habitats of north carolina ferns - herbarium.unc.edu · • new discoveries and new arrivals –...
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North Carolina Ferns and
“Fern Allies”: a survey
Ferns of North Carolina
• 122 species, in 46 genera, in 22 families• from sea level to tops of Mount Mitchell• in nearly all habitats (under water and dry
sands and rocks)
Lycopodiaceae
• 14 species
Selaginellaceae
• 6 species (2 aliens)
Isoetaceae
• 9 species – more on the way
Psilotaceae
• 1 species (alien?, new to NC)
Equisetaceae
• 3 species (1 alien, newly documented for NC)
Azollaceae
• 1 species
Salviniaceae
• 1 species (alien)
Marsileaceae
• 1 species (alien)
Hymenophyllaceae
• Filmy ferns (Trichomanes petersii)
Ophioglossaceae
• 16 species
New Yorker cartoon
by Charles Saxon,
Sept. 12, 1983
Osmundaceae
• 3 species
Dennstaedtiaceae
• 3 species
Pteridaceae
• 8 species
Aspleniaceae
• 12 species
Dryopteridaceae
• 24 species (1 alien)
Thelypteridaceae
• 6 species
Blechnaceae
• 2 species
Polypodiaceae
• 3 species
Schizaeaceae
• 1 species
Lygodiaceae
• 2 species (1 alien)
Grammitidaceae
• 1 species
Vittariaceae
• 1 species
Changes -- 1
• New systematics– monographs, revisions, studies using
traditional approaches– cladistic approaches– molecular systematics
• New nomenclature– continued “nontaxonomic” changes in
nomenclature
Changes -- 2
• New discoveries– new natives are found to be (and to have
been) in the Carolinas– new aliens become established in the
Carolinas• differing criteria for inclusion in floras
Changes -- 4
• Additions to the flora– by description (new circumscription) [+250]– re-elevation from synonymy [net +250]
• New discoveries and new arrivals– “finds” (natives new to the flora area)
[+250]– naturalization [+250]
• Rearrangements of lower taxa [plenty]• New nomenclature [plenty]
New species and infrataxa• Gymnocarpium appalachianum Pryer & Haufler• Huperzia appalachiana Beitel & Mickel • Hymenophyllum tayloriae Farrar & Raine• Isoetes appalachiana Brunton & Britton• Isoetes hyemalis Brunton• Lycopodium hickeyi W.H. Wagner, Beitel, & R.C.
Moran• Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham• Trichomanes intricatum Farrar• Vittaria appalachiana Farrar & Mickel• Additional Isoetes in the works
New taxonomic concepts --species
• Isoetes
New natives to the Carolinas• Bog Fern (Thelypteris simulata)• Fragile Fern (Cystopteris fragilis)• Northern Bog Clubmoss (Lycopodiella inundata)• Leather Grapefern (Sceptridium multifidum)• Daisyleaf Moonwort (Botrychium matricariifolium)• Least Moonwort (Botrychium simplex)• Lanceleaf Moonwort (Botrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum)• etc…
New aliens to the Carolinas• Holly Fern (Cyrtomium falcatum)• Holly Fern (Cyrtomium fortunei)• Giant Water Spangles (Salvinia molesta)• Curly-grass Fern (Schizaea pusilla)• European Water-clover (Marsilea quadrifolia)
Out of synonymy
• Appalachian Woodsia (Woodsia appalachiana from W. scopulina)
• Tree Ground-pine (Dendrolycopodium dendroideum from Dendrolycopodium obscurum)
Generic splits
• Lycopodium Lycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Huperzia, Lycopodiella, Palhinhaea, Pseudolycopodiella
• Grammitis Micropolypodium• Athyrium Athyrium, Deparia, Diplazium• Botrychium Botrychium, Botrypus,
Sceptridium• Thelypteris Macrothelypteris, Thelypteris,
Phegoteris
Generic splits –future “attractions”?
• Thelypteris Parathelypteris, Christella, Thelypteris, Cyclosorus, Stegnogramma
• Selaginella Bryodesma, Lycopodioides
Phylogenetic families
• Traditional morphological, cytological, anatomical criteria
• Cladistic analyses• Molecular data
“Lycopodium”Diphasiastrum digitatum
(=Lycopodium digitatum, Lycopodium flabelliforme, Lycopodium complanatum var. flabelliforme)Running-cedarGround-pineGround CedarRunning ClubmossHag’s-bedSouthern Running PineFan clubmossCrowfoot club-mossSouthern ground-cedarTrailing ground-pineLycopode en évantailLycopode aplati
Lycopodiaceae of the CarolinasRadford, Ahles, & Bell (1968) Now change
Lycopodium selago ---- new species named, this species not in Carolinas
---- Huperzia appressa new species (replacing former “selago”)
Lycopodium lucidulum Huperzia lucidula generic split
Lycopodium porophilum Huperzia porophila generic split
Lycopodium flabelliforme Diphasiastrum digitatum new nomenclature + generic split
Lycopodium tristachyum Diphasiastrum tristachyum generic split
Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodium clavatum NO CHANGE!!
Lycopodium obscurum Dendrolycopodium obscurum narrower concept + new genus
" Dendrolycopodium dendroideum resplit species + new genus
" Dendrolycopodium hickeyi new species + new genus
Lycopodium carolinianum Pseudolycopodiella carolinianum generic split
Lycopodium alopecuroides Lycopodiella alopecuroides resplit species + generic split
" Lycopodiella prostrata resplit species + generic split
Lycopodium appressum Lycopodiella appressa generic split
--- Lycopodiella inundata native species newly discovered in Carolinas
--- Palhinhaea cernua non-native species newly discovered in Carolinas
Regional diversity
Main fern habitats
• moist forests -- 53• rock outcrops -- 41• aquatic situations -- 8• bogs -- 6• dry forests -- 5• savannas -- 4• other wetlands -- 4• sandhills -- 1