HaitiHaiti

1492-19341492-1934

SLOSSLOS

Student Learning Outcomes: Student Learning Outcomes:           Use knowledge of global events and trends Use knowledge of global events and trends

since 1500 to shed light on contemporary since 1500 to shed light on contemporary issues issues

Instructional ObjectivesInstructional Objectives Describe interactions and influences between Describe interactions and influences between

civilizations and non-urban societies civilizations and non-urban societies Analyze cause-and-effect relationships in Analyze cause-and-effect relationships in

history, including variables such as the “great history, including variables such as the “great person”, technological change, outside person”, technological change, outside influences and demographic change influences and demographic change

Historically, West Africa is Historically, West Africa is associated with the slave, gold and associated with the slave, gold and ivory tradesivory trades

West Africa is also the place of West Africa is also the place of origin of voodoo, the only origin of voodoo, the only indigenous African religion to indigenous African religion to survive the trans-Atlantic slave trade survive the trans-Atlantic slave trade and remain in practice in the and remain in practice in the Americas today. Americas today.

Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, English Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, English and French slave traders worked with and French slave traders worked with the Dahomey and Ashanti (located in the Dahomey and Ashanti (located in what is now Benin and Ghana), where what is now Benin and Ghana), where slave ports at Ouidah and Elmina slave ports at Ouidah and Elmina flourished,flourished,

They accumulated enormous wealth and They accumulated enormous wealth and power as a result of the trade of their power as a result of the trade of their fellow Africans.fellow Africans.

The Caribbean is a significant place in the The Caribbean is a significant place in the triangular trade triangular trade

The Caribbean is the epicenter of world The Caribbean is the epicenter of world Rum production. Virtually every major Rum production. Virtually every major island group produces its own distinct island group produces its own distinct Rum style. Rum style.

Rum is a historical legacy of the colonial Rum is a historical legacy of the colonial period period

HaitiHaiti December 5, 1492: Columbus December 5, 1492: Columbus

discovers Haiti (the island of discovers Haiti (the island of Hispaniola) Hispaniola)

1697: The Spaniards cede the 1697: The Spaniards cede the western third of Hispaniola to the western third of Hispaniola to the French crown at the Treaty of French crown at the Treaty of Ryswick.Ryswick.

Haiti is now called "Saint Haiti is now called "Saint Domingue" Domingue"

Tortuga Tortuga Small island off HaitiSmall island off Haiti

In 1640 the buccaneers of Tortuga began In 1640 the buccaneers of Tortuga began calling themselves the Brethren of the calling themselves the Brethren of the Coast. Coast.

The population of pirates and privateers The population of pirates and privateers on Tortuga consisted of a mix of most on Tortuga consisted of a mix of most Europeans, but the largest parts were Europeans, but the largest parts were French and English.French and English.

The French governor imported several The French governor imported several hundred prostitutes round 1650 to curb hundred prostitutes round 1650 to curb homosexual unions known as matelotage homosexual unions known as matelotage

Captain MorganCaptain Morgan

In 1666 Henry Morgan arrives on Tortuga In 1666 Henry Morgan arrives on Tortuga and goes on to become one of the most and goes on to become one of the most famous “Pirates of the Caribbean” famous “Pirates of the Caribbean”

Henry Morgan leads 500 Tortuga Henry Morgan leads 500 Tortuga buccaneers and 1000 Jamaica buccaneers and 1000 Jamaica buccaneers in 1670 and attacks/ plunders buccaneers in 1670 and attacks/ plunders Santa Marta, Rio de la Hacha, Puerto Santa Marta, Rio de la Hacha, Puerto Bello and Panama.Bello and Panama.

In 1684 the Treaty of Ratisbone, between In 1684 the Treaty of Ratisbone, between France and Spain, was signed which France and Spain, was signed which suppressed the actions of the buccaneers suppressed the actions of the buccaneers

1688, Henry Morgan dies in Jamaica.1688, Henry Morgan dies in Jamaica.

1697-1791: Saint Domingue becomes the richest 1697-1791: Saint Domingue becomes the richest colony in the world based on slaves, sugar cane colony in the world based on slaves, sugar cane and rum for the triangle trade.and rum for the triangle trade.

The capital, Cap Français, is known as the Paris The capital, Cap Français, is known as the Paris of the New World. of the New World.

A regime of extraordinary cruelty; the 500,000 A regime of extraordinary cruelty; the 500,000 slaves taken by the French are flogged, starved, slaves taken by the French are flogged, starved, and buried alive for minor offenses. and buried alive for minor offenses.

The Sugar Cane Plantations were brutal and The Sugar Cane Plantations were brutal and most slaves died. Owners believed cheaper to most slaves died. Owners believed cheaper to import rather than provide basic support based import rather than provide basic support based on rum production needs.on rum production needs.

August 1791: the first major August 1791: the first major black rebellion takes place, black rebellion takes place, initiated by Boukman, a initiated by Boukman, a voodoo voodoo hounganhoungan. .

This begins the markings of This begins the markings of civil war between the African civil war between the African dominated north and the dominated north and the mulatto (mixed) dominated mulatto (mixed) dominated south.south.

1796: Toussaint L'Ouverture, 1796: Toussaint L'Ouverture, an educated herb doctor and an educated herb doctor and military man, emerges as the military man, emerges as the leader of the former slaves in leader of the former slaves in the north.the north.

He restored order, ended the He restored order, ended the massacres, and restored some massacres, and restored some of Saint Domingue's former of Saint Domingue's former prosperity. prosperity.

1801: Napoleon Bonaparte sends 1801: Napoleon Bonaparte sends an army of 34,000 break the an army of 34,000 break the slave armies and retake the slave armies and retake the colony for France; this mission colony for France; this mission was unsuccessful.was unsuccessful.

The leader of the army Leclerc The leader of the army Leclerc ultimately had Toussaint ultimately had Toussaint L'Ouverture seized and deported L'Ouverture seized and deported to France. He died within a year. to France. He died within a year.

May 1802: Convention May 1802: Convention in Paris reintroduces in Paris reintroduces slavery, which brings slavery, which brings on more rebellions on more rebellions and massacres.and massacres.

January 1804: Jean Jacques Dessalines January 1804: Jean Jacques Dessalines proclaimed the independent black proclaimed the independent black Republic of Haiti in the northern half of Republic of Haiti in the northern half of the island. the island.

Dessalines was unpopular with the Dessalines was unpopular with the mulattos and was assassinated in 1806. mulattos and was assassinated in 1806. His death led to civil war again between His death led to civil war again between the south (under General Petion) and the the south (under General Petion) and the north (under Henry Christophe). north (under Henry Christophe).

1843 to 1915: Haiti sees 22 1843 to 1915: Haiti sees 22 heads of state, most of whom heads of state, most of whom leave office by violent means. leave office by violent means. Rivalry continues among the Rivalry continues among the whites, the mulatto elite, and whites, the mulatto elite, and the blacks. the blacks.

1820: Henry Christophe a tyrannical 1820: Henry Christophe a tyrannical ruler who crowned himself "king", and ruler who crowned himself "king", and built a palace and citadel (at Cap Haitien built a palace and citadel (at Cap Haitien in the north) at great cost to Haitian lives in the north) at great cost to Haitian lives commits suicide.commits suicide.

At his death Haiti was taken over by At his death Haiti was taken over by General Boyer, and civil war ceased. General Boyer, and civil war ceased. Boyer obtained official Haitian Boyer obtained official Haitian independence from France at the price independence from France at the price of 150 million French francs. of 150 million French francs.

1915: President Guillaume Sam is 1915: President Guillaume Sam is dismembered and the Americans dismembered and the Americans invade the country and remain invade the country and remain for 19 years. The Haitian for 19 years. The Haitian population rejects American population rejects American leadershipleadership

1934: The Americans leave Haiti, 1934: The Americans leave Haiti, which is began to prosper once which is began to prosper once again. again.