Hadron Physics in America

L. Cardman

Venues for Hadronic Physics Today(and their near-term plans)

Two Major Facilities:• CEBAF @ Jefferson Lab

(~6 GeV, cw, polarized electron beams)

• RHIC Spin @ BNL (up to 250 GeV polarized protons on polarized protons and heavy ions)

A broad variety of experiments at facilities focused on other physics (e.g. EDM of neutron at LANSCE and Drell-Yan at FNAL) and at smaller facilities (e.g. HIS at TUNL)

Participation in many experiments at facilities overseas (e.g. Hermes)

CEBAF @ Jefferson Lab

• A 4 GeV (now 5.7 GeV), high intensity, cw electron accelerator built to investigate the structure of nucleons and nuclei• The approved research program includes 167

experiments on a broad variety of topics• Research operations began 10/95­ in full operation for 7½  years (since 11/97)

­ data for 118 full experiments and parts of 10 more are complete

­ results are emerging regularly in the published literature

Linac

Linac

Arc

Arc

3 End Stations

Hall A: Two High Resolution (10-4) Spectrometers

Hall B: The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS)

Hall C: A High Momentum and a Broad Range Spectrometer

Setup Space for Unique Experiments

JLab Scientific “Campaigns”

The Structure of the Nuclear Building Blocks

1. How are the nucleons made from quarks and gluons?

2. What are the mechanism of confinement and the dynamics of QCD?

3. How does the NN Force arise from the underlying quark and gluon structure of hadronic matter?

The Structure of Nuclei

4. What is the structure of nuclear matter?

5. At what distance and energy scale does the underlying quark and gluon structure of nuclear matter become evident?

Symmetry Tests in Nuclear Physics

6. Is the “Standard Model” complete? What are the values of its free parameters?

Enhanced Figure of Merit for Experiments Requiring Polarized Beam

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

FY97 FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06

Fiscal Year

P2 I

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

2800

3200

E2 P

2 I

FOM for Parity Violation

Experimentsx 6 in ten years

FOM for Polarization Transfer Experiments

x 12 in ten years

CEBAF@JLAB: Near Term Plans

• Complete energy increase of base accelerator from the original 4.0 GeV design to today’s 5.7 GeV to 6.0 GeV(~1/07)• Complete development of high intensity (up to 200 A)

polarized beams with mid-term goal of >85% polarization and enhanced helicity correlated characteristics as driven by the approved program:

Characteristic Achieved Goal position stability (nm) 2-3 1

intensity stability (ppm) 0.4 0.1

• Continue to run the physics program outlined briefly above

RHIC Spin

RHIC Spin Physics Program

0,+,- Production

Heavy Flavors

Prompt Photon

Gluon Polarization Flavor Decompsition Transverse single/doublespin physics

W physics

Longitudinal single spin physics

Transversity:Sivers vs. Collins effects

& physics of higher twists;Pion interf. Fragmentation

Transverse single spin physicsPhenix-Local Polarimetry

RHIC Spin Future Plans

For next four years Upgrade Plans Include:• Factor of six enhancement of luminosity• Operation at sqrt(s) = 500 GeV

Luminosity Goals are:• p – p 60 x 1030 cm-2 s-1; 70% polarization (100 GeV)

150 x 1030 cm-2 s-1; 70% polarization (100 GeV) (luminosity averaged over store delivered to 2 IRs)

Note: w/ electron cooling might reach as high as 5 x 1032 cm-2 s-1

Timeline for the Baseline RHIC Spin ProgramTimeline for the Baseline RHIC Spin ProgramOngoing progress on p+p luminosity, pol’n in uncharted territory:

~1 more order of magnitude needed in L, factor ~1.5 in P

Orderly plan for needed improvements in place

Substantial running time needed: ~70 weeks overall

First phase of program uses existing detector: s=200 GeV with present detectors for gluon pol’n (g) at higher x & transverse asymmetries

• aaab

•

High Intensity -Source at Duke

Broad physics program planned for HIS ­ Nuclear Astrophysics­ Few Body Physics­ GDH Sum rule for deuterium­ Nuclear Structure studies

using NRF­ Compton scattering from

nucleons and few body nuclei­ Pion Threshold studies

• Commissioning of fully upgraded accelerator: Summer 2006• Nuclear Physics Program begins Fall 2006:

Dec. 06 – March 07 Linear Pol.- Below 50 MeV, >108 /s

Sept. 07 – Dec. 07 Circ. Pol. Up to 95 MeV, >108 /s

E906 at FNAL (d/u for the proton)Anticipated start FY09

Relative to E866/NuSea:• Cross section scales as 1/s ­ 7 that of 800 GeV beam

• Backgrounds, primarily from J/ decays scale as s ­ 7 Luminosity for same detector

rate as 800 GeV beam

5050 statistics!! statistics!!

Mid-Term Prospects (to ~2012)

• Continued Operation of CEBAF@JLab and RHIC Spin)• Experiments like E906 @ FNAL and the HIS program• Enhancements of RHIC Spin• Construction of the JLab 12 GeV Upgrade

Timeline for the Baseline RHIC Spin ProgramTimeline for the Baseline RHIC Spin Program

Ongoing progress on p+p luminosity, pol’n in uncharted territory:

~1 more order of magnitude needed in L, factor ~1.5 in P

Orderly plan for needed improvements in place

Substantial running time needed: ~70 weeks overall Program divides into 2 phases: s=200 GeV with present detectors for gluon pol’n (g) at higher x & transverse asymmetries; s=500 GeV with detector upgrades for g at lower x & W prod’n

The JLab 12 GeV UpgradeMajor Programs in Four Areas:

• The experimental study of the confinement of quarks – one of the outstanding questions of the 21st century physics

• Dramatic improvements in our knowledge of the fundamental quark-gluon structure of the nuclear building blocks

• Further exploration of the limits of our understanding of nuclei in terms of nucleons and the N-N force

• Precision experiments with sensitivity to TeV scale physics beyond the Standard Model

• And other science we can’t foresee

CHL-2CHL-2

Upgrade magnets Upgrade magnets and power and power suppliessupplies

Enhance equipment in Enhance equipment in existing hallsexisting halls

6 GeV CEBAF1112Add new hallAdd new hall

Enhanced Equipment in Halls A, B, & C and a New Hall D

9 GeV tagged polarized photons and a 4 hermetic detector

D

Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) at high luminosity and forward angles

C

CLAS upgraded to higher (1035) luminosity and coverage

B

High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS) Pair,

and specialized large installation experiments

A

12 GeV Upgrade: Project Schedule

• 2004-2005 Conceptual Design (CDR)• 2004-2008 Research and Development (R&D)• 2006 Advanced Conceptual Design (ACD)• 2007-2009 Project Engineering & Design (PED)• 2007-2008 Long Lead Procurement• 2008-2012 Construction• 2011-2013 Pre-Ops (beam commissioning)

Critical Decision (CD) Presented at IPR

CD-0 Mission Need 2QFY04 (Actual)

CD-1 Preliminary Baseline Range 4QFY05

CD-2A/3A Construction and Performance Baseline of Long Lead Items

2QFY07

CD-2B Performance Baseline 4QFY07

CD-3B Start of Construction 3QFY08

CD-4 Start of Operations 1QFY13

Progress Toward 12 GeV

• CD-0 in March 2004

• DOE Science Review (April 2005)­ Formal DOE review, “Certified” the Science case for the Upgrade

“The overall proposed program represents an impressive coherent framework of research directed towards one of the top frontiers of contemporary science: the exploration of confinement, a unique phenomenon of the strong Interaction, one of the four fundamental forces of nature.”“…these experimental studies are challenging, but feasible with the proposed upgrade,… they are essential to advance our theoretical understainding of confinement and the structure of hadrons and nuclei,… and they have a high probability for discoveries leading to significant paradigm shifts.”the upgrade “also provides a unique opportunity to use the electroweak interaction to search for physics beyond the Standard Model”

• DOE “CD-1” Review (July 2005)­ Formally in preparation for DOE Critical Decision CD-1, which defines the

Preliminary Baseline Range­ Passed with flying colors: No action items; all CD-1 prerequisites certified as “met”

• Awaiting Formal CD-1­ Expect this Fall

Longer Term Prospects (2013 and Beyond)

• Operation of the CEBAF@12 GeV• Continuation of RHIC Spin

• Plans developing now for a new electon-ion collider that would be constructed during this period, focused on the next generation of DIS and DES experiments• There are two competing designs:

­ ELIC (JLab)

­ eRHIC (BNL)

Science Motivating the Next Generation Collider

• How do quarks and gluons provide the binding and spin of the nucleons?

• What is the quark-gluon structure of mesons?

• How do quarks and gluons evolve into hadrons?

• How does energy convert to mass?

• How does nuclear binding originate from quarks and gluons?

• How do gluons behave in nuclei?

• ……..

ELIC/eRHIC Complementary to the Physics of the 12 GeV Upgrade

g

12 GeV will access the valence quark regime (x > 0.3), where the quark properties are not masked by the sea quarks and glue

12 GeV12 GeV

The Collider will focus on the low-x regime (x<0.1), where the glue dominates (and eventually saturates)

Collider

g

A Draft Experimental Program for the Next-Generation Electron-Ion Collider

• Nucleon structure, role of quarks and gluons in the nucleons­ Un-polarized quark and gluon distributions, confinement in nucleons

­ Polarized quark and gluon distributions (LOWEST POSSIBLE X)

­ Correlations between partonsExclusive processes--> Generalized Parton Distributions

­ Understanding confinement with low x/lowQ2 measurements

• Meson Structure:­ Goldstone bosons and play a fundamental role in QCD

• Nuclear Structure, role of partons in nuclei­ Confinement in nuclei through comparison e-p/e-A scattering

• Hadronization in nucleons and nuclei & effect of nuclear media­ How do knocked off partons evolve in to colorless hadrons

• Partonic matter under extreme conditions­ For various A, compare e-p/e-A

Ion Linac and pre-booster

IR IR

Beam Dump

Snake

CEBAF with Energy Recovery

3-7 GeV electrons 30- 150 GeV light ions

Solenoid

Ion Linac and pre-booster

IR IR

Beam Dump

Snake

CEBAF with Energy Recovery

3-7 GeV electrons 30- 150 GeV light ions

Solenoid

Ion Linac and pre-booster

IR IR

Beam Dump

Snake

CEBAF with Energy Recovery

3 -7 GeV electrons 30 -150 GeV light ions

Solenoid

Electron Injector

Electron Cooling

ELIC Layout

The same electron accelerator can also provide 25 GeV electrons The same electron accelerator can also provide 25 GeV electrons for fixed target experiments for physics (ELFE @ JLab)for fixed target experiments for physics (ELFE @ JLab)

Implement 5-pass recirculator, at 5 GeV/pass, as in present CEBAF

(One accelerating & one decelerating pass through CEBAF 20-65 GeV CM Collider Program)

Exploring whether collider and fixed target modes can run simultaneously

eRHIC – Two Possible Machine Designs

Ring-Linac Design (1)

Ring-Linac Design (2)

Luminosity vs. CM Energy

TESLA-N

ELIC-JLab

• ELIC at Jlab­ 3-7 GeV e- on

30-150 GeV p (both polarized)­ 20-65 GeV CM Energy­ Polarized light ions­ Luminosity as high as 0.8x1035

cm-2 sec-1 luminosity• eRHIC at BNL­ 5-10 GeV e- on

50-150 GeV p (both polarized)­ 30-100 GeV CM Energy­ Polarized light ions­ Heavy ion beams available­ Luminosity from 1033 to

perhaps as high as 1034 cm-2 sec-1 (depending on design choice)

eRHIC - BNL

Conclusion: A Fascinating Time for Hadronic Physics

• Tremendous activity today (w/ CEBAF and RHIC Spin and many other projects) within the hadronic physics community in America

• Major enhancements in our capabilities are in progress:­ JLab Upgrade to 12 GeV

­ RHIC Spin luminosity and detectors

­ Experiments like E906 at FNAL

­ HIS

­ …….

• Advanced planning for the longer term:­ ELIC @ JLab or eRHIC @ BNL