Hayley Bonsteel

Habitat-Complete Streets

A habitat-complete street is a street designed and operated to enable safe access for users of all kinds--

humans and nonhumans alike.

Habitat-Complete Streets combine equitable transportation planning with urban wildlife habitat. Standard complete streets ensure safe access for all human users—this project broadens the definition of “user” to include wildlife.

-Provide viable habitat for wildlife in tree canopy along street.-Provide a safe and attractive street-level environment for all human users.-Minimize construction and disturbance to neighborhood.-Encourage a more meaningful relationship with nature for neighborhood residents

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-Pristine habitat far from development is constantly and increasingly threatened-Streets are designed for vehicles instead of people

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1. Plant industrial area (to be renovated along with riverfront)

2. Continuing west, install planting beds and street plantings

3. replace existing vegetation at civic spaces with more habitat-suitable shrubs

4. Encourage private landowners in adjacent neighborhoods to convert vegetation on property for habitat use

AC

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Analyzing available important Bird Area data along the Mississippi, 138 bird species were mapped to their monitoring sites (grouped by migration class on the following five pages).

American CrowCorvus brachyrhynchos

American Goldnch

Carduelis tristis

American Kestrel

Falco sparverius

American Robin

Turdus migratorius

Bald Eagle

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Belted Kingsher

Ceryle alcyon

Blue-headed Vireo

Vireo so

litariu

s

Blue Jay

Cyanocitta cr

istata

Brown-h

eaded

Cowbird

Molo

thru

s ate

rBr

own

Cree

per

Certh

ia am

erica

naBr

own

Thra

sher

Toxo

stom

a ru

fum

Coop

er’s

Haw

kAc

cipi

ter c

oope

rii

Caro

lina

Wre

n

Thyr

otho

rus l

udov

icia

nus

Ceda

r wax

win

gBo

mby

cilla

ced

roru

m

Com

mon

Gra

ckle

Qui

scal

us q

uisc

ula

Dark-Eyed Junco

Junco hyemalis

Eastern Bluebird

Siala sialus

Eastern Meadow

lark

Sturnella magna

Eastern Phoebe

Sayornis phoebe

Eastern Towhee

Pipilo

European Starling

Sturnus vulgarisField Sparrow

Spizella pusilla

Golden-crowned Kinglet

Regulus setrapa

Grasshopper Sparrow

Ammodramus savannarum

Harris’s Sparrow

Zonotrichia querela

Henslow’s Sparrow

Ammodramus henslowii

Hermit ThrushCatharus guttatus

House FinchCarpodacus mexicanus

KilldeerCharadrius vociferus

Lark SparrowChondestes grammacus

Lincoln’s Sparrow

Melospiza lincolnii

Marsh Wren

Cistothorus palustris

Merlin

Falco columbarius

Mourning Dove

Zenaida macroura

Northern Flicker

Colaptes auratusNorth

ern Harrier

Circus cyaneus

Orange-crowned Warbler

Vermivora celataOsp

rey

Pandeon haliaetu

s

Pereg

rine F

alcon

Falco

per

egrin

us

Pine

Sisk

inCa

rdue

lis p

inus

Pine

War

bler

Dend

roic

a pi

nus

Purp

le F

inch

Carp

odac

us p

urpu

reus

Red-

head

ed W

oodp

ecke

rM

elan

erpe

s ery

thro

ceph

alus

Red-

shou

lder

ed H

awk

Bute

o lin

eatu

s

White-crowned Sparrow

Zonortichia leucophrys

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Accipiter striatus

Yellow-rumped WarblerDendroica coronata

Yellow-bellied SapsuckerSphyrapicus varius

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher

Empidonax �aviventris

Winter Wren

Troglodytes troglodytes

White-throated Sparrow

Zonotrichia albicollis

Vesper Sparrow

Pooecetes gramineus

Turkey Vulture

Cathartes auraTree Swallow

Tachycineta bicolorSwam

p Sparrow

Melospiza georgiana

Sedge Wren

Cistothorus platensis

Savannah Sparrow

Passerculus sandwichensis

Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Regulus calendula

Red-winged Blackbird

Agelaius phoeniceus

SHort DiStAnCE MiGrAntS

CHo

oSi

nG

A t

ArG

Et S

PECi

ES

American RedstartSetophaga ruticilla

Baltimore Oriole

Icterus galbula

Bank Swallow

Riparia riparia

Barn Swallow

Hirundo rustica

Black-and-white

Warbler

Mniotilta varia

Black-b

illed Cuck

oo

Coccyzu

s eryth

ropth

almus

Blue

-gra

y Gna

tcat

cher

Polio

ptila

caer

ulea

Blue

-win

ged

War

bler

Verm

ivor

a pi

nus

Broa

d-w

inge

d H

awk

Bute

o pl

atyp

teru

s

Bobo

link

Dol

icho

nyx

oryz

ivor

us Chimney Sw

iftChaetura pelagica

Chipping Sparrow

Spizella passerina

Clay-colored Sparrow

Spizella pallida

Cli� Swallow

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Common Nighthawk

Chordeiles minor

Common Yellowthroat

Geothlypis trichas

DickcisselSpiza americana

Eastern KingbirdTyrannus tyrannus

Eastern Wood-PeweeContopus virens

Gray CatbirdDumetella carolinensis

Great Crested Flycatcher

Myiarchus crinitus

House Wren

Troglodytes aedon

Indigo Bunting

Passerina cyanea

Least Flycatcher

Empidonax minimus

Northern Rough-w

inged Swallow

Stelgidopteryx serrip

ennis

Orchar

d Orio

le

Icter

us spuriu

sOvenb

irdSe

iuru

s aur

ocap

illus

Prot

hono

tary

War

bler

Prot

onot

aria

citr

ea

Red-

eyed

Vire

oVi

reo

oliv

aceu

s

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Coccyzus americanus

Song Sparrow

Melospiza m

elodia

Yellow WarblerDendroica petechia

Yellow-throated VireoVireo �avifrons

Wood Thrush

Hylocichla mustelina

Warbling Vireo

Vireo gilvus

Scarlet Tanager

Piranga olivacea

Ruby-throated Hum

mingbird

Archilochus colubris

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Pheucticus ludovicianus

rESiDEnt nEotroPiCAl MiGrAntS

Alder FlycatcherEmpidonax alnorum

Bay-breasted Warbler

Dendroica castanea

Black-throated Green Warbler

Dendroica virens

Blackburn

ian Warb

ler

Dendroica

fusca

Blac

kpol

l War

bler

Den

droi

ca st

riata

Cana

da W

arbl

erW

ilson

ia c

anad

ensi

s

Cape May W

arbler

Dendroica tigrina

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Dendroica pensylvanica

Connecticut Warbler

Oporornis agilis

Golden-winged Warbler

Vermivora chrysoptera

Gray-cheeked Thrush

Catharus minimus

Magnolia WarblerDendroica magnolia

Mourning WarblerOporornis philadelphia

Nashville Warbler

Vermivora ru­capilla

Northern Parula

Parula americana

Northern

Waterth

rush

Seiurus n

oveboracensis

Olive-

sided

Flyc

atch

er

Cont

opus

coop

eri

Palm

War

bler

Den

droi

ca p

alm

arum

Veery

Catharus fuscescens

Philadelphia VireoVireo philadelphicus

Black-throated Blue Warbler

Dendroica caerulescens

Wilson’s Warbler

Wilsonia pusilla

Willow Flycatcher

Empidonax traillii

Tennessee Warbler

Vermivora peregrina

Swainson’s Thrush

Catharus ustulatus

En-roUtE nEotroPiCAl MiGrAntS

Barred OwlStrix varia

Black-capped Chickadee

Poecile atricaphillus

Downy Woodpec

ker

Picoid

es p

ubesce

ns

Gre

at H

orne

d O

wl

Bubo

virg

inia

nus

Hairy W

oodpecker

Picoides villosus

Horned Lark

Eremophila alpestris

House Sparrow

Passer domesticus

Northern CardinalCardinalis cardinalis

Pileated Woodpecker

Dryocopus pileatus

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Melanerpes carolinus

Red-breaste

d Nuth

atch

Sitta ca

nadensis

Red-

taile

d H

awk

Bute

o ja

mai

cens

is

Rock Pigeon

Columba livia

Wild Turkey

Meleagris gallopavo

White-breasted Nuthatch

Sitta carolinensis

Ring-necked Pheasant

Phasianus colchicus

PErMAnEnt rESiDEntS

From this list, the target was narrowed to canopy foragers for best chance of success in feeding and nesting behavior on an urban street. of the canopy foragers, few had an established Habitat Suitability index, which is a helpful resource for choosing plant species.

of those canopy foragers with an established HSi, the Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) was chosen.

the Yellow Warbler has been observed at all ten monitoring sites; therefore, the species can presumably tolerate the range of conditions mapped in this habitat analysis.

Impervious Land Cover0-20%

Natural Land Cover

30-50%

Natur

al La

nd C

over

10-3

0%

Nat

ural

Lan

d Co

ver

0-10

%

Floodplain Forest

Maple Basswood Forest

Oak Savannah

Prairie

Wetla

nds

Blu�

s

Threat of Developm

ent

Impervious Land Cover20-50%

Impervious Land Cover

50-70%

HABitAt AnAlYSiS

the Yellow Warbler uses moisture-loving trees and shrubs such as Cottonwoods, Willows, and Alders. this mix of plants is useful in this project because Cottonwoods are considered suitable for tough urban sites due to high salt tolerance and ability to thrive with low maintenance and in a wide variety of water levels. Willows and alders can replace shrubs in the civic sites, while Cottonwoods and disease-resistant elms (to ensure a polyculture) will create a huge canopy along the street.

Cross referencing a bicycle improvements map with local patches of vegetation yields a series of connections between habitats that are already identified for reconstruction.

A wide right-of-way and minimial conflicts ensure plenty of room for habitat amendments. of the five connections found in Minneapolis, lowry Avenue has the widest right-of-way and least competitive parking, as well as several civic or open uses for potential conversion.

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From 1980 to 2000, the percentage of the population aged 5-18 increased greatly across all five neighborhoods.

Differentiations in zoning provide for several conditions for planting.

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the high percentage of kids in the region resulted in plant selection not just for hardiness, but for color in the hopes of a stimulating and playful streetscape for kids.

Curb extensions ensure safe crossing for pedestrians, and colorful bike lanes and bike boxes make for good visibility for safer cycling.

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Sthese lane configurations were designed in pieces, to be applied modularly across the street where appropriate. this allowed for design across a large scale (25 block) street.

these lane configurations (see next 8 pages) cover the different conditions found on the Master Plan. Each configuration features plenty of space for bicyclists, while also maintaining or expanding existing sidewalk facilities.

4 WAY intErSECtion PlAn

N6 FOOT BIKE LANE14 FOOT BIKE BOX8 FOOT PLANTERCURB BUMP OUTS

this lane configuration restricts vehicular traffic to one lane in each direction. A planting bed and colored bike lane are installed in the remaining space.

4 WAY intErSECtion PErSPECtivE

N

6 FOOT SIDEWALK6 FOOT BUS STOP 6 FOOT BIKE LANE14 FOOT BIKE BOX8 FOOT PLANTERCURB BUMP OUTS

4 WAY intErSECtion WitH BUS StoP PlAnto ensure safe transport for bus riders as well, bus stops feature colored walkways crossing bike lanes. to minimize traffic interference, planter strips are cut back to allow buses to pull partially over.

4 WAY intErSECtion WitH BUS StoP PErSPECtivE

Bike boxes ensure better visibility for cyclists at intersections. Every intersection also features bumpouts for increased pedestrian crossing safety, and improved crosswalks at major intersections.

3 WAY intErSECtion PlAn

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6 FOOT BIKE LANE14 FOOT BIKE BOX8 FOOT PLANTERCURB BUMP OUTS

3 WAY intErSECtion PErSPECtivE

MiDBloCK PlAn

N6 FOOT BIKE LANE6 Foot SiDEWAlK8 FOOT PLANTER

MiDBloCK PErSPECtivE

Sto

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StrU

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to reduce construction, only the outer half of the street will be regraded. the vertical exaggeration shown here exemplifies the existing slope of the street combined with the proposed sloped bike lane. the curb cuts into the planting bed from both sides allow stormwater to flow in, while the sidewalks retain their existing drainage system (presumably into alleys or yards).

Cottonwoods take up a lot of moisture, but in the unlikely event that a bed floods, an overflow pipe connects right into the existing drain inlet pipe, making use of existing infrastructure.

10 YEAR 1 HOUR STORM EVENT AREA OF LOWRY AVENUE

5 INCHES/HOUR 10.5 ACRES

TOTAL RUNOFF

51 CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

25 BLOCKS 2 CUBIC FEET PER SECOND PER BLOCK

A deep structural soil pit is the best option for a successful planting. the bike lane can be paved directly over a Class 5 structural soil, giving plants in the bed even more room to stretch their roots.

the construction costs will likely be balanced by the monetary benefits of the plantings.

According to the national tree Benefit Calculator, a 24 inch Eastern Cottonwood provides overall benefits of $243 every year.

if the tree is cared for and grows to 29 inches, it will provide $296 in annual benefits.

$ $construction bene�t

FIREPOST

LIBRARY

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PEN

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56

42

31

Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)

American Elm “Princeton” (Ulmus americana)

Green Alder (Alnus crispa)

Slender Willow (Salix petiolaris)

Bus Stop

Overhead Powerline

Crosswalks (Major Intersection)

Three-Way Intersection

Residential Zone

Commercial Zone

Civic Zone

Highway Crossing Zone

Industrial Zone

Perspective

MA

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nAt the canopy level, Cottonwoods and Elms, forty feet on center, fill the street on both sides. About 20%, or two trees per block, are Elms, ensuring some remaining canopy in the event of a problem with the Cottonwoods. the Elms weave along both sides in a kind of naturalistic banding pattern, with about four trees on one side followed by four trees on the other side. At the highway crossing, a stepped planting of trees minimizes the crossing distance for birds going to the river.

the planting design at the ground level includes a shift from being mostly grasses with a few forbs, to mostly forbs with a few grasses, giving an iconic ex-perience as one approaches the river from the park-way—the journey will be increasingly filled with bright, colorful flowers (see planting plans, next 12 pages), shown in this abstracted color chart.

FIREPOST

LIBRARY

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LYN

DA

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EMER

SON

FREM

ON

T

PEN

NN MIS

SISS

IPPI

56

42

31

Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)

American Elm “Princeton” (Ulmus americana)

Green Alder (Alnus crispa)

Slender Willow (Salix petiolaris)

Bus Stop

Overhead Powerline

Crosswalks (Major Intersection)

Three-Way Intersection

Residential Zone

Commercial Zone

Civic Zone

Highway Crossing Zone

Industrial Zone

Perspective

the industrial area is going to be renovated within twenty, thirty, or perhaps fifty years, so the design need-ed to be flexible. the planting width here is therefore increased, filling in all along the edges of the buildings and yards with trees. When the new bridge and other spaces are constructed, some trees can be removed, still leaving enough that birds will be served on their last leg to the river.

the canopy generally is as continuous and dense as possible, given constraints like alleys and power-lines, so that Yellow Warblers have a corridor of veg-etation from the green of the parkway to the river.

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Scientific name Common name Andropogon gerardii Big BluestemAster laevis Smooth AsterCornus sericea red twig DogwoodHemerocallis fulva orange DaylilyEchinacea Purpurea Purple ConeflowerPanicum virgatum Switchgrassverbana hastata Blue vervain

residential areas would benefit from more privacy, so taller plant species were chosen. Flowers increase from west to east.

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+

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BIG BLU

ESTEM

SMOOTH ASTER

SMOOTH ASTER

PURPLE CONEFLOWER

BLUE VERVAIN

BIG BLU

ESTEM

RED TWIG D

OGWOOD

SWITCHGRASS

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BIG BLU

ESTEM

BLUE VERVAIN

PURPLE CONEFLOWER

RED TWIG D

OGWOOD

SWITCHGRASS

SMOOTH ASTER

ORANGE DAYLILY

ORANGE DAYLILY

PURPLE CONEFLOWER

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Scientific name Common name Cornus sericea “isanti” red twig Dogwood “isanti”liatris Spicata Dense BlazingstarHemerocallis fulva orange DaylilyPanicum virgatum “rotstrahlbusch” Switchgrass “rotstrahlbusch”rudbeckia fulgida Brown-Eyed SusanSchizachyrium scoparium little Bluestemverbana hastata Blue vervain

Commercial areas would benefit from more visibility, so shorter plants and cultivats were chosen. Flowers increase from west to east.

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LITTLE BLUESTEM

BLUE VERVAIN

DENSE BLAZINGSTA

R

BROWN-EYED SUSAN

BROWN-EYED SUSAN

LITTLE BLUESTEM

RED TWIG D

OGWOOD “ISANTI”

SWITCHGRASS “ROTSTRAHLBUSCH”

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LITTLE BLUESTEM

LITTLE BLUESTEM

SWITCHGRASS “ROTSTRAHLBUSCH”

DENSE BLAZINGSTA

R

BROWN-EYED SUSAN

BROWN-EYED SUSAN

BROWN-EYED SUSAN

ORANGE DAYLILY

ORANGE DAYLILY

ORANGE DAYLILY

BLUE VERVAIN

DENSE BLAZINGSTA

R

RED TWIG D

OGWOOD “ISANTI”

CoM

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CoM

MEr

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CoM

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Perspective of street planting at intersection with bus stop

Perspective of highway crossing with bike lane

Perspective of street planting at midblock in commercial area

Civic properties (a post office, library, and fire house) receive the same street treatment as commercial areas, but have the added habi-tat benefit of wildlife-suitable shrubs, replac-ing existing vegetation. (See next 3 pages.)

this series of plantings provides for a wide range of users—bicycle commuters, who can move safely due to high visibility, pedestrians walking to a bus stop or just to a friend’s house, shoppers taking advantage of new and revitalized commercial areas, and, of course, Yellow Warblers, flying along their migration path in search of a good spot to nest. this layered habitat serves all of these needs, while also creating an iconic, tree-lined street filled with stimulating color and texture.

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A Habitat-Complete Street is a viable, safe, attractive alternative to the standard transit corridor, and it bridges the gap between street design for multi-modal users and urban habitat for increasingly vulnerable wildlife.

rESo

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ES Benitez-lopez, A., Alkemade, r., & verweij, P. A. (2010). the impacts of roads and other infrastruc-ture on mammal and bird populations: A meta-analysis. Biological Conservation, 143(6), 1307-1316. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.009Bryce, S. A. (2006). Development of a bird integrity index: Measuring avian response to disturbance in the blue mountains of oregon, USA. Environmental Management, 38(3), 470-486. doi:10.1007/s00267-005-0152-zBuler, j. j., Moore, F. r., & Woltmann, S. (2007). A multi-scale examination of stopover habitat use by birds. Ecology, 88(7), 1789-1802. Bullen, r., & Fricke, F. (1982). Sound-propagation through vegetation. journal of Sound and vibration, 80(1), 11-23. Campbell, M. o. (2009). the impact of habitat characteristics on bird presence and the implications for wildlife management in the environs of ottawa, canada. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 8(2), 87-95. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2008.12.003Deppe, j. l., & rotenberry, j. t. (2008). Scale-dependent habitat use by fall migratory birds: vegetation structure, floristics, and geography. Ecological Monographs, 78(3), 461-487. Evans, K. l., newson, S. E., & Gaston, K. j. (2009). Habitat influences on urban avian assemblages. ibis, 151(1), 19-39. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00898.xFernandez-juricic, E. (2000). Avifaunal use of wooded streets in an urban landscape. Conservation Biol-ogy, 14(2), 513-521. Fernandez-juricic, E. (2000). Bird community composition patterns in urban parks of madrid: the role of age, size and isolation. Ecological research, 15(4), 373-383. Fernandez-juricic, E. (2002). Can human disturbance promote nestedness? A case study with breeding birds in urban habitat fragments. oecologia, 131(2), 269-278. doi:10.1007/s00442-002-0883-yFernandez-juricic, E., jimenez, M. D., & lucas, E. (2001). Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: implications for park design. Environmental Conservation, 28(3), 263-269. Francis, C. D., ortega, C. P., & Cruz, A. (2009). noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions. Current Biology, 19(16), 1415-1419. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.052

Goddard, M. A., Dougill, A. j., & Benton, t. G. (2010). Scaling up from gardens: Biodiversity conservation in urban environments. trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25(2), 90-98. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.016Green, janet C. (1995). “Birds and Forests: A Management and Conservation Guide.” St. Paul, Minnesota: Min-nesota Department of natural resources.Hennings, l. A., & Edge, W. D. (2003). riparian bird community structure in portland, oregon: Habitat, urban-ization, and spatial scale patterns. Condor, 105(2), 288-302. imai, H., & nakashizuka, t. (2010). Environmental factors affecting the composition and diversity of avian community in mid- to late breeding season in urban parks and green spaces. landscape and Urban Plan-ning, 96(3), 183-194. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.03.006Maciusik, B., lenda, M., & Skorka, P. (2010). Corridors, local food resources, and climatic conditions affect the utilization of the urban environment by the black-headed gull larus ridibundus in winter. Ecological re-search, 25(2), 263-272. doi:10.1007/s11284-009-0649-7Male, S. K., & nol, E. (2005). impacts of roads associated with the ekati diamond mine (tM), northwest territo-ries, canada, on reproductive success and breeding habitat of lapland longspurs. Canadian journal of zoolo-gy-revue Canadienne De zoologie, 83(10), 1286-1296. doi:10.1139/z05-128Murgui, E. (2007). Factors influencing the bird community of urban wooded streets along an annual cycle. ornis Fennica, 84(2), 66-77. oprea, M., Mendes, P., vieira, t. B., & Ditchfield, A. D. (2009). Do wooded streets provide connectivity for bats in an urban landscape? Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(9), 2361-2371. doi:10.1007/s10531-009-9593-7Parris, K. M., & Schneider, A. (2009). impacts of traffic noise and traffic volume on birds of roadside habitats. Ecology and Society, 14(1), 29. rosendahl, Carl o., and Frederik K. Butters. (1928). “trees and Shrubs of Minnesota.” Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota.Sandstrom, U. G., Angelstam, P., & Mikusinski, G. (2006). Ecological diversity of birds in relation to the structure of urban green space. landscape and Urban Planning, 77(1-2), 39-53. doi:10.1016/j.landurb-plan.2005.01.004tremblay, M. A., & St Clair, C. C. (2009). Factors affecting the permeability of transportation and riparian cor-ridors to the movements of songbirds in an urban landscape. journal of Applied Ecology, 46(6), 1314-1322.

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