Hail to the ChiefHail to the Chief

Presidential Quotations

President Harry S. TrumanPresident Harry S. Truman

"I sit here all day trying to persuade people to do the things they ought to have the sense to do without my persuading them. That's all the powers of the President amount to."

"I sit here all day trying to persuade people to do the things they ought to have the sense to do without my persuading them. That's all the powers of the President amount to."

Truman, 33rd President, 1945-53

President John F. KennedyPresident John F. Kennedy

“No easy problem ever comes to the President of the United States. If they are easy to solve, somebody else has solved them.”

“No easy problem ever comes to the President of the United States. If they are easy to solve, somebody else has solved them.”

President Kennedy’s nationally televised address during the Cuban Missile Crisis,

October, 1962

President Lyndon B. JohnsonPresident Lyndon B. Johnson

“The presidency has made every man who occupied it, no matter how small, bigger than he was; and no matter how big, not big enough for its demands.”

“The presidency has made every man who occupied it, no matter how small, bigger than he was; and no matter how big, not big enough for its demands.”

President Johnson, 36th President, 1963-69

President Richard M. NixonPresident Richard M. Nixon

"Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the manner in which the president personally exercises his assigned executive powers is not subject to questioning by another branch of government."

"Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the manner in which the president personally exercises his assigned executive powers is not subject to questioning by another branch of government."

In the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, President Nixon departs the White House

after his resignation, Aug., 1974

President George W. BushPresident George W. Bush

“To those of you who received honors, awards, and distinctions, I say 'Well done.' And to the C students, I say 'You, too, can be president of the United States.'”President George W. Bush, speaking at Yale University's 300th commencement ceremony

“To those of you who received honors, awards, and distinctions, I say 'Well done.' And to the C students, I say 'You, too, can be president of the United States.'”President George W. Bush, speaking at Yale University's 300th commencement ceremony

President Bush, 43rd President, 2001-present

Chapter 12

Theme A– The Power of the President

Theme B– The Institutionalization of the Presidency

Theme C– Presidential Succession

► What does the term What does the term imperialimperial imply? imply?

► What factors What factors contribute to this?contribute to this? CrisisCrisis Other branchesOther branches PublicPublic PersonalityPersonality

The Modern Imperial Presidency

Imperial Presidency is a term that became popular in the 1960s and that served as the title of a 1973 volume by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. to describe the modern presidency of the United States. The author wrote The Imperial Presidency out of two concerns; first that the US Presidency was out of control and second that the Presidency had exceeded the constitutional limits.

Presidential Benefits $400,000 tax-free salary $50,000/year expense

account $100,000/year travel

expenses The White House Secret Service

protection Camp David country

estate Air Force One personal

airplane Staff of 400-500

Christmas at the White House, 2004

Presidential Powers: According to the

Constitution

Look at Student Handout 1 and explain this quote:

“The President’s powers are broad, and vaguely defined”

Requirements for Office: must be a natural born citizen at least 35 years of agemust have been a resident of the US for 14 years

List the appropriate Constitutional Requirement or Power: 1.George Washington gave first State of the Union Address. (1790)2.President Clinton appoints former POW Douglas Peterson as the first U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam since the end of the war (1997)3.President Kennedy negotiates the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the USSR (1963)4.Eisenhower deploys the U.S. National Guard in Little Rock in 1957 to integrate Central High School.5.Washington seeks the advice of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson regarding the creation of the first Bank of the United States. (1789)6.President Ford pardoned Richard Nixon. (1974)7.President Reagan appoints Sandra Day O’Connor as the first woman justice of the Supreme Court. (1981)8.Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger will never be President of the United States.9.President Obama gives a press conference ensuring Americans that, despite its flaws, the HealthCare.gov website will be operational by Jan. 1st for all citizens to register for the mandated ObamaCare health insurance exchange.10.George W. Bush used recess appointment to appoint John Bolton as Ambassador to the United Nations after a prolonged Senate filibuster (2005)11.When reports surfaced that the IRS was using its authority to harass republican organizations, such as the Tea Party, President Obama came under fierce scrutiny and demands were made that appropriate disciplinary action be taken.12.Despite his undeniable charm, charisma, and massive popular support among the “common folk,” Mr. Meiser cannot accept his party’s nomination for Presidential Candidate until 202013.George W. Bush issues an invasion of Iraq without a Congressional Declaration of War.14.FDR sends to Congress comprehensive legislative agenda known as the New Deal (1933)15.Truman convenes special session of congress to urge enactment of his domestic agenda16.Abraham Lincoln ordered a blockade of the South during the Civil War.17.President Clinton submits his budget proposal to Congress, only to have Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and Congress reject it causing a temporary government shutdown.

Powers as Commander in Chief:Commander in Chief of the Army & NavyCommander in Chief of the state militias (now the National Guard)Commission all officersNote: importance of civilian power over the military Powers as Chief Executive of the Government:“faithfully execute” the lawsrequire the opinion of heads of executive departmentsgrant pardons for federal offenses except for cases of impeachmentNominate judges of the Supreme Court and all other officers of the U.S. with consent of the SenateResponsible for all Cabinet Departments and their decisions. Powers in Foreign Affairs:appoint ambassadors, ministers and consulsmake treaties subject to Senate confirmationreceive ambassadors   Legislative Powers:Give State of the Union address to CongressRecommend “measures” to the CongressUpon “extraordinary occasions” convene both houses of Congress

Presidential Roles

Chief Executive

President Bush holds cabinet meeting in October, 2005

President Clinton with Janet Reno, the first female Attorney General,

February, 1993

Commander-in-Chief

President Bush aboard U.S.S. Lincoln, May, 2003

President Johnson decorates a soldier in Vietnam, October, 1966

Head of State

Queen Elizabeth and President Reagan, 1983

President Kennedy speaks at Berlin Wall, 1963

Foreign Policy

Chief Legislator

President Clinton delivers the State of the Union Address, 1997

President Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act, 1935

Political Party Leader

President Reagan & Vice-President Bush accepting their party’s nomination in 1980

Crisis Manager

Vice-President Johnson sworn in aboard Air Force One

after President Kennedy’s assassination, 1963

President Bush at Ground Zero after 9-11

Moral Persuader

President Lincoln during the Civil War, 1862

President Roosevelt and the “Bully Pulpit,” 1910

• In the modern era the President’s informal powers may be significantly more powerful than his formal powers

• Implied from Executive Power clause

“take care laws are faithfully executed”

Informal Powers

Executive Orders• Pres. Directive that becomes law

w/o cong. Approval• Pertains to existing statues or

other Const. responsibilities• Usually to Gov’t agencies and

officials• Impact avg. citizen

– Truman desegregation of military– “Don’t ask don’t tell”– Internment of Japanese Americans– GWB banning federal funding to

planned parenthood-Obama reversing that decision

– Obama’s amnesty to immigrants

Notice for Japanese “relocation,” 1942

Executive Agreements• International agreements, usually related to trade, made by

a president that has the force of a treaty; does NOT need Senate approval

• Usually an extension of a treaty approved by Senate OR an act already approved by Congress via Joint Resolution.

– Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana in 1803

– GWB announced cuts in the nuclear arsenal

– Annexation of territory

Executive Privilege• Claim by a president that he has the right to decide that the national

interest will be better served if certain information is withheld from the public, including the Courts and Congress

• Used when trying to withhold information or documents from other branches of government (Congressional  subpoena)

• Relies on Sep. of Powers doctrine & “confidential advice”

• United States v. Nixon (1973) – presidents do NOT have unqualified executive privilege

Signing Statements

Cooperative Quiz 1

1.

2.

3.

Making ConnectionsAnalyzing Presidential Decisions

• Presidential Roles, Formal & Informal Powers:

18-19 = 20/20

16-17 = 19/20

14-15 = 18/20

12-13 = 17/20

10-11 = 16/20

The Presidency on TrialThe Presidency on Trial

Assessing the Limits of Assessing the Limits of Presidential PowerPresidential Power

Formal Checks on Formal Checks on Presidential PowerPresidential Power

Congressional Checks on the Congressional Checks on the PresidentPresident(Article I)(Article I)

Make laws (ex: War Powers Resolution)

Override presidential vetoes

Power to declare war

Power of the purse (taxes and funding)

Regulation of the land and naval forcesImpeachment

Limits on Presidential Power Limits on Presidential Power (Article II)(Article II)

President must deliver State of the Union address

Senate approves treaties, ambassadors and department appointments

“Advice and consent” of federal judge appointments (Senate)

Judicial Checks on the PresidentJudicial Checks on the President

Judicial review (Marbury v. Madison)

Chief Justice presides over presidential impeachment trial (Article I)

Constitutional AmendmentsConstitutional Amendments

20th – “Lame Duck” & succession of “president-elect”

22nd – Presidential term limits (2 terms; 10 years total)

25th – Presidential disability and succession

Limits on Presidential Power: Limits on Presidential Power: Informal ChecksInformal Checks

Public OpinionPublic Opinion

In a televised address in March, 1968, President Johnson announced he would not seek the Democratic nomination for president due to sagging public support for his administration and the war in Vietnam.

Though he enjoyed record public support during the Persian Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush saw his numbers dip dramatically in the polls and he lost his re-election bid to democrat Bill Clinton in 1992.

The MediaThe MediaThe MediaThe Media

PartisanPartisan PoliticsPoliticsPartisanPartisan PoliticsPolitics

Howard Dean, Chairman of the Democratic National Committee and vigorous critic of the Bush administration, May, 2005

Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (R) battles President Bill Clinton (D) over the national budget resulting in the shutdown of the federal government in 1995

Congressional Congressional InvestigationsInvestigations

Oliver North testifies before Congress at the Iran-Contra hearings during the Reagan administration (1987)

Senate Banking Committee begins itsinvestigative hearings on the Whitewater scandal during the Clinton administration(1994)

Former FEMA director Michael Brown testifies before the House Select Committee on Hurricane Katrina, Sept., 2002

Interest Groups & NGO’sInterest Groups & NGO’sInterest Groups & NGO’sInterest Groups & NGO’s

The National Organization of Women, Cindy Sheehan, and others protest the war in Iraq, April, 2006

The National Right to Life Committee and other pro-life interest groups spoke out against President Clinton’s veto of the ban on partial birth abortion, 1996

Presidential Powers StrugglePresidential Powers Struggle“Tug of War”“Tug of War”

Growth of Imperial PresidencyGrowth of Imperial PresidencyA.A. War Powers (Gulf of Tonkin)War Powers (Gulf of Tonkin)

B.B. Line-Item Veto (Clinton)Line-Item Veto (Clinton)

C.C. Executive Privilege (Nixon)Executive Privilege (Nixon)

D.D. Impoundment of Funds (Nixon)Impoundment of Funds (Nixon)

Congress/S.C Strikes Back: Power to Say NoCongress/S.C Strikes Back: Power to Say NoA.A. War Powers Act 1973War Powers Act 1973

B.B. Clinton v. City of New YorkClinton v. City of New York

C.C. US v NonUS v Non

D.D. 1972 Budget Reform Act1972 Budget Reform Act

Theme A QuizTheme A QuizPart I. Making Connections: In-

class Cooperative Application of knowledge 50 pts

Part I. Making Connections: In-class Cooperative Application of knowledge 50 pts

2010. I put it on ning and after covering Them a gave them two days to complete. Just told them it would be for a grade. Tell them to list as many as the scenario suggest!!!!!

NEXT YEAR DO NOT SHOW HOW MANY THEY NEED. JUST TELL THEM THEY EARN POINTS BASED ON HOW MANY THEY ACCURATLY IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE

Theme A QuizTheme A QuizPart I. Making Connections: In-class Cooperative

Application of knowledge 50 pts Approximately 15 Formal Checks identified within the

10 examples 14-15 Formal Checks = 25 pts 13 Formal Checks = 23 pts 11-12 Formal Checks = 21 pts 10 Formal Checks = 20 pts

Approximately 15 Informal Checks identified within the 10 examples. (Some examples may not have any informal checks) 14-15 Informal Checks = 25 pts 13 Informal Checks = 23 pts 11-12 Informal Checks = 21 pts 10 Informal Checks = 20 pts

Part I. Making Connections: In-class Cooperative Application of knowledge 50 pts

Approximately 15 Formal Checks identified within the 10 examples 14-15 Formal Checks = 25 pts 13 Formal Checks = 23 pts 11-12 Formal Checks = 21 pts 10 Formal Checks = 20 pts

Approximately 15 Informal Checks identified within the 10 examples. (Some examples may not have any informal checks) 14-15 Informal Checks = 25 pts 13 Informal Checks = 23 pts 11-12 Informal Checks = 21 pts 10 Informal Checks = 20 pts

Title: "Bill Clinton's Christmas present from the U.S. House."

Artist: John PritchettDate: unknownSource: http://www.pritchettcartoons.com/gift.htm

Title: “The Madness of King George"

Artist: Drew Sheneman, The Newark Star Ledger Date: December, 2005Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/DomesticSpying/1.asp

Theme BTheme BThe Institutionalization of the The Institutionalization of the

PresidencyPresidency“You get a seat at the table, but the table doesn’t get used.”

Which of the following groups do you think this quote is referring to and why?

Vice PresidentVice President White House StaffWhite House Staff Cabinet SecretariesCabinet Secretaries National Security CouncilNational Security Council EOP (Executive Office of the President)EOP (Executive Office of the President)

Theme BTheme BThe Institutionalization of the The Institutionalization of the

PresidencyPresidency Administration of the Administration of the White HouseWhite House

White House StaffWhite House Staff Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure

Administration of the Administration of the GovernmentGovernment Executive Executive Bureaucracies (pg382)(pg382)

CabinetCabinet National Security CouncilNational Security Council EOP (Executive Office of the President)EOP (Executive Office of the President)

Public Press

Radio/Television Interest

Group

Interested Individuals

Congress

Government Account Office Congressional Budget Office

Senate CommitteesArmed Services House Committees

Armed Services

Foreign RelationsInternational Relations

Budget Budget

Rules

Energy and National Resources

Science andTechnology

Appropriations Appropriations

Governmental Affairs

Governmental Operations

DefenseOSD, JCS, ArmyNavy, Air Force, DIA

National Security Agency

Commerce

Justice

FBI

State

CIA

TreasuryInterior

Executive Departments and Agencies

Arms Control Agency

DOE

Advisors

President

Close

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Executive Departments

WhiteHouse Office

DomesticCouncil

NSC

OMB

Councilof EconAdvisors

Executive Institutions andPolicy Influences

White House OfficeWhite House Office President’s closest President’s closest

assistants (West Wing)assistants (West Wing)

Not confirmed by Not confirmed by Senate.Senate.

Functions: Pg 343 “How Functions: Pg 343 “How Things Work”Things Work” MythMyth: Coordinate Flow : Coordinate Flow

of Infoof Info

RealityReality: Development of : Development of PolicyPolicy

“ “Liaison” for President Liaison” for President

Clinton = 500 staff w/ Clinton = 500 staff w/ 35.4 million budget35.4 million budget

West Wing Tour

Organization of WHOOrganization of WHO 3 Ways Presidents organize their staff3 Ways Presidents organize their staff

Pyramid StructurePyramid Structure Circular StructureCircular Structure Ad-Hoc (task forces, committees, informal Ad-Hoc (task forces, committees, informal

groups of friends and advisors)groups of friends and advisors)Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Look at each diagram. Brainstorm at least 3 advantages and disadvantages of the organization. (Keep in mind the function and purpose of the White House Office)

2. Identify the Pyramid diagram from the Circular diagram

3. Which one appears to be more Practical?

What do you think is the purpose of this meeting?

How important is it? How do you know?

The CabinetThe Cabinet

Heads of Heads of 1515 Executive Executive DepartmentsDepartments

Appointed and Appointed and Confirmed by SenateConfirmed by Senate

Large Large Bureaucracies HHS 100 pol appointees, HHS 100 pol appointees,

65,000 employees, 11 65,000 employees, 11 divisions, 460 b budgetdivisions, 460 b budget

Pro’s and ConsPro’s and Cons

President’s CabinetPresident’s Cabinet

David Greenberg, columnist for Slate magazine.

1. How was Washington’s Cabinet different?

2. What role did FDR play concerning the Cabinet?

3. What is the major responsibility of Cabinet officials today?

4. What criteria is used in choosing a Cabinet Secretary?

5. How was President Bush’s cabinet unique?

The usefulness to the president of The usefulness to the president of having cabinet members as political having cabinet members as political

advisers is undermined by the fact thatadvisers is undermined by the fact that

A) the president has little latitude in choosing A) the president has little latitude in choosing cabinet memberscabinet members

B) cabinet members have little political support B) cabinet members have little political support independent of the presidentindependent of the president

C) cabinet members are usually drawn from C) cabinet members are usually drawn from Congress and retain loyalties to CongressCongress and retain loyalties to Congress

D) the loyalties of cabinet members are often D) the loyalties of cabinet members are often divided between loyalty to the president and divided between loyalty to the president and loyalty to their own executive departmentsloyalty to their own executive departments

E) the cabinet operates as a collective unit and E) the cabinet operates as a collective unit and individual members have limited access to the individual members have limited access to the presidentpresident

The Executive Office of the President

• Umbrella organization that encompasses support staff for President.

• Agencies Report directly to President

• Top positions in these Organizations must be confirmed by Senate

Executive Office of the Executive Office of the PresidentPresident

OMB: Office of Management and Budget (NOT CBO)

Assemble and analyze the figures that go into Pres. Budget

Propose budget cuts for each Cabinet Department and other agencies

National Security Council

advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies.

serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies

members include: NSA, SOS, SOD, HLS, Chairman of JCofS, CIA director, President and VP

Theme CTheme CPresidential SuccessionPresidential Succession

Question of the Day?

Who is the only person to become both V.P. and President without gaining one vote from the people?

Order of Succession (I)Order of Succession (I) ConstitutionConstitution

PresidentPresident Vice-PresidentVice-President ““Congress may by law provide for the Congress may by law provide for the

case of the removal, …, both of case of the removal, …, both of President and Vice-President, declaring President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President.” what officer shall then act as President.” (Article II, Section 1)(Article II, Section 1)

Presidential Succession Acts of:Presidential Succession Acts of: 1792, 1886, 19471792, 1886, 1947

Order of Succession (II)Order of Succession (II)

Presidential Succession Act of 1947Presidential Succession Act of 1947 President (Obama)President (Obama) Vice President (Biden)Vice President (Biden) Speaker of the House Speaker of the House President pro tempore of the Senate President pro tempore of the Senate Cabinet secretaries in order of office creationCabinet secretaries in order of office creation

State State Treasury Treasury Defense Defense Attorney General Attorney General etc.etc.

Replacing the Vice President & Replacing the Vice President & Presidential DisabilityPresidential Disability

If the Vice President dies in office who should If the Vice President dies in office who should become his successor?become his successor?

If the Vice President is Impeached, who should If the Vice President is Impeached, who should become his successor?become his successor?

If the President has a heart attack and is in If the President has a heart attack and is in surgery for 4 hours should he still have surgery for 4 hours should he still have Presidential authority?Presidential authority?

If the President is in a coma should he still have If the President is in a coma should he still have Presidential authority? Presidential authority?

If the President is suffering from a debilitating If the President is suffering from a debilitating disease (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, MS) should he disease (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, MS) should he still have Presidential authority? still have Presidential authority?

If the President’s wife is taken hostage, should he If the President’s wife is taken hostage, should he still have Presidential authority?still have Presidential authority?

ReplacingReplacing

There are 2 Parts of the 25th There are 2 Parts of the 25th Amendment Look up the 25th Amendment Look up the 25th Amendment.Amendment. Fill in the Flow Chart on the following Fill in the Flow Chart on the following

slide that outlines the procedure for:slide that outlines the procedure for: Removing the President from office Removing the President from office

2525thth Amendment AmendmentScenario A: Willing Scenario B: Unwilling

2525thth Amendment AmendmentScenario A: Willing

Pres. Tells Pres. Pr. Tem. & Speaker he can’t perform his job

V.P. assumes power

Pres. Regains power when he is ready

Scenario B: Unwilling

V.P. and maj. of Ex. Officers informs Pres. Pr. Temp & Sp. That Pres is unable to perform his duties

Pres. Informs Pr. Pr. Te. & Sp. that no inability exist and he resumes power

w/in 4 days V.P. and maj. of Ex. Officers inform Congress that Pres. is unable to perform duties

Cong. has 21 days to decide. Need 2/3 vote

Wrap-up “Theoretically”

A. Pres. Has less ability to decide what laws gets passed than does a British P.M.

B. Separation of Powers produces gridlock, which may or may not hold up legislative process

C. Is it one or the other: “Imperial Presidency?” Or “Pitiful, helpless giant?”

D. Should it be an Imperial Presidency??? How can it be while the current system of Separation of Powers still exist

Article: Separation of Powers: Let’s Change the Constitution

Divided Government & Gridlock

Divided government = a gov’t in which one party controls the With House and a different party controls one or both chambers of Congress

United government =

Gridlock = an apparent stalemate, or impasse that cannot be resolved between Congress or Executive Branch

Which is more likely to create Gridlock?

David Mayhew—Political Scientist

studied 267 pieces of legislation between 1946-1990

claimed that significant legislation would have been passed regardless of who’s in power.

Ex. Marshall Plan, 1986 Tax Plan

Why?—“Unified” government is somewhat of a myth

1. Differences in constituents and ideology (liberal vs. conservative democrats)

2. Separation of Powers creates a rivalry for power

*1900-1952 twenty-two of twenty-six elections created united*1952-1996 fifteen of twenty two elections created divided

War PowersWar Powers

►             A.A. War powers. War powers. ►                     1.1. Constitutional conflict of Congress’ power to declare war vs. the Constitutional conflict of Congress’ power to declare war vs. the

President’s power as Commander in Chief. President’s power as Commander in Chief. ►                 2.2. In the 18th century, Congress had more time to deliberate war In the 18th century, Congress had more time to deliberate war

issues; in the modern era, however, Presidents have argued that they need issues; in the modern era, however, Presidents have argued that they need more flexibility to meet rapidly changing conditions. more flexibility to meet rapidly changing conditions.

►                 3.3. Presidents have sent troops without a congressional declaration of Presidents have sent troops without a congressional declaration of war more than 125 times. war more than 125 times. This has happened very frequently since 1945.

►                 4.4. Congress has in fact generally gone along with these operations, Congress has in fact generally gone along with these operations, and has of course funded them, as well. When public opinion turns against and has of course funded them, as well. When public opinion turns against the operations, however, Congress has often responded. the operations, however, Congress has often responded.

►                 5.5. One of the reasons Congress has gone along with these One of the reasons Congress has gone along with these operations without a formal declaration of war is that such a declaration operations without a formal declaration of war is that such a declaration carries with it the transfer of great emergency powers to the President that carries with it the transfer of great emergency powers to the President that Congress may not want to grant. Congress may not want to grant.

►         B.B. Emergency powers: In time of war or emergency, the President Emergency powers: In time of war or emergency, the President assumes great powers.            assumes great powers.            

War PowersWar Powers

►Time has shifted Power from Cong-PresTime has shifted Power from Cong-Pres►     125 times Presidents have sent 125 times Presidents have sent

troops without a congressional troops without a congressional declaration of war more than. declaration of war more than.

►Congressional ApprovalCongressional Approval Power of PursePower of Purse Emergency PowersEmergency Powers

a) suspension of habeas a) suspension of habeas corpuscorpus

b) censorship of mailb) censorship of mailc) control of c) control of manufacturingmanufacturingd) control of d) control of communicationcommunicatione) control of e) control of transportationtransportationf) declaration of martial f) declaration of martial law law

War PowersWar Powers Actions not sought permission for:Actions not sought permission for:

►Invade Grenada (Reagan)Invade Grenada (Reagan)►Bombing Libya (Reagan)Bombing Libya (Reagan)►Troops in Lebanon (Reagan)Troops in Lebanon (Reagan)►Invasion of Panama (Bush)Invasion of Panama (Bush)►Bombing Kosovo (Clinton)Bombing Kosovo (Clinton)

►1999: 26 members of Congress fail 1999: 26 members of Congress fail in forcing Clinton to obtain in forcing Clinton to obtain congressional approval for Kosovo congressional approval for Kosovo airstrikesairstrikes

War Powers Act 1973War Powers Act 1973

► Passed over VetoPassed over Veto► Restrictions on Presidents ability to use Restrictions on Presidents ability to use

Military forceMilitary force Report in writing 48 hrs after troops sentReport in writing 48 hrs after troops sent Need Need Congressional approvalCongressional approval after 60 days after 60 days W/o approval troops must returnW/o approval troops must return

► ImpactImpact Congressional inabilityCongressional inability