hakka photography

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vlaxaotmvlitr mkh rydg`rr`akr etag xli vydc`b witi rlawk `k 466? ykhit xli xligi –btarr'oik' itmx`akmc h`mcaoyi#mkh eytxlit bmxioat`~ih mr –vatxtm`xr#–emtg watj#–blmko`ko cmkhrbmvimkh –eirx`u`x`ir+Gmkp ae xlig rlaw law xli Lmjjm viavci rxmykblcp `kkaumxih mkh mhmvxih xa rytu`ui lmtrl bakh`x`akr# wl`ci axlitr rlaw xli bacateyc t`xir mkh v`ayr rikx`gikxr ae Lmjjm eirx`umcr+ _atjr bytmxih eat 466< witi atomk`~ih `kxa xwa xligir+ Aki `r bl`chlaah# mr hiv`bxih dp xli xtm' h`x`akmc rmp`ko –愚噧愚笝# 鴬嬨扒存翰#gimk`ko –Kaw pay btp mkh kaw pay cmyol: kaw pay wmhhci c`ji m hybj+Xli axlit eabyrir ak Lmjjm viavci cimu`ko rgmcc xawkr mkh xtp`ko xa gmji `x `k gixta' vac`xmk Xm`vi`+ Xli`t rv`t`x bmk di hirbt`dih mr –孖毊頌爾甶圶#奷奲毊頌爾嫍衢#gimk`ko xlmx –mk mdci rak hairkx baykx ak l`r vmtikxrcmkh: mk mdci xc`ko `k imrxitk Xm`wmk+ Xli `gmoir rlaw law xlip `kxtahybih xa xli imrxitk bamrx caoo`ko mkh xli bycx`umx`ak ae btavr c`ji Bmgvlatwaah# ryomt' bmki# xadmbba# mkh xim# rvytt`ko xli hiuicavgikx ae `ketmrxtybxyti xliti+ Mr Lmjjmr gauih# eati`ok cmkhr dibmgi lagicmkhr ,虙虙炾室虙虙宵# 早义 仕鄀昡敉鄀  )+ tirbyi Lmjjm'ticmxih rkmvrlaxr ae Xm`wmk dieati xlip mti carx `k x`gi+ Tiu`u`ko Lmjjm Gigat`ir @k 466<# xli Vtivmtmxatp Aee`bi ae xli Xm`wmk Lmjjm Bycxytmc Bikxit ,臾灢室宵斏匕丧忂籃傐虙  ) mkrwitih xli bmcc mkh rxmtxih btimx`ko m h`o`xmc Rx`tt`ko vlaxaotmvlr hiv`bx`ko xli Xm`wmkiri Lmjjm mti tiu`xmc`~ih `k m h`o`xmc mtbl`ui Lmjjm `gvtirr`akr D atk ae Lmjjm lit`xmoi `k =068# `k xli Itnlakovy ,亃采埘  ) h`rxt`bx ae Lr`kbly,斶竰)# Viko Tyi`'c`k , 彧瑛麑# =068'=0<8) wmr m v`akiit `k Xm`wmkiri vla' xaotmvlp+ Li wmr xli e`trx Xm`wmkiri xa imtk m Dmblicat ae Vlaxaotmvlp mkh `kxtahybih xa Xm`wmk gmkp rxmxi'ae xli'mtx xiblk`}yir ae l`r x`gi+  Mexit otmhymx`ko `k =048 etag wlmx `r xahmpr Kmx`akmc Xm`vi` Yk`uitr`xp ae Ihy' bmx`ak ,則臾匟帪篈孼除  )# Viko rxyh`ih wmxitbacat w`xl @rl`jmwm J`k`bl`ta , 矲巗欷 丆郋  )# Nmvmkiri mtx`rx wla dtayolx gahitk mtx xa Xm`wmk+ @k =04<# Viko iktaccih `k xli Xajpa Baccioi ae Vlaxaotmvlp mkh rxyh`ih ykhit Tpyxmta Aka , 封釋 隅央郋  ) mkh axlit tikawkih vtaeirratr: `x wmr hyt`ko xl`r x`gi xlmx Viko cimtkih xa gmji bacat vlaxar yr`ko xli xltii' bacat vtabirrir# wmp dieati rybl xiblk`}yir witi baggitb`mc`~ih+  Mexit Viko otmhymxih mr xli xav ae l`r bcmrr `k =044# li tixytkih xa Xm`wmk xa avik vtmbx`bi `krximh ae rxmp`ko `k Nmvmk xa watj at rxyhp`ko `k xli Y+R+ mr tirvibx`uicp tibag' gikhih dp l`r vt`kb`vci mkh vtaeirrat+  Mcxlayol l`r rxyh`a# kmgih Mvacca# cmrxih akcp eayt pimtr# `x xtm`kih m balatx ae vla' xaotmvlitr wlari xtmbjr bauitih Xm`wmk# Vikoly ,澋湕  ) \`mgik , 廌閆  ) mkh @khakir`m+ Xlip waych dibagi xli e`trx oikitmx`ak ae vlaxaotmvlitr xa habygikx Xm`wmk mexit xli _atch _mt @@+ Viko bakx`kyih xa vtmbx`bi `kkaumx`ui xibl' k`}yir+ Mr imtcp mr =022# Viko yrih `ketmtih vlaxaotmvlp xa bmvxyti cmkhgmtjr mkh u`iwr `k Xm`vi` ‘ `kbcyh`ko xli vtir`hikx`mc dy`ch`ko# Gaykx Hmxyk# xli Xm`vi` ~aa ‘ mkh Xm`wmkr tabjp katxlitk bamrx+ Viko h`ih `k =0<8 `k Xakor`ma G`mac` , 栟逞霈  )+ Xm`wmkr e`trx Dmblicat ae Vlaxaotmvlp wmr m xiblk`bmc gmuit`bj mkh mk mu`h ihybmxat =0?6r> Bl`chtik vcmp`ko m r`gvci omgi ae dmridmcc `k xli e`ichr+ Vtau`hih dp Blik Pyk'n`k ,陲雴錥)+ =+ =<0<> Xli N`mkor ‘ xli wimcxl`irx emg`cp `k Di`vy , 匟埘) ‘ `k etakx ae xli c`u`ko taag ae xli X`mkrlyi` Lmcc , 夠永堄) mkh htirrih `k xtmh`x`akmc Lmjjm mxx`ti+ Xli N`mko emg`cp irxmdc`rlih xli`t wimcxl `k xli ]`ko Hpkmrxp+ Xahmp# hirbikhmkxr ae xli emg`cp rx`cc lach bakr`hitmdci `kecyikbi `k xli mtim+ Vtau`hih dp B`ay _mk'r`ko , 邽萣舌)+ 4+ =056r> Xli waahik dt`hoi mx Xay'}`mk Btiij , 頧則溮)# rxmd`c`~ih w`xl cmtoi tabjr+ Xp`ko xli vcmkjr xa xli tabjr w`xl w`ti `kbtimrir xli blmkbi ae tixt`iu`ko xli vcmkjr `k bmri ecaahr auitwlicg mkh hirxtap xli dt`hoi ‘ m cirrak cimtkih xli lmth wmp+ Vtau`hih dp C` ^iko'blmko , 杋墛昃)+ 2+ =054> M otayv ae emtg lmkhr wm`x mx xli h`ji xa di h`rvmxblih eat watj+ Vtau`hih dp C`y Mk'g`ko , 劀宀昋)+ =056r> M emtg dap bmtt`ir rxtmwr rxmbjr `k m lmtuirxih t`bi e`ich+ Vtau`hih dp Blik Pmk'blymk ,陲嚸巗)+ =055> H`oo`ko m hiiv wicc `k Ki`vy ,兯埘)# V`koxyko ,屁杽) `k athit xa `tt`omxi xli vmhh`ir+ Vtau`hih dp C` R`ay'pyk ,杋秆雴)+ = 4 2

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8/2/2019 Hakka Photography

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hakka-photography 1/1

Rmxythmp# Kauigdit =0# 46==

D p G `blmic X lytrXak

CAR MKOICIR# MEV

Mbxtirr Hig` Gaati mkkaykbih–w`xl otimx rmhkirr‗ Xlytrhmp xliikh a lit l`ol'vta ci gmtt`moi xa Mrlxak Jyxblit# m xit l`r tivatxih`k hic xp w`xl m wagmk cirr xlmklmc lit moi+

Xli bak `tgmx`ak bagir m xitgakxlr a gih m tivatxr mdayxvtadcigr dixwiik xli Laccpwaahvawit bayvci# wla gmtt`ih `k 4669wlik rli wmr 84 mkh li wmr 4?+Rli lmh imtc`it diik gmtt`ih xa mb'xat Dtybi _`cc`r at =2 pimtr+

–@x `r w`xl otimx rmhkirr mkh mlimup limtx xlmx @ lmui hib`hih xaikh gp r`|'pimt gmtt`moi xa Mrl'xak#‗ xli 80'pimt'ach rm`h `k m rxmxi'gikx `rryih xltayol lit vydc`b`rx+

–Mr m wagmk# m gaxlit mkh mw` i xliti mti bitxm k umcyir mkhuawr xlmx @ lach rmbtih# mkh `x `r`k xl`r rv`t`x xlmx @ lmui blarik xagaui atwmth w`xl gp c` i+‗

Xl txp'xltii pimt'ach Jyxblit#wla tibikxcp xaaj auit tag xtay'dcih rxmt Blmtc`i Rliik `k xli l`xXU rit`ir –Xwa mkh m Lmc Gik#‗xwiixih m va okmkx girrmoi g`k'yxir m xit Gaati‐r mkkaykbigikx+

–@ w`cc atiuit blit rl xli x`gi @rvikx w`xl Hig`+ Gmtt`moi `r aki a

xli garx h` bycx xl`kor `k xli watchmkh yk atxykmxicp ragix gir xlipm`c+ Caui mkh C`olx# MJ#‗ li wtaxi+

Mr wicc mr di`kom mgayr mbx`kobayvci# Gaati mkh Jyxblit lmuidaxl diik v`akiitr a xli yri arab`mc gih`m# kaxmdcp Xw`xxit+

Gaati# wlari gau ir `kbcyhi–Olarx‗ ,=006)# –M Eiw Oaah Gik‗

,=004)# –@khibikx Vtavarmc‗ ,=002)mkh –O+@+ Nmki‗ ,=00?)# gmp lmuixa oix m kiw Xw`xxit kmgi> lit byt 'tikx aki `r Fgtrjyxblit+

Rli gmhi ka `ggih`mxibaggikxak lit Xw xxit iih ‘ lit yrymcgixlah a rlmt`ko kiwr# baggikxat axlit `k atgmx ak ‘ m xit mk'kaykb`ko xli rvc`x u`m lit vydc`b`rx+

Tygatr a xtaydci `k xli gmt't`moi emtih `k tibikx wiijr m xitJyxblit tivatxihcp lmh ykvtaxibxihri| w`xl m 44'pimt'ach wagmk hyt'`ko m xt`v w`xl t`ikhr xa Rmk H`ioa‘ mccioihcp ak Rivxigdit 48# xlik`olx a l`r r`|xl wihh`ko mkk`uit'rmtp w`xl Gaati+

Xli dcakhi Xi|mk# Rmtm Cimc#rm h m xitwmthr xlmx Jyxblit xachlit xlmx li wmr ka cakoit w`xlGaati+ –Li rm`h li wmr rivmtmxihmkh `x icx kmxytmc#‗ Cimc xach YRgmom~`ki cmrx gakxl+

–Li wmr oaah+++ @x wmrk‐x wi that vituitxih#‗ rli mhhih# rmp'`ko xlmx xli t v`ccaw xmcj `kuacuihvac`x`br# vmtx`bycmtcp xli Tivydc`bmkbmkh`hmxir at vtir`hikx+

Imtc it x l r pimt# Gaati mkhJyxblit cmykblih xli Hig mkh Mrlxak Eaykhmx`ak m`gih mx ikh`kobl`ch ri|'rcmuitp+

Dyx r okr a rxtm k baych di riik

`k Rivxigdit# wlik Gaati varxihm v`bxyti a m dtajik limtx# mkhxwiixih> –4hmp bmk Y iic ragi=icri‐r limtx vm`k kiihr hir tir mrY bmk iic payt awk1 Mx xli batiwi‐ti mcc timbl`ko 8 xli rmgi+‗

Jyxblit mkrwitih w`xlxli varx>–_lik pay MRRYGI xa jkaw xlmxwl bl pay jkaw kaxl ko a pay

gmji mk MRR ayx a Y mkh GI#‗mbbath ko xa Viavci gmom~`ki# xlibicidt`xp d`dci+

Jyxblit `r dirx jkawk at XUrlawr `kbcyh`ko –Xlmx ?6r Rlaw‗mkh –Vykj‐h#‗ mkh xl r pimt ti'vcmbih xtaydcih mbxat Blmtc`i Rliik

`k xli vavycmt bagihp –Xwa mkh mLmc Gik+‗

L r d`o'rbtiik tacir lmui `k'bcyhih –_lmx Lmvvikr `k Uiomr‗,466<) mkh xl`r pimt‐r ri| bagihp–Ka Rxt`kor Mxxmblih‗ w`xl Kmxmc`iVatxgmk+

Laccpwaah vawit bayvciGaati# Jyxblit xa h`uatbi

MV

@k xl`r Gmp 44# 466? e`ci vlaxa# mbxatr Mrlxak Jyxblit# ciex# mkh Hig` Gaati mtt`ui mxxli vtig`iti ae –Gt+ Dtaajr‗ `k Car Mkoicir+ Gaati `r ikh`ko lit gmtt`moi xa MrlxakJyxblit+ Xli 80'pimt'ach mbxtirr rm`h Xlytrhmp# Kau+ =?# xlmx –`x `r w`xl otimx rmhkirr

mkh m limup limtx xlmx @ lmui hib`hih xa ikh gp r`|'pimt gmtt`moi xa Mrlxak+‗

D p G `blmic X lytrXak

CAR MKOICIR# MEV

Y+R+vac`bimti xa tiavik mk `kuirx`omx`ak`kxa xlihimxl a rbtiik cioikh Kmxmc`i _aah# xli –_irx R`hiRxatp‗ rxmt wla h`ih `k gprxit`ayr b`tbygrxmkbirwl`ci pmblx`ko `k =0<=# xlip rm`h Xlytrhmp+

Xli Car Mkoicir Baykxp Rlit` ‐r Hivmtxgikx,CMRH) rm`h kiw `k atgmx`ak lmh bagi xa c`olx auitxli himxl# wl`bl wmr hiigih mk mbb`hikx mx xli x`gidyx wl`bl lmr cako yicih rvibycmx`ak+

_aah htawkih moih82 wl`ci damx ko a a Bmxm'c`km @rcmkh# kimt Car Mkoicir ak Kau+ 40# =0<=+ Litihimxl wmr `kuirx`omxih dp xli CMRH mkh xli CM BaykxpBatakit‐r A bi# wla tycih `x wmr mk mbb`hikx+

–Tibikxcp rlit` ‐r lag b`hi `kuirx`omxatr witi bak'xmbxih dp vitrakr wla rxmxih xlip lmh mhh`x`akmc `k'atgmx`ak mdayx xli Kmxmc`i _aah _mokit htawk`ko#‗rm`h mk CMRH rxmxigikx+

@k tirvakri# xli Rlit` ‐r Lag`b`hi Dytimy –lmr hi'b`hih xa xmji mkaxlit caaj mx xli bmri#‗ `x mhhih+

_aah ‘ datk Kmxmc`m K`jacmiukm ^mjlmtikja xaTyrr`mk ig`oti vmtikxr `k Rmk Etmkb`rba ‘ iknapihm oc`xxit`ko Laccpwaah bmtiit# mkh `r dirx jkawk atbcmrr`b gau ir `kbcyh ko –_irx R`hi Rxatp#‗ –Tidic _`xlayx m Bmyri+‗

_aah mkh lyrdmkh Taditx _mokit ‘ wlag rlilmh gmtt`ih at m ribakh x`gi `k =0?4 ‘ witi rvikh'`ko xli Xlmkjro`u ko wiijikh ak xli t pmblx xli–Rvcikhayt#‗ w`xl mbxat t`ikh Blt`rxavlit _mcjik mrxli`t oyirx+

Xlip lmh imxik mx m habjr`hi tirxmytmkx di atitixytk`ko xa xli damx xa ht`kj# wlik m limxih tawityvxih dixwiik _mokit mkh _mcjik+

_aah ci x xa oa xa xli gmrxit bmd k# mkh iuikxy'mccp xli xwa gik bmcgih hawk ‘ dyx wlik _mokittixytkih xa xli bmd`k rli wmr kax xliti+ Rli wmr di'

c`iuih xa lmui bagi yv ak hibj xa x`i m caari h`kolp+Rli wmr cmxit aykh htawkih mdayx m g`ci mwmp

tag xli pmblx+ Vac`bi tivatxr rm`h rli wmr wimt`kom cako k`olxoawk# rabjr mkh m hawk nmbjix# mkh lmhgycx`vci dty`rir ak lit dahp mkh mtgr# mkh mk mdtm'r`ak ak lit ci x bliij+

–@ lmui oaki auit `x ra gmkp g`cc`akr a x`gir w`xlviavci+ Kadahp limth mkpxl`ko#‗ rm`h _mokit# }yaxihdp xli CM X`gir+

Vac`bi xa tiavik vtadi `kxa _aah‐r himxl

MV

@k xl`r Mvt`c 0# =0?0 e`ci vlaxa# mbxtirr Kmxmc`i _aah `r r lawmx xli 9=rx Mkkymc Mbmhigp Mwmthr `k Car Mkoicir+ Car

Mkoicir rlit`ee‐r lag`b`hi hixibx`uir mti xmj`ko mkaxlit caaj mx _aah‐r =0<= htawk`ko himxl dmrih ak kiw `keatgmx`ak#aee`b`mcr mkkaykbih Xlytrhmp# Kau+ =?+

D p t akmch D cyG

KI_ PATJ# MV

X li Rmc~dy to Ei rx ` umc lmrbagg`rr`akih kiw avitmr tagb a g va r i tr O p a to p J y t x mo #Gmtb'Mkhti Hmcdmu i# Xlagmr Mhir mkh Nato _`hgmkk xlmxw`cc vtig iti aki vit ryggittag 46=2'=5+

Xli mgd`x`ayr vtaotmg a bak'xigvatmtp gyr`b wmr mkkaykbihxl`r wiij dp kiw mtx`rx`b h`tibxat Mci|mkhit Viti`tm# wla w`cc auit'rii xli Myrxt`mk irx umc at xlitrx x`gi ki|x ryggit+

Jytxmo `r bagvar`ko mk avitmdmrih ak Rmgyic Dibjixx‐r –Ikh'omgi‗ xlmx w`cc avik `k 46=2+

Hmcdmu`i accawr `k 46=8 w`xlmk avitm dmrih ak T`blmth Vaw'itr‐ –Xli X`gi a ayt R`ko`ko#‗m 4662 kauic mdayx m d tmb m Mgit bmk bayvci wla giix mxm Gmt mk Mkhitrak bakbitx `k=020+

Rydnibx gmxxit at x li cmxxitxwa watjr lmr kax diik kmc`~ih+

Rmc~dyto eirx`umc bagg`rr`akr 8 kiw avitm

R V I

B @ M C

R Y V V C I GI K X

V l

a x a r > B a yt x i r p

ae X l

iV t i

v mt m

x at p

A e e ` b

i ae

x l iX

m` w

mkL

mj j m

B yc x yt mc B

ik

x it I

h ` x i

h d p H ` g` x t D t y

p m r

Viko Tyi`'c`k #v`akiit ae Xm`wmkirivlaxaotmvlp

D p C `k p yx`koXli Bl`km Varx

A uit xli vmrx eiw pimtr# mk `gvtirr`ui baccib'x`ak ae ach vlaxar ticmxih xa Lmjjm c`uir lmrdiik bytmxih+ Mr Lmjjm rblacmt Bl`y Pik'

jyi` , ) tibmccr# xli vyrl xa aee`b`mccp mtbl`uirybl vlaxar e`trx rxmtxih `k 4665+ M bmxmcaoyi wmrvydc`rlih xlmx pimt x`xcih –Vimbl Dcarragr# PiccawHm`r`ir> M Bikxytp ae @gvtirr`akr etag xli Lmjjm`k Xm`wmk‗ ,# >

)# xa o`ui mk auitu`iw ae xli gahitk l`rxatp aeLmjjm viavci `k Xm`wmk+

@k rydri}yikx pimtr# gati vlaxar witi bytmxihmkh atomk`~ih `kxa xligih i|l`d`x`akr+ _atjr dp=? vlaxaotmvlitr mkh rydg`rr`akr etag xli vydc`bwiti rlawk `k 466? ykhit xli xligi –btarr'oik'itmx`akmc h`mcaoyi#‗ mkh eytxlit bmxioat`~ih mr–vatxtm`xr#‗ –emtg watj#‗ –blmko`ko cmkhrbmvi‗ mkh–eirx`u`x`ir+‗ Gmkp ae xlig rlaw law xli Lmjjmviavci rxmykblcp kkaumxih mkh mhmvxih xa rytu`uilmtrl bakh`x`akr# wl`ci axlitr rlaw xli bacateyct`xir mkh v`ayr rikx`gikxr ae Lmjjm eirx`umcr+

_atjr bytmxih eat 466< witi atomk`~ih `kxa xwaxligir+ Aki `r bl`chlaah# mr hiv`bxih dp xli xtm'h`x`akmc rmp`ko –# #‗ gimk`ko–Kaw pay btp mkh kaw pay cmyol: kaw pay wmhhcic`ji m hybj+‗ Xli axlit eabyrir ak Lmjjm viavcicimu`ko rgmcc xawkr mkh xtp`ko xa gmji `x `k gixta'vac`xmk Xm`vi`+ Xli`t rv`t`x bmk di hirbt`dih mr –

#‗ gimk`ko xlmx –mkmdci rak hairk‐x baykx ak l`r vmtikxr‐ cmkh: mk mdcihmyolxit hairk‐x baykx ak lit vmtikxr‐ wihh`kohtirr+‗ Ragi Lmjjm kiwbagitr xa Xm`vi` dtayolxakcp xli xtmkrvatxmx`ak emti: ragi dtayolx akcp mticmx`ui‐r mhhtirr: axlitr dtayolx akcp dihh`ko mkhmk mhg`rr`ak cixxit+ Xlip ecayt`rlih ak mbbaykx aexli`t awk bagvixikbi+ Xlmx pimt# =0 vtaeirr`akmc

mkh gati xlmk 46 mgmxiyt vlaxaotmvlitr bakxt`d'yxih+Xli xligi eat 4660# –Lagi `r wliti xli Lmjjmr

mti#‗ ikbmvrycmxih xli rikx`gikx ae Lmjjmr rix'

xc`ko `k imrxitk Xm`wmk+ Xli `gmoir rlaw lawxlip `kxtahybih xa xli imrxitk bamrx caoo`ko mkhxli bycx`umx`ak ae btavr c`ji Bmgvlatwaah# ryomt'bmki# xadmbba# mkh xim# rvytt`ko xli hiuicavgikxae `ketmrxtybxyti xliti+ Mr Lmjjmr gauih# eati`okcmkhr dibmgi lagicmkhr , #

)+Xlayol xli vtiu`ayr pimtr‐ –Lmjjm gvtirr`akr‗

witi uitp wicc tibi`uih# imbl i|l`d`x`ak lmh m e`k`xihytmx`ak# mkh xli `gmoir baych kax di jivx vit'gmkikxcp eat eytxlit yri+ –Xli vlaxar kiih xa didixxit jivx#‗ tigmtjih Bl`y Pik'jyi`+

Dibmyri xli Lmjjm viavci `kxiotmxi w`xl h`eeitikx

bycxytir mr xlip g`otmxi: xli c`ki dixwiik Lmjjmmkh kak'Lmjjm `r ragix`gir h`ee`bycx xa htmw+ Pix`e wi bakr`hit Lmjjm mr aki v`ibi w`xl`k xli Xm`'wmkiri bycxytmc garm`b# `x `r `khiih watxlwl`ci xa

tirbyi Lmjjm'ticmxih rkmvrlaxr ae Xm`wmk dieatixlip mti carx `k x`gi+

Tiu`u`ko Lmjjm Gigat`ir@k 466<# xli Vtivmtmxatp Aee`bi ae xli Xm`wmk

Lmjjm Bycxytmc Bikxit , )mkrwitih xli bmcc mkh rxmtxih btimx`ko m h`o`xmcmtbl`ui ae Lmjjm vlaxaotmvlitr mkh xli`t watjvt`at xa =0?9 ‒ garx ae wl`bl mti otmhymccp vit'`rl`ko dibmyri ae xli`t gmxit`mc`xp+

Ykx`c Abxadit xl`r pimt# xli mtbl`ui lmr mb}y`tihwatjr dp 2= Lmjjm vlaxaotmvlitr mkh rxyh`armbx`ui `k Lmjjm rixxcigikxr# xaxmc`ko mx mdayx 89#666

vt`kxr+ Raak# w`xl xli cmykbl ae xli Lmjjm BycxytmcVmtj `k G`mac` , ) ki|x rvt`ko ‘ eaccaw`ko xl`remcc‐r cmykbl ae xli C`yhy` , ) vmtj ‘ xli h`o`xmcvlaxa'mtbl`ui w`cc di avik xa xli vydc`b+ _atjr w`cc

di khi|ih dp pimt# myxlat# mkh cabmci eat i|mgvci:xlip w`cc di mbbirr`dci mkh rimtblmdci xltayol xliVtivmtmxatp Aee`bi‐r widr`xi+ Bavpt`olx tycir eatem`t yri mti mcra di`ko hiu`rih+

Xli eiw vlaxar rlawk liti# ricibxih etag xli

aee`b`mc mtbl`ui# hiv`bx c`uir k h`eeitikx itmr mkh b`t'bygrxmkbir: pix xlip baccibx`uicp rlaw xli Lmjjmviavci‐r ykbakh`x`akmc vmrr`ak eat c`ei ‘ `k vtar'vit`xp mkh mhuitr`xp# mx watj mkh mx vcmp+

Rx`tt`ko vlaxaotmvlr hiv`bx`ko xli Xm`wmkiri Lmjjm mti tiu`xmc`~ih `k m h`o`xmc mtbl`ui

Lmjjm `gvtirr`akr

Datk ae Lmjjm lit`xmoi `k =068# `kxli Itnlakovy , ) h`rxt`bx aeLr`kbly , )# Viko Tyi`'c`k , #

=068'=0<8) wmr m v`akiit k Xm`wmkiri vla'xaotmvlp+ Li wmr xli e`trx Xm`wmkiri xa imtkm Dmblicat ae Vlaxaotmvlp mkh `kxtahybihxa Xm`wmk gmkp rxmxi'ae xli'mtx xiblk`}yirae l`r x`gi+

Mexit otmhymx`ko `k =048 etag wlmx `rxahmp‐r Kmx`akmc Xm`vi` Yk`uitr`xp ae Ihy'bmx`ak , )# Viko rxyh`ihwmxitbacat w`xl @rl`jmwm J`k‐`bl`ta ,

)# Nmvmkiri mtx`rx wla dtayolx gahitkmtx xa Xm`wmk+

@k =04<# Viko iktaccih k xli Xajpa Baccioiae Vlaxaotmvlp mkh rxyh`ih ykhit TpyxmtaAka , ) mkh axlit tikawkihvtaeirratr: `x wmr hyt`ko xl`r x`gi xlmx Vikocimtkih xa gmji bacat vlaxar yr`ko xli xltii'bacat vtabirrir# wmp dieati rybl xiblk`}yirwiti baggitb`mc`~ih+

Mexit Viko otmhymxih mr xli xav ae l`rbcmrr `k =044# li tixytkih xa Xm`wmk xa avikvtmbx`bi `krximh ae rxmp`ko `k Nmvmk xa watjat rxyhp`ko k xli Y+R+ mr tirvibx`uicp tibag'gikhih dp l`r vt`kb`vci mkh vtaeirrat+

Mcxlayol l`r rxyh`a# kmgih Mvacca# cmrxihakcp eayt pimtr# `x xtm`kih m balatx ae vla'xaotmvlitr wlari xtmbjr bauitih Xm`wmk#Vikoly , ) \`mgik , ) mkh @khakir`m+Xlip waych dibagi xli e`trx oikitmx`ak aevlaxaotmvlitr xa habygikx Xm`wmk mexit xli_atch _mt @@+

Viko bakx`kyih xa vtmbx`bi kkaumx`ui xibl'k`}yir+ Mr imtcp mr =022# Viko yrih ketmtihvlaxaotmvlp xa bmvxyti cmkhgmtjr mkh u`iwr`k Xm`vi` ‘ kbcyh`ko xli vtir`hikx`mc dy`ch`ko#Gaykx Hmxyk# xli Xm`vi` ~aa ‘ mkh Xm`wmk‐r

tabjp katxlitk bamrx+Viko h`ih `k =0<8 `k Xakor`ma G`mac` , )+

Xm`wmk‐r e`trx Dmblicat ae Vlaxaotmvlp wmr m xiblk`bmc

gmuit`bj mkh mk mu`h ihybmxat

=026r> –_agmk ae Xmtaja‗ , ) `rmgako Viko‐r garx tivtirikxmx`ui watjr# mrwicc mr xli akcp i|xmkx vt`kx `k Xm`wmk gmhi w`xl

xli –oach cmb}yit vt`kx‗ xiblk`}yi+ Xli wagmkwmcjr ak m gaykxm`k vmxl bmttp`ko m x`g`h'ipihdap ak lit dmbj+

=0?6r> Bl`chtik vcmp`ko m r`gvciomgi ae dmridmcc k xli e`ichr+Vtau`hih dp Blik Pyk'n`k , )+

=+ =<0<> Xli N`mko‐r ‘ xli wimcxl`irx emg`cp `k Di`vy , ) ‘ `k etakx ae xli c`u`ko taag ae xli X`mkrlyi` Lmcc , ) mkh htirrih k xtmh`x`akmc Lmjjm mxx`ti+ Xli N`mko emg`cp irxmdc`rlih xli`t wimcxl k xli ]`ko Hpkmrxp+ Xahmp# hirbikhmkxr ae xliemg`cp rx`cc lach bakr`hitmdci `kecyikbi `k xli mtim+ Vtau`hih dp B`ay _mk'r`ko , )+ 4+ =056r> Xli waahik dt`hoi mx Xay'}`mk Btiij , )# rxmd`c`~ih w`xl cmtoi tabjr+ Xp`ko xli vcmkjr xa xli tabjr w`xl w`ti kbtimrir xli blmkbi ae tixt`iu`koxli vcmkjr `k bmri ecaahr auitwlicg mkh hirxtap xli dt`hoi ‘ m cirrak cimtkih xli lmth wmp+ Vtau`hih dp C` ^iko'blmko , )+2+ =054> M otayv ae emtg lmkhr wm`x mx xli h`ji xa di h`rvmxblih eat watj+ Vtau`hih dp C`y Mk'g`ko , )+

=056r> M emtg dap bmtt`ir rxtmwr rxmbjr k m lmtuirxiht`bi e`ich+ Vtau`hih dp Blik Pmk'blymk , )+

=055> H`oo`ko m hiiv wicc k Ki`vy

, )# V`koxyko , ) `k athit xa`tt`omxi xli vmhh`ir+ Vtau`hih dp C`R`ay'pyk , )+

= 4 2