handbook of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, volume i
TRANSCRIPT
Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders,Volume I
Michael S. RitsnerEditor
Handbook of SchizophreniaSpectrum Disorders,Volume I
Conceptual Issues and NeurobiologicalAdvances
123
EditorMichael S. RitsnerTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyRappaport Faculty of [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-0836-5 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0837-2DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0837-2Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011925373
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purposeof being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Insights from ViewsAcross 100 years
Schizophrenia spectrum and related disorders such as schizoaffective and mood dis-orders, schizophreniform disorders, brief psychotic disorders, delusional and sharedpsychotic disorders, and personality (i.e., schizotypal, paranoid, and schizoid per-sonality) disorders are the most debilitating forms of mental illness, worldwide.There are 89,377 citations (including 10,760 reviews) related to “schizophrenia”and 2,118 (including 296 reviews) related to “schizophrenia spectrum” in PubMed(accessed on August 12, 2010).
The classification of these disorders, in particular, of schizophrenia, schizoaf-fective and mood disorders (referred to as functional psychoses), has been debatedfor decades, and its validity remains controversial. The limited success of geneticstudies of functional psyhoses has raised questions concerning the definition ofgenetically relevant phenotypes.
Many researchers around the world have investigated schizophrenia spectrum,and related disorders from the perspectives of diagnostics, early detection of
v
vi Foreword
psychotic disorders, genetics, neuroscience, prognosis, and treatment. Therefore,these fields have considerably expanded with new findings that were obtainedthrough clinical and longitudinal observations and neuropsychological, neuro-physiological, neuroimaging, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, molecular genetic,genomic and proteomic analyses, which have generated a necessity for synthesesacross the functional psychoses.
The present three-volume handbook is a collection that continues to achieve mygoal of providing a comprehensive up-to-date state of the art overview of the lit-erature that addresses the challenges facing clinical and biological psychiatry. Thisseries follows four recently published books:
• Quality of Life Impairment in Schizophrenia, Mood and Anxiety Disorders. NewPerspectives on Research and Treatment. Ritsner, Michael S.; Awad, A. George(Eds.), Springer, 2007, 388p.
• Neuroactive Steroids in Brain Functions, and Mental Health. Novel Strategiesfor Research and Treatment. Ritsner, Michael S.; Weizman A. (Eds.), SpringerScience+Business Media, B.V., 2008. 559p.
• The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes, and Genes.Volumes I–IV. Ritsner, Michael S. (Ed.), Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.,2009.
Volume I: Neuropsychological Endophenotypes and Biomarkers. 231pp.Volume II: Neuroanatomical and Neuroimaging Endophenotypes and
Biomarkers. 244pp.Volume III: Metabolic and Peripheral Biomarkers. 231pp.Volume IV: Molecular Genetic and Genomic Markers. 232pp.
• Brain Protection in Schizophrenia, Mood and Cognitive Disorders. Ritsner,Michael S. (Ed.), Springer Science+Business Media, B.V., 2010. 663p.
This handbook offers a broad synthesis of current knowledge about schizophreniaspectrum and related disorders. It is based on methodological pluralism regard-ing psychiatric nosology and raises many controversial issues, and limitationsof categorical nosology of functional psychoses covering the ongoing debate onkey conceptual issues that may be relevant for the development of DSM-V andICD-11.
Reflecting the copious amount of new information provided, the handbook hasbeen divided into three volumes. Volume I contains 20 chapters and serves as anintroduction and overview of theoretical issue, and neurobiological advances. Thechapters in this volume review the schizophrenia construct, diagnosis and classi-fication of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and schizotypy concept; presentproof-of-concept Multidimensional Continuum Model of functional psychosesand evolutionary models of autism; new findings regarding neurodevelopmental,neurodegenerative, and neurochemical abnormalities; genetic and environmentalinfluences; changes in gene expression; neurotransmitter activity; brain imagingand morphological abnormalities in subjects with schizophrenia and other psychotic
Foreword vii
disorders, methamphetamine psychosis as a model for biomarker discovery inschizophrenia and advances in proteomics. Our knowledge of the genetics ofschizophrenia and its borderlands is heavily indebted to the research and writings ofProfessor Irving Gottesman. The chapter that summarizes his contributions in thathistorical context is an invaluable contribution to the handbook.
Volume II contains 19 chapters focusing on phenotypic and endophenotypicpresentations of schizophrenia spectrum and related disorders. The authors dis-cuss psychopathology, stress, social anxiety, neuropsychological, neurocognitiveand neurophysiological findings, endophenotype and neuroethological approaches,quality of life deficits, and risk for cancer morbidity and mortality. The authors alsoreview advances and challenges in mapping the prodromal phases of psychosis, inthe prediction and early detection of first-episode psychosis, early- and late-onsetschizophrenia, the longitudinal course of these disorders, as well as the interfaceof acute transient psychoses, the association of metacognition with neurocogni-tion and function in schizophrenia, neurophysiology of cognitive dysfunction inschizophrenia, schizo-obsessive states, and risk for cancer morbidity and mortalityin schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Volume III includes 18 chapters that provide a wealth of information regardingtreatment approaches, comorbidity, recovery, and outcomes of schizophrenia andspectrum disorders; in particular, recovery-based treatment approaches, antipsy-chotic and neuroprotective-based treatment; prevention and early interventionin at-risk states for developing psychosis, psychotherapy, cognitive remediation,cognitive behavior therapy; and interventions targeting social and vocational dys-function in schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Furthermore, therapeutic approachesto schizophrenia with medical illness, comorbid substance abuse, suicidality, impli-cations for treatment and community support, the relationship between religios-ity/spirituality and schizophrenia, and the ethical ramifications of biomarker usefor mood disorders are also reviewed and discussed.
Since many of the contributors to this handbook are internationally knownexperts, they not only provide up-to-date state of the art overviews, but also clarifysome of the ongoing controversies and future challenges and propose new insightsfor future research. The contents of these volumes have been carefully planned,organized, and edited. Of course, despite all the assistance provided by contributors,I alone remain responsible for the content of this handbook including any errorsor omissions which may remain. Similar to other publications contributed to bydiverse scholars from diverse orientations and academic backgrounds, differencesin approaches and opinions, as well as some overlap, are unavoidable.
This handbook is designed for use by a broad spectrum of readers includingpsychiatrists, neurologists, neuroscientists, endocrinologists, pharmacologists, psy-chologists, general practitioners, geriatricians, graduate students, and health careproviders in the fields of mental health. It is hoped that this book will also be auseful resource for the teaching of psychiatry, neurology, psychology and policymakers in the fields of mental health.
I would like to gratefully acknowledge all contributors from 16 countries(Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Ireland,
viii Foreword
Italy, Israel, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and USA) fortheir excellent cooperation. I wish to thank Professor William T. Carpenter, dis-tinguished psychiatrist, who was willing to write the afterword for this handbook.I also wish to take this opportunity to thank the wonderful staff in my clinicaldepartment as well as in other departments in Shaar-Menashe Mental Health Center(Director – Dr. Alexander Grinshpoon) for their commitment, support, and cooper-ation. I would like to thank my wonderful and generous friends, particularly BorisAltshuler, Anatoly Polischuck, and Stella Lulinsky. They always took the time tolisten, even when I was just complaining. The support they have given me over theyears is the greatest gift anyone has ever given me. Finally, I thank Springer ScienceBusiness Media B.V. for the goodwill and publication of this book, particularlyMr. Peter Butler, and Dr. Martijn Roelandse, publishing editors, who did theirutmost to promote this project and provided valuable assistance that made the bookpossible.
I sincerely hope that this handbook will further knowledge in the complex fieldof psychiatric disorders.
Haifa, Israel Michael S. RitsnerMarch, 2011
Contents
ForewordSchizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Views Across100 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vMichael S. Ritsner
1 The Schizophrenia Construct After 100 Years of Challenges . . . 1Michael S. Ritsner and Irving I. Gottesman
2 Diagnosis and Classification of the SchizophreniaSpectrum Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Daniel Mamah and Deanna M. Barch
3 Toward a Multidimensional Continuum Modelof Functional Psychoses for Research Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . 85Michael S. Ritsner
4 Irving Gottesman and the Schizophrenia Spectrum . . . . . . . . 115Aksel Bertelsen
5 Schizotypy: Reflections on the Bridge to Schizophreniaand Obstacles on the Road Ahead to Etiologyand Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Mark F. Lenzenweger
6 Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . 143Yael Dvir, Vishal Madaan, Lauren Yakutis, Jean A. Frazier,and Daniel R. Wilson
7 One Hundred Years of Insanity: Genomic, Psychological,and Evolutionary Models of Autism in Relationto Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Bernard J. Crespi
8 Quantifying the Dynamics of Central SystemicDegeneration in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Anca R. Radulescu
ix
x Contents
9 Schizophrenia Has a High Heritability, but Where Arethe Genes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Patrick P. McDonald and Shiva M. Singh
10 Changes in Gene Expression in Subjectswith Schizophrenia Associated with Disease Progression . . . . . . 237Brian Dean, Andrew Gibbons, Elizabeth Scarr,and Elizabeth A. Thomas
11 Amino Acids in Schizophrenia – Glycine, Serineand Arginine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Glen B. Baker, Jaime E.C. Hallak, Alexandria F. Dilullo,Lisa Burback, and Serdar M. Dursun
12 Developmental Consequences of Prenatal Exposureto Maternal Immune Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Stefanie L. Bronson and Neil M. Richtand
13 Glutamatergic Neurotransmission Abnormalities andSchizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Yogesh Dwivedi and Ghanshyam N. Pandey
14 Mathematical Models in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Zhen Qi, Gary W. Miller, and Eberhard O. Voit
15 Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis: A Model forBiomarker Discovery in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Chad A. Bousman, Stephen J. Glatt, Ian P. Everall,and Ming T. Tsuang
16 What Does Proteomics Tell Us About Schizophrenia? . . . . . . . 345Daniel Martins-de-Souza, Wagner F. Gattaz,and Emmanuel Dias-Neto
17 The Role of 3α-Hydroxy-5α-Pregnan-20-One in Mediatingthe Development and/or Expression of SchizophreniaSpectrum Disorders: Findings in Rodents Modelsand Clinical Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Cheryl A. Frye and Danielle C. Llaneza
18 Neural Substrates of Emotion Dysfunctions in Patientswith Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Katharina D. Pauly and Ute Habel
19 Brain Morphological Abnormalities at the Onset ofSchizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: A Reviewof the Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Antonio Vita, Luca De Peri, Cesare Turrina, and Emilio Sacchetti
20 Mapping Prodromal Psychosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Paolo Fusar-Poli, Stefan Borgwardt, and Philip McGuire
Contents xi
AfterwordThe Future of the Schizophrenia Construct and Acquisitionof New Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473William T. Carpenter
Contents to Volume II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Contents to Volume III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Contributors to Volume II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Contributors to Volume III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
This is Blank Page Integra xii
Contributors
Glen B. Baker Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee SchizophreniaResearch Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada T6G 2G3, [email protected]
Deanna M. Barch Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School ofMedicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychology, WashingtonUniversity School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,[email protected]
Aksel Bertelsen Center of Psychiatric Research, Århus University Hospital,Risskov, Denmark, [email protected]
Stefan Borgwardt Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,London, UK, [email protected]
Chad A. Bousman Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria,Australia, [email protected]
Stefanie L. Bronson Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati Collegeof Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universityof Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA, [email protected]
Lisa Burback Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee SchizophreniaResearch Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada, [email protected]
Bernard J. Crespi Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University,Burnaby, BC, Canada, [email protected]
Brian Dean The Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, The Mental HealthResearch Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Department of Psychiatry, TheUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, [email protected]
Emmanuel Dias-Neto Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Instituto dePsiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
xiii
xiv Contributors
Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centro Internationalde Pesquisa e Ensino (CIPE) – Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,[email protected]
Alexandria F. Dilullo Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee SchizophreniaResearch Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada, [email protected]
Serdar M. Dursun Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee SchizophreniaResearch Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine,Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, [email protected]
Yael Dvir Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts MedicalSchool, Worcester, MA, USA, [email protected]
Yogesh Dwivedi Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL,USA, [email protected]
Ian P. Everall Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,VIC, Australia, [email protected]
Jean A. Frazier Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry,University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,[email protected]
Cheryl A. Frye Department of Psychology, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany,NY, USA; Department of Biology Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany,NY, USA; The Center for Life Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany,NY, USA; The Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany-SUNY,Albany, NY, USA, [email protected]
Paolo Fusar-Poli Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,London, UK, [email protected]
Wagner F. Gattaz Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Instituto dePsiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,Brazil, [email protected]
Andrew Gibbons The Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, The MentalHealth Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Department ofPsychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,[email protected]
Stephen J. Glatt Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and ofNeuroscience and Physiology, Medical Genetics Research Center, SUNY UpstateMedical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, [email protected]
Irving I. Gottesman Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, [email protected]
Contributors xv
Ute Habel Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,[email protected]
Jaime E.C. Hallak National Science and Technology Institute for TranslationalMedicine, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and BehavioralSciences, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP),Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil, [email protected]
Mark F. Lenzenweger Department of Psychology, State University of New Yorkat Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill CornellMedical College, New York, NY, USA; The Personality Disorders Institute, TheNew York – Presbyterian Hospital, White Plains, NY, USA,[email protected]
Danielle C. Llaneza Department of Psychology, University at Albany-SUNY,Albany, NY, USA, [email protected]
Vishal Madaan Assistant Professor in Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences,Division of Child and Family Psychiatry, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,[email protected]
Daniel Mamah Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School ofMedicine, St. Louis, MO, USA, [email protected]
Daniel Martins-de-Souza Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany;Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University ofCambridge, Cambridge, UK; Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Instituto dePsiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,Brazil, [email protected]; [email protected]
Patrick P. McDonald Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology,University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, [email protected]
Philip McGuire Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,London, UK, [email protected]
Gary W. Miller Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University Schoolof Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Environmental Health,Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,[email protected]
Ghanshyam N. Pandey Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois,Chicago, IL, USA, [email protected]
Katharina D. Pauly Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy andPsychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,[email protected]
xvi Contributors
Luca De Peri Department of Mental Health, Spedali Civili Hospital, ThePsychiatric Clinic, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy,[email protected]
Anca R. Radulescu Department of Mathematics, University of Colorado,Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony BrookUniversity School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,[email protected]
Neil M. Richtand Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service(V116A), Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University ofCincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Graduate Program inNeuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH,USA, [email protected]
Michael S. Ritsner Department of Psychiatry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine,Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Acute Department, Sha’arMenashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel, [email protected];[email protected]
Emilio Sacchetti Department of Mental Health, Spedali Civili Hospital, ThePsychiatric Clinic, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy,[email protected]
Elizabeth Scarr The Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, The MentalHealth Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Department ofPsychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,[email protected]
Shiva M. Singh Molecular Genetics Unit, Western Science Centre, TheUniversity of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, [email protected]
Elizabeth A. Thomas The Department of Molecular Biology, The ScrippsResearch Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, [email protected]
Ming T. Tsuang Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genomics,University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Harvard Medical School andHarvard School of Public Health, Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiologyand Genetics, Boston, MA, USA, [email protected]
Cesare Turrina Department of Mental Health, Spedali Civili Hospital, ThePsychiatric Clinic, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy,[email protected]
Antonio Vita Department of Mental Health, Spedali Civili Hospital, ThePsychiatric Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, [email protected]
Eberhard O. Voit Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute ofTechnology, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;Integrative BioSystems Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA, [email protected]
Contributors xvii
Daniel R. Wilson Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University MedicalCenter, Omaha, NE, USA, [email protected]
Lauren Yakutis Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, Departmentof Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,[email protected]
Zhen Qi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute ofTechnology, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;Integrative BioSystems Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School ofMedicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, [email protected]