properly adjusted to flats of nut


Pipe WrenchesMade of Cast Iron, Aluminum, or Beryllium/CopperUsed to loosen or tighten pipe connections6 to 48


Allen Setscrew WrenchesCommonly called hex keysHexagonal fits into recesses of socket head setscrews and capscrews


Allen Setscrew Wrenches


Pin Spanner WrenchesSpecialized wrenches supplied by machine tool manufacturer for use on specific machinesSupplied in various sizes


Pin Spanner WrenchesFixed-face spanners position in two fixed location holes on face of special nut or threaded fitting on machine


Pin Spanner WrenchesAdjustable-face spanners adjust to various positions of two holes on face of special nut or threaded fitting on machine


Pin Spanner WrenchesHook-pin spanner used on circumference of round nutPin of spanner fits into hole in periphery of nut


Strap WrenchesSpecialized wrenches for use on pipe or large tubingSupplied in various sizes


Chain WrenchesSpecialized wrenches for use on pipe or large tubingSupplied in various sizesSimilar to the Strap wrenches


Hints on Using WrenchesAlways select wrench that fits nut or bolt properlyDont use inch on metric or vice versaPull rather than push on wrenchAlways be sure nut is fully seated in wrench jawMisalignment will cause slippageUse wrench in same plane as nut or bolt head


PliersUseful for gripping and holding small parts for certain machining operations or when assembling partsMany types and sizesNames by shape, function or construction


Types of PliersCombination or slip-joint pliersAdjustable to grip both large and small workGrip work when small holes must be drilled or for bending or twisting light, thin materials


Types of PliersSide-cutting pliersUsed mainly for cutting, gripping, and bending of small diameter (1/8 in. or less) rods or wires


Types of PliersChannel-LocksAvailable in variety of sizesUseful for holding just about anything, loosening and tightening about anything, and about anything else you can think of.


Types of PliersNeedle-nose pliersAvailable in both straight- and bent-nose typesUseful for holding very small parts, positioning them in hard-to-get-at places and bending wire


Types of PliersSnap Ring pliersExternal Type shownUsed to remove or install external snap rings


Types of PliersSnap Ring pliersInternal Type shownUsed to remove or install internal snap rings.


Types of PliersVise-grip pliersExtremely high gripping power because of adjustable lever actionMany different stylesstandard jaws, needle jaws and C-clamp jaws


Hints on Using PliersNever use pliers instead of wrenchNever attempt to cut large-diameter or heat-treated material with pliersAlways keep pliers clean and lubricated


Two Classes of Hand ToolsNoncuttingCutting


Two Classes of Hand ToolsCuttingInclude saws, grinders, files, and etc.Used to separate, part, trim, or divide parts


Sawing, Filing and ScrapingOften necessary to perform certain metal-cutting operations at bench or on jobCommon toolsHacksawsFilesScrapers


Pistol-Grip Hand HacksawSolid frame rigid and will accommodate blades of one specific lengthAdjustable frame more common and will take blades from 10 to 12 in. longWing nut provides adjustment


Hacksaw BladesHigh-Carbon Steel BladesShort lastingBlades relatively softBlade wears quicklyInexpensiveHigh-Speed Molybdenum or Tungsten-alloy Steel BladesLong lasting Blades with hardened and tempered teeth


Hacksaw BladesTwo typesSolid blade (all-hard)Hardened throughout and very brittleFlexible blade Teeth hardened, while back of blade soft and flexibleStand more abuse than all-hard blade, but will not last long in general useUsed on channel iron, tubing, copper and aluminum


Blade PitchNumber of teeth per inchManufactured in various pitches14, 18, 24, and 32General use choice 18 in. tooth bladeChoose as coarse blade as possibleProvides plenty of chip clearance and to cut through work as quickly as possibleShould have at least two teeth in contact with work at all timesPrevent work from jamming and stripping teeth


Guide for Proper Blade Selection



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FilesHand cutting tool made of high-carbon steelSeries of teeth cut on body by parallel chisel cutsUsed to remove surplus metal and to produce finished surfacesManufactured in variety of types and shapesTwo classes: single-cut and double-cut


Single-cut FilesSingle row of parallel teethrunning diagonally across faceUsed when smooth finish desiredInclude mill, long-angle lathe, and saw files


Double-cut FilesTwo intersecting rows of teethFirst row coarser and called overcutSecond row called upcutHundreds of cutting teethProvides for fast removal of metals and easy clearing of chips


Degrees of CoarsenessBoth single- and double-cut files come in various degrees of coarseness

RoughCoarseBastardSecond-cutSmoothDead smoothMost Common


Machinist FilesTypes most commonly used in shop

Flat Hand Round Half-round Square

Pillar Three-quarter Warding Knife


Cross-sectional Views of Shop Files


Care of FilesDo not store files where they rub togetherDont throw into drawer with other filesNever use file as pry of hammerDo not knock file on vise or other metallic object to clean it Use brush or file cardApply pressure only on forward stroke


Care of FilesDo not press too hard on new fileToo much pressure also results in "pinning" which scratches work surfaceSmall particles get wedged between teeth of file and clog it up


Rotary FilesTeeth cut and form broken linesDissipate heat of frictionUseful for work on tough die steels, forgings, and scaly surfaces


Ground BurrsTeeth uniform in tooth shape and size Unbroken flutesFlutes machine ground to master burr to ensure uniformity of tooth shape and sizeMay be made of high-speed steel or carbideCarbide last up to 100 times longer


hand_tools chap 5.ppt

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