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HANDOUT:FORMATFORINSERTINGEVIDENCE,CITATIONSANDQUOTES

Citations

Remembertociteanyideathatisnotyours.Agoodactivitytodoistoimaginethattheauthorsofyoursources

readyourpaper.Wouldtheyrecognizeyourwords,ideasorphrasesastheirs?Ifso,youneedtocitethem.

ChicagoStyle,Author-DateSystem=in-textcitations,lastnameandyear+pagenumbersincaseofdirectquote,setoffbyparentheses.Ex.(Baily1987)

Referencestoauthorscanbemadeinthetext(1)ornot(2):

(1) ArchonFung(2006)maintainsthatcitizenparticipationcanenhancethelegitimacy,justiceandeffectivenessofpublicpolicies.

[Noticeherethatthefirsttimeyourefertoanauthorwithinthetext,youshoulduseboththefirstandlast

name;afterthatitisOKtouseonlythelastname.

Ifthereismorethanoneauthor,mentionallnamesuptothree;iftherearemorethanthreeauthors,youcan

writethenameofthefirstauthorandaphrasetorefertotheothers,suchas,BradleyLevinsonandhis

colleagues(2002)conclude....]

(2) Citizenparticipationcanenhancethelegitimacy,justiceandeffectivenessofpublicpolicies(Fung2006).

Multipleworks:

o Shouldbecitedinalphabeticalorderbythefirstauthorslastname:

Ex.AlthoughAmyGutmannandDennisThompson(1996)maintainthatdeliberativeforumsbringpreviouslyexcludedvoicesintodemocraticpolitics,thiscontentionhasraisedaflurryof

critiques(seeforexampleBoyteandKari1996;Enslin2001;Fraser1992;Owen2001;Young

1997).

o Iftheauthorpublishedmorethanoneworkinthesameyear,addlowercaseletterstotheyearandrepeattheseinthereferencesection:

(Torney-Purta2004a;2004b)

Multipleauthors:

o Withtwoorthreeauthors,citeallnameseachtime:

(Kelly,ColterandLane1980)

o Withfourormoreauthors,etal.shouldfollowthefirstauthorsnameinallreferences:

(Levinsonetal.2002)

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o Iftwoormoreauthorshavethesamelastname,usethefirstinitialtodistinguishbetweenthem:

(B.Ripley1988;R.Ripley1979)

Olderworks/reprints:o Bothoriginalandreprintdatesshouldbecited:

(MarxandEngels[1933]1964)

Footnotesvs.EmbeddedCitations

o Useembeddedcitations(inparentheses)ratherthannotesforsimplecitationsaswellascasesofseealso,formore,etc.:

Exs.(seeKahne2003);(formoreseealsoLevin2007);(comparetoDewey1917),etc.

o Ifyouwanttohavealongerdiscussionoftheargumentofanotherauthor,withoutinterruptingtheflowofyouressay,youcandothisinafootnote

o Footnotesshouldbeusedsparingly: topresentexplanatorymaterial toprovideinformationonnewspaperarticles,interviews,personalcommunications

(theseareNOTincludedinthereferencelistattheendofthework)

InterviewsInterviewwithXXX,date,location.InterviewwithJeffWeldon,17September2009,MexicoCity.

Newspapersauthorsname,titleofarticle,titleofpaper,day,month,year.DanielF.Cuff,ForgingaNewShapeforSteel, NewYorkTimes,26May

1985.

DirectQuotations

Fewerthan4linesoftext,citeinsidetextusingquotationmarks(andnoticeplacementofcitationinsidesentence):

Votingratesaredown25%andtrustingovernmenthasdecreasedbymorethan60%inthepast35years,

participationinvoluntaryassociationsissuspectedtobeonthedecline,andordinarycitizenshavelessandless

involvementinshapingourcommonaffairs(SkocpolandFiorina1999,3).

Longerthan4linesoftext,thequoteshouldbeindentedfrombothsidesandinblocktextformat,withnoquotationmarks(andnoticeplacementofcitationoutsideofquote):

There can be no democracy without dignity and self-respect. For people who have been rendered

invisiblebythedominantculture,gainingsuchatransformativesenseofthemselvesrequiresmorethan

exhortation or experiences of being oppressed. A new sense of self is sustained and augmented in

particularsortsofpublicplaceswherepeoplecandiscover'whotheyare'andtowhattheyaspireontheir

ownterms,andwheretheycanbegintothinkaboutwhatdemocracymeans.(EvansandBoyte1992,68)

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Editingdirectquotations

o Omitpartofthequote: replacewhatwasomittedwithanellipsis, donotuseanellipsisifyouomitsomethingthatcomesdirectlybeforeorafter

whatyouarequoting,butonlyifitisinthemiddle

o Changepartofthequote change aword oradd aword tomake a quote follow the grammar of your

sentenceortomakeitmoreunderstandable

putthenewwordinside[brackets]

Ex.SeylaBenhabibexpandstherealmofdemocraticdeliberationtoincludea

pluralityofmodesofassociation,maintainingthatitisthroughtheinterlocking

netofmultipleformsofassociations,networks,andorganizationsthat[a]

publicconversationresults(citedinEnslin,2001,p.123).

Translatingdirectquotations

o Directquotationsshouldbeinthelanguageofyouressay

o Ifyoutranslatesomethingfromanotherlanguage,besuretonotethisattheendofthecitation(traduccinpropia):

Ex.CarlosOrnelas(2003)writesthattherearedifferencesbetweenwhathecalls

powergivenfromthecentertotheperipheryandpowerwonatthelocallevel.

DelegatedpowerlacksrootsPowertakengeneratesinstitutionsthattakerootinthe

lifeofthecommunity(217,mytranslation).

Emphasisindirectquotations

o Ifsomethingisitalicizedorunderlinedforemphasisintheoriginal,reproduceitexactlyasitisintheoriginalandattheendofthequote,inparenthesesafterthepagenumber,

you should note this by saying something like, emphasis in original or nfasis

original.

o If youwish toemphasize something within the quote, youmay doso either usingitalics,boldorunderlineaslongasyounotethisattheend.

Soforexample,asJeffWeldon(2010)toldus,weshouldalwaysuseChicago

Style(324,emphasisadded).

o Fromwhat I have seen, in Spanish you would say something like, nfasis nuestro,

cursivas aadidas, o palabras similares. Avoid saying authors emphasis because

thiscanleadtoconfusionaboutwhichauthoryouortheauthoryouareciting.

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References(Seesamplereferencelistbelow)

Citationsdirectattentiontomoredetailedreferences,whichprovidecompletesourceinformation.These

referencesarepresentedinalistattheendofthedocument/essay,titledReferencesandNOTBibliography.

AllreferencesshouldbeinChicagoStyle,Author-DateSystem

DONOTincludeanyreferencesthatarenotactuallycitedinthetext,graphics,notes,etc.ofyouressay

Referencesshouldbesingle-spaced,indentedfromthesecondlineon;leaveaspacebetweeneachreference

Orderingofreferences:

o Alphabeticalbylastnameoffirstauthororbytitleofdocumentifnoauthoro Ifmultipleworksbysameauthor,listthembyyearofpublicationo Ifmultipleworksbysameauthorinsameyear,alphabeticalorderbytitle;placealower-case

letteraftertheyeartodistinguishbetweenreferences

o Ifworksbysameauthoraloneandwithdifferentco-authors,orderingisfirstaloneandthenbylastnameoffirstco-author;orderingmaynotbechronologicalbyfirstauthorwhenthereare

differentco-authors

ForeignLanguageSources

o Translatetitlesofbooksandarticlesinbracketsaftertheforeigntitleo Donottranslatethenamesofforeignjournals/periodicalso FortitlesoriginallyinEnglishorGerman(articles,books)useheadlinecapitalization(e.g.first

letterofallwordscapitalizedexceptforarticles(a,an,the),conjunctions(and,but,or)or

prepositions(in,on,by,over,etc.)

oFortitlesoriginallyinallotherlanguages,capitalizefirstletterandpropernounsonly.

Miyamoto,Yoshio.1942.Hosotokokka[Broadcastingandthenationaldefensestate].Tokyo:

NihonHosoShuppanKyokai.

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REFERENCES

Addams,Jane.1907.Democracyandsocialethics.NewYork:TheMacMillanCompany.

Benne,KennethD.1987.Themeaningsofdemocracyinacollectiveworld.In Societyaseducatorinanageof

transition,ed.KennethD.BenneandSusanTozer.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.

Checkoway,Barry,KatieRichards-Schuster,ShakiraAbdullah,MargaritaAragon,EvelynFacio,LisaFigueroa,

EllenReddy,MaryWelsh,andAlWhite.2003.Youngpeopleascompetentcitizens. Community

DevelopmentJournal38(4):298-309.

GreatTransitions:Preparingadolescentsforanewcentury.1995.Washington,DC:CarnegieCouncilon

AdolescentDevelopment.

O'Donoghue,JenniferL.2006."Takingtheirownpower":Urbanyouth,community-basedyouthorganizations,

andpublicefficacy.InBeyondresistance!Youthactivismandcommunitychange:Newdemocratic

possibilitiesforpracticeandpolicyforAmerica'syouth,ed.SeanGinwright,PedroNogueraandJulio

Cammarota.NewYork:Routledge.

ODonoghue,JenniferL.andBenKirshner.2008.Engagingurbanyouthincivicpractice:Community-basedyouth

organizationsasalternativesitesfordemocraticeducation.In Educatingdemocraticcitizensintroubled

times:Qualitativestudiesofcurrentefforts,ed.JanetBixbyandJudyL.Pace.Albany,NY:State

UniversityofNewYorkPress.

ODonoghue,JenniferL.andKarenR.Strobel.2007.Directivityandfreedom:Adultsupportofurbanyouth

activism.AmericanBehavioralScientist,51(3):465-85.

Pateman,Carol.1970.Participationanddemocratictheory.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.

Pateman,Carol.1983.Feminismanddemocracy.In Democratictheoryandpractice,editedbyGraemeDuncan.

Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.

Skocpol,Theda.1999.Advocateswithoutmembers:TherecenttransformationofAmericanciviclife.In Civic

EngagementinAmericanDemocracy,ed.ThedaSkocpolandMorrisP.Fiorina.Washington,DC:

BrookingsInstitutionPress.

Skocpol,Theda,andMorrisP.Fiorina.1999.Makingsenseofthecivicengagementdebate.In Civicengagement

inAmericandemocracy,ed.ThedaSkocpolandMorrisP.Fiorina.Washington,DC:BrookingsInstitution

Press.

Zeldin,Shepherd.2005a.Theadoptionofinnovationinyouthorganizations:Creatingtheconditionsforyouth-

adultpartnerships.JournalofCommunityPsychology33(1):121-135.

Zeldin,Shepherd.2005b.Intergenerationalrelationshipsandpartnershipsincommunityprograms:Purpose,

practice,anddirectionsforresearch.JournalofCommunityPsychology33(1):1-10.