hand printing - khori

8/8/2019 Hand Printing - Khori

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ByKhori Spencer


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Etching is the process of using strong acid ormordant to cut into the unprotected parts of ametal surface to create a design in intaglio in

the metal (the original processin modernmanufacturing other chemicals may be usedon other types of material). As an intagliomethod of printmaking it is, along with

engraving, the most important technique forold master prints, and remains widely usedtoday.


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Linocut is a printmaking technique, a variantof woodcut in which a sheet of linoleum(sometimes mounted on a wooden block) is

used for the relief surface. A design is cut intothe linoleum surface with a sharp knife, V-shaped chisel or gouge, with the raised(uncarved) areas representing a reversal(mirror image) of the parts to show printed.The linoleum sheet is inked with a roller(called a brayer), and then impressed ontopaper or fabric. The actual printing can bedone by hand or with a press.


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Screen printing is a printing technique that uses awoven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil.The attached stencil forms open areas of meshthat transfer ink as a sharp-edged image onto a

substrate. A roller or squeegee is moved acrossthe screen stencil, forcing or pumping ink pastthe threads of the woven mesh in the openareas.Screen printing is also a stencil method ofprint making in which a design is imposed on a

screen of silk or other fine mesh, with blankareas coated with an impermeable substance, andink is forced through the mesh onto the printingsurface. It is also known as Screen Printing,silkscreen, seriography, and serigraph.


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Woodcutformally known as xylographyis arelief printing artistic technique in printmakingin which an image is carved into the surface of ablock of wood, with the printing parts remaining

level with the surface while the non-printingparts are removed, typically with gouges. Theareas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife orchisel, leaving the characters or image to show in'black' at the original surface level. The block is

cut along the grain of the wood (unlike woodengraving where the block is cut in the end-grain). In Europe beechwood was mostcommonly used; in Japan, a special type of cherrywood was used.


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Lithography (from Greek - lithos,'stone' + - graph, 'to write') is amethod for printing using a stone (lithographic

limestone) or a metal plate with a completelysmooth surface. Invented in 1796 by Bavarianauthor Alois Senefelder as a low-cost methodof publishing theatrical works, lithography

can be used to print text or artwork onto paperor another suitable material.


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Letterpress printing is a term for the relief printing oftext and image using a press with a "type-high bed"printing press and movable type, in which a reversed,raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheet of

paper to obtain a positive right-reading image. It wasthe normal form of printing text from its invention byJohannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century until the19th century and remained in wide use for books andother uses until the second half of the 20th century. In

addition to the direct impression of inked movabletype onto paper or another receptive surface,printmaking blocks such as photo-etched zinc "cuts"(plates), linoleum blocks, wood engravings, etc., usingsuch a press.


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Newsprint is generally made by a mechanicalmilling process, without the chemical processes thatare often used to remove lignin from the pulp. The

lignin causes the paper to rapidly become brittle andyellow when exposed to air and/or sunlight.Traditionally, newsprint was made from fibersextracted from various softwood species of trees

(most commonly, spruce, fir, balsam or pine).However, an increasing percentage of the worldsnewsprint is made with recycled fibers.


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Samuel Hartlib, who was exiled in Britain andenthusiastic about social and cultural reforms,wrote in 1641 that "the art of printing will sospread knowledge that the common people,knowing their own rights and liberties, will not begoverned by way of oppression. For bothchurchmen and governments, it was concerningthat print allowed readers, eventually including

those from all classes of society, to study religioustexts and politically sensitive issues by themselves,instead of thinking mediated by the religious andpolitical authorities.


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Print gave a broader range of readers access toknowledge and enabled later generations to build onthe intellectual achievements of earlier ones. Print,according to Acton in his lecture On the Study of

History (1895), gave "assurance that the work of theRenaissance would last, that what was written wouldbe accessible to all, that such an occultation ofknowledge and ideas as had depressed the MiddleAges would never recur, that not an idea would belost. Print was instrumental in changing the nature of

reading within society. Elizabeth Eisenstein identifiestwo long term effects of the invention of printing. Sheclaims that print created a sustained and uniformreference for knowledge as well as allowing forcomparison between incompatible views.


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otogravure(roto or gravure for short) is a type of intaglioprintingprocess, that is, it involves engraving the imageonto an image carrier. In gravure printing, the image isengraved onto a copper cylinder because, like offset and

flexography, it uses a rotary printing press. The vast

majority of gravure presses print on rolls (also known aswebs) of paper, rather than sheets of paper. (Sheetfed

gravure is a small, specialty market.) Rotary gravurepresses are the fastest and widest presses in operation,printing everything from narrow labels to 12 feet (4 m)-widerolls of vinyl flooring. Additional operations may be in-line

with a gravure press, such as saddle stitching facilities formagazine/brochure work. Once a staple of newspaper photofeatures, the rotogravure process is still used for commercialprinting of magazines, postcards, and corrugated(cardboard) product packaging.


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Photocopyingis widely used in business,education, and government. There have been manypredictions that photocopiers will eventually become

obsolete as information workers continue to increasetheir digital document creation and distribution,and rely less on distributing actual pieces of paper.


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Alaser printer is a common type of computerprinter that rapidly produces high quality textand graphics on plain paper. As with digital

photocopiers and multifunction printers(MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographicprinting process but differ from analogphotocopiers in that the image is produced by

the direct scanning of a laser beam across theprinter's photoreceptor.


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An inkjet printer is a type of computer printerthat reproduces a digital image by propellingvariably-sized droplets of liquid material

(ink) onto a page. Inkjet printers are the mostcommon type of printer and range from smallinexpensive consumer models to very largeand expensive professional machines.

hand printing - khori

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