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Hallucination is the phenomenon whereby perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception

where someone sees, hears, smells, tastes or feels things that don't exist outside their mind

TYPES OF HALLUCINATION

CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVABLE BEHAV IOR

AUDITORY •Hearing noises or sounds most commonly in the form of voice

•Moving eye back and forth as if looking to see who or what is talking

VISUAL •Sees a person or object that is not present•Visions can be pleasant or terrifying as in seeing monsters

•Suddenly running into another room

TYPES OF HALLUCINATION

CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR

GUSTATORY •Experiences a taste that is not present and frequently is bitter or strong

•Spitting out food or a beverage.•Refusing to eat, drink or take medicines

TACTILE•Experiences the feeling of a touch.•Feeling electrical sensations coming from the ground, inanimate objects or other people

•Slapping self as if putting out a fire

Hallucinogens Drugs which causeshallucinations

Drug which alter mood, behavior, thought and perception

Psychedelic Psychotogenic Psychotomimetic

Synonyms -

• Lysergic acid diethylamine• Lysergic acid amide

• Psilocybin• Mescaline• Cannabinoids

How do hallucinogens affect the brain?

Interfere with the action of the brain chemical serotonin, which regulates:

•mood•sensory perception•sleep•hunger•body temperature•muscle control

Interfere with the action of the brain chemical glutamate, which regulates:

•pain perception•responses to the environment•emotion•learning and memory

Partially work by temporarily disrupting communication between brain chemical systems throughout brain and spinal cord

LSD •Lysergic acid diethylamine•Most potent hallucinogen•mood-changing chemical•found in the ergot fungus that grows on rye•25-50µg produces all effect• Pharmacology of LSD is indeed quite complex so its mechanisms of action remain unclear

Lysergic acid amide • Relative of LSD but 10 times less potent

•Found in morning glory (Ipomoea violace) seeds

Psilocybin •Found in Mexican mushroom (Psilocybe mexicana) •also known as Magical mushroom•Mainly interacts with 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes

Synonyms • Shrooms• Magic mushrooms• Sacred mushrooms

Mescaline •From Mexican “Lophophora williamsii”

•Low potency hallucinogen

•Phenylalkylamine

Cannabinoids •Found from Cannabis indica

•Used in various forms like

Bhang – dried leaves

Ganja - dried female infloresence

Charas – dried resinous extract

Reference

Zmigrod L, Garrison J, Carr J. The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2016 (69);113–123Strassman R. Hallucinogenic Drugs in Psychiatric Research and Treatment: Perspectives and Prospects, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 183, No. 3, pp. 127-138Kokate C, Purohit A, Gokhale S. Pharmacognosy. Nirali prakashan, 51th ed, pp-451-453

Reference

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2011) Drug Profiles: Hallucinogenic Mushrooms. Available: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mushrooms. Accessed 21th Sep 2016National Institute on Drug Abuse (2009) DrugFacts: Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP. Available: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens-lsd-peyote-psilocybin-pcp. Accessed 21th Sep 2016