habit motives2

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HABIT MOTIVES

Psychology and Physiology in Literacy Acquisition

B.Ed. Language and Literacy

The Mico University College


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MOTIVES

A motive, or a drive, is a complex state in a personthat directs his behaviour toward a goal.

- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958), Psychology:Understanding Human Behaviours

What are our motives? Drives

Incentives

-Drives energize all behaviour; is aimed at a goal oran incentive

-Incentives are rewards designed to influencebehaviour

-Kakkar, S. B. (2004): Educational Psychology. Motilal UK Books of India


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CLASSIFYINGOFMOTIVES

Physiological Motives: every motive is interrelatedwith other motives- satisfying needs * specifichungers, like animals

- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958),Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviours

1. Hunger

2. Thirst

3. Rest and Sleep

4. Pain Avoidance


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CLASSIFYINGOFMOTIVESCONTD

5. Drive to void the bowel and bladder

6. The sex driveunlike other physiological drives, the sex drive can beignored and denied satisfaction for indefinite periodsof time without fatal results.


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Social/Psychological: these are motives we learn ingroup living

1. Recognition

2. Need to be needed3. Human value systems

-In every society and culture the individuals social motives

fit into certain value systems

- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958), Psychology:Understanding Human Behaviours


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Habit Motives

1. Combing the hair

2. Chewing gum

3. Smoking4. Cleanliness

- These are satisfied once we form habits toperform these activities. Habits, once established,

furnish their own source of motivation.

-Kakkar, S. B. (2004): Educational Psychology. Motilal UK Booksof India


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HULLSDRIVE THEORY

In 1943, Clark Hull suggested that it was apsychological deficit, or a need, and not an instinct,that instigated the organism to undertakebehaviours that then resulted in the offset of the

need. Stimulus-response linkages (habits) couldprovide the direction but not the energy required foraction. According to Hull, for prior associations tobe displayed, there had to be some unsatisfied

need that in turn produced a drive to action.

Behaviour= Drive x Habit

-Graham, S. And Weiner, B. (n.b.), Cognition and Motivation:Theories and Principles ofMotivation


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WHATAREHABITMOTIVES?

Habit refers to the whole framework of ourconsistent, repeated, habitual ways of behaving.Since we are motivated to behave as we do, habitis a sort of crystallization of our everyday motives

into a regular pattern.

Habit motives are also referred to as beingfunctionally autonomous. That is the behaviour hascontinued long after the original set ofcircumstances in which it was learned has ceasedto exist.

- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958),Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviours


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HABIT MOTIVE

It is not intentional effort alone, united withinstinctive tendencies, that determine action. Habitplays a great part in the earliest years of life. It isone of the essential laws of our nature that every

act tends to reproduce itself for the sole reason thatit has been produced. We acquire a disposition todo over again what we have already done.

-Gabriel, C.(n.b). The Elements of Psychology


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HABIT MOTIVE

We rely almost exclusively on psychological andhabit motives to encourage learning. By guidingand rewarding the childs curiosity, that is his or her

need for new experiences which is an important

psychological motive, we can encourage him tomove from one valuable learning experience toanother. The habits of work and attention that wehelp the child to develop will carry him through

many tasks for which he may have no immediateurge.

-Kakkar, S. B. (2004): Educational Psychology. Motilal UK Books ofIndia


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FORMING BAD HABITS

In discussing the cause for arriving at a plateau inthe learning experience, Kakkar suggests that,plateaus indicate that a higher form of habit is beingattempted before the lower ones on which it is

based are perfected. As soon as these lower habitshave been perfected, another upward flight ofprogress is made. A plateau is, therefore, a periodof learning when lower habits of a hierarchy, as yetimperfectly learned, are made automatic. This

permits progress to a higher plane.

-Kakkar, S. B. (2004): Educational Psychology. Motilal UK Books ofIndia


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HOWCANHABITMOTIVESAFFECTLITERACY?

It facilitates action

Replaces Will

Sharpens intelligence Strengthens inclination

- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958),

Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviours


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HOWCANHABITMOTIVESBEUSEDTOIMPROVELITERACY?

Hansen (1969) reported that the out-of-school readinghabits that students establish by the fifth and sixthgrades are the independent reading habits that remainwith them throughout their lifetimes.

-Hansen, H. S. (1969). The impact of the home literaryenvironment on reading attitude. Elementary English, 46 (1), pp.17-24.

Encourage student application of taught literacystrategies until they become a habit.

1. Habit of looking up unfamiliar words builds vocabulary

2. Habit of following writing process3. Habit of making notes while reading

Habit of reading environmental print builds fluency


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A BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE

Operant Conditioning:

Behaviour being learned (the operant) increases infrequency or likelihood because performing itmakes a reinforcement available (like praising, orsuccess).

-Kelvin S., and Sutton, R. (2009). Educational Psychology. JacobsFoundation, Zurich


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THE DAILY 5

The Daily 5 is a structure that trains students to work independently asthey discover the joys and develop the habits of daily reading and writing

without worksheets or centers: Read to Yourself

The best way to become a reader is to practice each day, with booksyou choose on your just-right reading level. It soon becomes a habit.

Read to Someone

Reading to someone allows for more time to practice strategies, work on

fluency and expression, check for understanding, hear your own voice,and share in the learning community.

Work on Writing

Just like reading, the best way to become a better writer is to practicewriting each day.

Listen to Reading

We hear examples of good literature and fluent reading. We learn morewords, thus expanding our vocabulary and becoming better readers.

Spelling/Word Work

Correct spelling allows for more fluent writing, thus speeding up theability to write and get thinking down on paper. This is an essentialfoundation for writers.

Boushey, G.and Moser, J. (2013). The Daily 5. Retrieved from www.the2sisters.com
http://www.the2sisters.com/http://www.the2sisters.com/


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WHATTHEDAILY 5 LOOKSLIKE

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