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TRANSCRIPT
DRAFT: NOT FOR CITATION WI'IHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR
NUMBER 156
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15.
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16.
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B POCCHH 3JlOYTIOTpe6neHHff H HeyCTPOHCTBa, H Ha~HeT B cep~~e
nro6oBh R OTe~ecTBY HeT BepHee cnoco6a, KaK cKopee nocnaTh
ero BO ¢paH~HIO. 3~eCh KOHe~HO Y3HaeT OH caMhlM OTINTOM O~eHh
Be3~e pe~OK, H ~TO B HaWeM OTe~eCTBe, KaK HH DnOXO HHOr~a
B HeM 6biBaeT 1 MO)KHO O~HaKO 6blTh CTOJihKO JKe C~aCTJIHBY 1 CKOJihKO
H BO BCffKOH ~pyroH 3eMne, ecJIH COBeCTh CTIOKOHHa H pa3yM npaBHT
34 B006pa)KeHHeM, a He B006pa)KeHHe pa3yMOM. 11
B 1780-e ro~, TIOCJie 11 llHCeM K l1aHHHY 1'¢0HBH3HHa, ~HJieMMa
TaK HaiTpHMep, COTIOCTaBHTeJihHO- KPHTH~eCKYIO O~eHKY Po-
CCHH ~aeT, BCKOpe ITOCJle (pOHBH3HHa 1 Pa~H!JleB BCBOeH O)J;e 11 BOJlhHOCTh 11
}'1783/.
~JleH 9TOrO CpaBHeHHR 1 a HOBaE CTpaHa, HOBaR 3aU3,D;aHa;r -~eMv-
KpaTHff - AMepHKa, TIO cpaBHeHHIO C KOTOPOH POCCHR He MOrJia
y)Ke CCbiJlB!ThCR Ha CBOIO HCTOpH~eCKYIO 11 MOJIO~OCTh 11 •
Co- HJIH TipOTHBOTIOCTaBJieHHe POCCHff - 3ana~ TIPHHHMaeT
B pyCCKOH JlHTepaType 1780-x rr. pa3JlH~Hble BH~bl, B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT TOrO ITOJlHTH~eCKOrO sapa~a, KOTOpbiH BKJI~biBaeT B
cBoe npoHsBe;n;eHHe ~aHHbiH aBTOP. TaK, B Tpare~HH KHRJKHHHa
nPOCCJiaB" /1783/ THpaHy H TIOXHTHTeJIIO npeCTOJla, WBe~CKOMY KOPOJJIO
XpHCTHePHY npoTHBOCTOHT pycCKHH rpa)K~aHHH-naTpHOT PoccnaB.
MOH~aeTca 3Ta Tpare~HR no6e~oH PoccnaBa, MopanhHOH H ¢H3H-
19.
35 ~eCKOM 1 Ha~ llBe~CKMM KOponeM-TMpaHOM. TIMHMfl ~e COITOCTaBMT-
enoHOH KPMTMKH POCCHH B cpaBHeHMH C COBpeMeHHbW.3arra~OM, Ha-
Ha~aTafl ¢JoHBH3H.HE:iiM B "TIPICoMax K 11aHMHY", 6bUia rrpo.uon~eHa .upy-
rHM pyCCKPIM rryTelleCTBeHHPIKOM-ITMCaTeneM, HO C .UPYMMPI B~Bo~aMPI;
B "11PICbMaX PYCCKOrO ITyTeilleCTBeHHMKa 11 KapaM3PIHa )laHO CTOnb
TO~HOe OITPICaHPie 6~':':'a KYJibTYPHOCTPI PI CB06Q~b1 1 KOTOpblMPI ITOnb-
3YeTCfl KpeCTbflHPIH B J.UBe:i1:u;apHH 1 ~TO ero ~PITaTenb 1 KTO 6bl OH
HPI ObUI, He MO~eT He COITOCTaBPITb C 9THM OITHCaHMeM XOPOWO eMY
PI3BeCTHYro ~M3Hb pyccKoro KpecTI:>HHMHa~ TaK B pyccKoli nPITepa-
Type ITOHBPinMCb BrrepBhle ~Be TO~KPI 3peHMH·, BITOCne)lCTBPIPI ITO-
KOTOWPIXHHa, B KOTOPOH TaKOe COITOCTaBneHHe 6~JIO C<fJOPMYJIPIPOBaHO
C03HaTenbH01 B nHTepaTypH~H 060pOT ~0 Ca~ COPOKOBblX rO)lOB
36 X1X BeKa He BXO.UPina.
KapaM3PIH 1 ITO.U06HO <fJOHBH3HHY 1 Be)leT OTC~eT BpeMeHPI OT
9rroxPI TieTpa IIepBoro. '' HeMIJ;hl, cppaHIJ;y3~, aHrnM~aHe 6bUIH Brre-
pe)lPI pyCCKHX ITO KpaliHeH MepeweCTbiD BeKaMH; 11eTp )lBHHYJI HaC
CBOero MOmHOID pyKOro, ll Mb1 B HeCKOJibKO neT ITO~TPI .UOrHaJIH PIX.
Bee ~aJIKne HepeMPia.Uhl o6 PI3MeHeHHPI pyccKoro xapaKTepa, o no-
Tepe pyCCKOH HpaBCTBeHHOH tPH3PIOHOMPIH HnPI HPI~TO HHOe KaK WYM
Pinli ITpOPICXO.UHT OT He~OCTKa B OCHOBaTenoHOM pa3MDIDmeHHPI. Mb1
He TaKOBhl, KaK 6pa.uaTble rrpe~KH Hawn: TeM ny~e! •• Bee Hapo~-
HOe HH~To rrepe.u ~enoBececKPIM. rnaBHoe .ueno 6b1Tb nro.UoMH, a
37 He cnaBHHaMH."
CJioBa KapaM3 nHa "o rroTepe pyccKo:i1: HpaBCTBeHHoli ¢lH3PI-
OHOMPIH" - 3By~aT ITPflMblM B03pa:>KeHMeM PI3niD6JieHHOH H)lee MaCOHOB,
20.
BrrepBble Bbl'CKa3aHHOPl: B "KOI.IIeJ1:0Ke 11 H. H. HOBHKOBa.
~paHUY3KaH peBOJ1IDUHH 1789-1793 rr. ITOBJ1HHJ1a Ha CaMNPl:
xapaKTep ITOCTaHOBKH BOITpOCa 06 OTHOI.IIeHHH POCCHH K 3arra.,o;y.
ilpOH30IIIJ1a He TOJ1bKO MOpaJ1bHaR, HO H ITOJ1HTH~eCKaH rrepeoueHKa
3arra,IJ;a. <l>paHUHH CTana B POCCHH nyranOM ,UJIH MHOrHX, HCTO~
HHKOM peBOJ1IDUHOHHOH 3apa3bl. A Te, KTO He XO~eT y~aCTBOBaT:O
B .UPYIKHOM xope OqJHUHOSHbiX ITPOKJ1HTHP!: <DpaHU3CKHM peBOJ1IDUHO
HepaM, rrpe,IJ;ITO~HTaJ1H MOJ1~aT:o. B03MOJKHOCTb ITe~aTHO ITOJ1HTH~eCKH
cpaBHHBaT:o PocciJnp H 3arra,n; ncqegna.
TIOCJ1e,IJ;Hee YCHJ1He O,IJ;H~eCKOH IT033HH - O,I(bl ,IJ;epJK.aBHHa Ha
rro6e,nbl CyBopoBa Ha,IJ; ¢paHuysaMH, - BblpaJKaiDT o6~ee ,UJIH 6on:o
lllHHCTBa pyccKux nnTepaTopoB ocyJK,neHne peBonroUHOHHoPJ:, a
sao.uHo H HarroneoHOBCKPPl: <PpaHUHH.
06pa~af.£Cb K ¢paHUY3aM 1 IT03T ITPOTHBOITOCTaBJ1HeT BCeMHPHO
H~TOpH~eCKyro IT03HTHBHYID MHCCHffi POCCHH paspyi.IIHTeJ1:0HblM
.uePl:CTBHHM ¢paHUYSOB:
,il;Hec:o 3BepCTBO Bawe cTano Haro,
Bbl pBeTec:o ga rrpH6blTOK cBoPI,
BoroeT Pocc 3a o6~e 6naro,
3a CBOP!:, sa Baiii, sa BCeX ITOKOH. 38
21.
4
Ilocne CBep~eHHff IIaBna 1 COTIOCTaBHTe.JihHaff OUeHKa POCCHH
H 3anaga He TO.JihKO BHOBh TIORBH.JiaCh Ha CTpaHHUaX pyCCKOfi
KOTOpOfi paaee B POCCHH He 6bJBano.B 1801 r:. KapaM3HH H3,lla.JI
"IIHChMa pyccxoro nYTewecTBeHHHKa" c wecTofi qacThro, paaee
He TIY::6.JIHKOBaBWefiCR 1 B KOTOPOH OTKa3anCR OT cpopMbl "TIHC8M 11
H 1 ,llaB TIOC.JIS,llOBaTeJihHOe OTIHCaHH:e Bcex CTOpOH aHrflHHCKOH o6-
~eCTBSHHOH ~H3HH 1 npe,llflO~ll.JI PYCCKHM qHTaTe.JIRM, H OC06eHHO
MO.JIO,llbJM TIO.JIHTHKaM H3 aKpy~eHHff AneKCaH,llpa 1 HeqTO BpO,lle TIO-
flHTH:qeCKOrO pyKOBO,llCTBa ITO YCTp6HCTBY crrpaBS,llflllBOrO, OCHO-
BaHHOrO Ha 3aKOHe, Oo~eCTBa. 0H TIO,llp06HO OTIHCbJBaeT CY.ll TipH-
CR~HbiX: 11 3,!leCh 1 .IlPY3hR MOH, OT,!laHT8 TiaflhMY aHrflHHCKHM 3aKo-
HO,!laTenRM, KOTOpbie YMeJIH ~eCTOKOe JlPaBOCy;D,He ~rqH:Th qe.rrOBeK-
onro6HeM, He sa6NnH HH:qero .Il.JIR cnaceHMR H He 6oRnH:ch H:3.JIHWHHX npe,!l
ocTopo~aocTea."39 ITO TIOBO,!ly H3B8CTHOrO TipHHUHTia aHr.JIHHCKOrO
rrpaBa, COrJiaCHO KOTOPOMY 06BHHReMbifi MO~eT 6bJTh OCY~,!leH TOflhKO ....
eC.JIH eCTh COOTBeTCTBYRJI.UH::fl: 3aKOH 1 KOTOPOMY TIO.IlCY.IlHO ero npec-
TynneHHe, KapaM3HH BOCKnH:uaeT:
11 CJ18.IlCTBeHH0 1 3,!leCh HeT qe.JIOBeKa, OT KOToporo 3aBHCena
6b1 ~B3Hh 40
,!J;pyroro. 11
06 aHrnH:fl:CKOM rrapnaMeHTe KapaM3HH TIH:WeT, cpaBHMBaR ero
C HaLUiOHa.JDHblM C05paH.H8M B peBOJiroUHOHHOM IlapHJ!fe : 11 Pa3HHUa
M8~.IlY napH~CKHM HapO,!lHbiM C06paHH8M H aHrJIHHCKHM rrapnaMSHTOM
eCTh Ta, qTo nepBoe WYMHee; BnpoqeM H nap.;rraMeHTCKH:e co6paHaR
22.
~OBOflbHO 6ecnopH~O~H~ ••• HO ~ena H~YT CBOHM no pH~KOM 1 H XOpOWO.
YMH~e MHHHCTp~ npaBHT. YMHaH ny6nHKa CMOTPHT H CY~HT.
B rrepB~e rO~~ HOBOrO, X1X BeKa, npOTHBHHKH KapaM3HHa
B03BenH ranno~06HID Ha ypOBeHb nonHTH~eCKOH 60pb6~ C H~eHHOH
areHTYPOH KPOBaBOH ~paHIJ;Y3CKOH peBOfliDIJ;HH. 11 3aii:\HTa 11 pycCKOro
H3~Ka CO CTOpOH~ WHWKOBa H ero COpaTHHKOB, KOTOpaH Ha CaMOM
~e.ne 6biJia non~TKOH BepHyTb ero K ~OflOMOHOCOBCKOMy COCTOHHHIO,
H~eT B Ha~ane HOBoro BeKa no~ rpoM cpa~eHHH c TeMH caM~MH
~paHIJ;y3aMH 1 OT KOTOpblX IIlmiiKOB cnacan PYCCKYID flHTepaTypy.
Tiopa~eHHH, a 3aTeM no6e~~ B pyCCKO-~paHIJ;Y3CKHX BOHHaX
Ha~ana BeKa BnepB~e B HCTOPHH pyCCKOH KYflbTYP~ H pyccKOH
n033HH He HaXO~flT Ce6e a~3KBaTHOrO no MaCWTa6y O~H~eCKOrO
BOCXBaneHHfl. CTapeiDII:\HH ~ep~aBHH B O~aX 3TOrO BpeMeHH Ka~eTCH
CBOHM::C:O:i5::c:.r:B:e~HHfolM He O"CieHb y~a~nHBblM 3nHrOHOM. TI03TH~eCKOe
cnoBo Ha~onro nepecTano BocneBaTb MY~POCTb u;apeli H no6e~~
pyCCKHX BOHHOB 1 XOTH HHOr~a peiJ;H~HBbl 3TOrO CO~py~eCTBa "Me~a
H nHp~" nOflBflHIDTCH H no3~Hee 1 ~a~e B 3nOxy KpblMCKOH BOHHbi
1853-1856.
9noxa BOHH C HanoneOHOM H3MeHHna OTHOWeHHe KapaM3HHa
K 3ana~H~M o6pa3IJ;aM KOHCTHTYIJ;HOHHOrO CTpOH. 0H KaK 6~ BepHyflCH
K H~eHM JlOMOHOCOBa H B 11 I1CTOPHH rocy~apCTBa POCCHHCKOrO" y~e
~OKa3~Ban, ~TO CYII:\eCTBOBaHHe POCCHH KaK rocy~apCTBa B03MO~HO
TOflbKO npH COXpaHeHHH CaMO~ep~aBHfl. ~eKa6pHCTN CBOH nOJIHTH
~eCKHe H~eH 0 CB060~e ~JIH POCCHH, 3aHMCTBOBaHH~e 113 3ana~H~X
HCTO~HHKOB H 3ana~HOrO HCTOpH~eCKOrO on~Ta, TO~e, no npHMepy
KapaM3HHa, 060CHOB~BaflH HCTOpH~eCKH, B~~BHHYB KaK o6pa3eiJ;
~nH COBpeMeHHOCTH ~peBHepyCCKHe BOflbHOCTH - HoBrOpO~ H ero
23. 41
pecny6JIHKaHCKHH CTpofi.KapaM3HH Hawen B pyCCKOfi HCTOPHH caMO-
a ,Il;eKa6pMCTbl - CB060.rtY IlOTibiTKa. ,Il;eKat;)pHCTCKa.s:r CHHTe3a
pyCCKOrO HCTOPH~eCKOrO OTiblTa H 3ana,JJ;HOH TIOJIHTH~eCKOH M,IJ;eOnOr:HH
6bma paspyweRa, BMeCTe C ,JJ;eKa6p:HCTCKHM ,Il;BH~eHHeM.
Ka~,IJ;Oe H3 OCHOBHbiX HanpaBJieHHH pyCCKOH MblCJIH 1830-1840
rr. - 3aTia,JJ;HHKH H cnaBHHO~HJibi - H3 HaCJie,JJ;M5i .rteKa6pMCTKOH MbiCJIH
H3BJieKJIO ,JJ;JI5i Ce6.s:r TO, ~TO eMy Ka3aJIOCb HaM60Jiee TipO,JJ;YKTHBHblM.
CnaB.s:rHo~Hnbi pa3BHJIH npe.rtcTaBneRHe o HPaBCTBeHHOH BbiCOTe .rto-
neTpoBcKofi Pyc:H, HaMeK Ha ~To Haxo.rtHnc.s:r e~e B "KoweJibKe" Ho-
BHKOBa; HX KOHUeTIUH5i BKJIID~ana B ce6.s:r TIOJIHOe OTPHUaHHe YM-
Hparo~ero 3ana.rta H Bcea nocneneTpOBCKOfi snoxH pyccKoro o6~ecTBa
,IJ;OCTaJiaCb sana,IJ;H:HKaM.
Bee 3TH H,IJ;e:H TIOJIY~HJIH HOBYID CMJIY H TIO,lJ;,JJ;ep~KY B pyCCKOH
JIHTepaType Rawero BpeM€HH. Hawa UeJib 6biJia He CTOJibKO OTKPbiTb
~TO-JIH60 HOBOe B ~HJIHaUHH H,JJ;efi pyCCKOrO 06~eCTBeHHOrO C03-
HaHHH Ha TIPHMepe Tip06JieMbi POCCHH - 3ana.rt, CKOJibKO TIOKa3aTh 1
H C KaKOH CHJIOH OHH ,JJ;O CHX nop npO,JJ;OJI~aroT BJia,JJ;eTb yMaMH
XOTH HCTOPH~eCKHH OTibiT MOr Obi TIO,IJ;CKaSaTh PYCCKHM JIID,JJ;HM 6onee
KOHKpeTHbie ~OpMbi CaMOC08HaHH5i 1 BMeCTO TIOBTOpeHHH H,IJ;eOJIOrH~eCKHX
YTOTIHH.
ITO-BH,IJ;HMOMY 1 ,IJ;eHCTI.f"EeJibHO B POCCHH 11 BOTipOCbi 11 BCer.n;a
CTapble, H BOT y~e TpH CTOJieTHH BCer.rta O,Il;HH H Te ~e.
24
1. CM.: M. A. ArmaTOB. PyccKaJr HCTOPl·rqecKaff MbiCJib H 3ana.n;Haff EBpOna XII-XVII BB. M., 1973; r.B. TinexaHOB. HCTOPHff pyccKOH o6roeCTBeHHOH MbiCJIH. M., 1925, RH. 3.
2. AJITiaTOB 1 CTp. 165-170.
3. TaM ~e, CTp. 191-211.
4. IJ,HTHpyro ITO.: C. M. COJIOBbeB. HCTOPHff POCCHH C ,JJ;peBHeHillHX BpeMeH. M., 1961, KH. 5, CTp. 194.
5. H. T. POCOillKOB. KHHra 0 CKY.UOCTH H 6oraTCTBe. M., 1951, CTp. 77.
6. TaM ~e, CTp. 255.
7. M.B. JIOMOHOCOB. ITOJIHOe co6paHHe CO'iHHeHHH B ,n;ecffTH TOMaX. M. 1 1959, T. 8, CTp. 200. B 1757 r. JIOMOHOCOB BMeCTO 11 BapBapCTB0 11
TIOCTaBHJI 11 rpy60CTh. 11
8. A. n. CyMapOKOB. CJIOBO noxBaJibHOe 0 rocy.uape HMnepaTope BeJIHKOM. "Tpy,JJ;OJliDOHBa.H IT-qe,Jia, II H3,n;. 2-oe, cno., 1780, CTp. 582-583.
9. CM.: A. 0. Mopo3oB. ¢eo~aH TipoKonoBH'i KaK nHcaTenb. CTI6., 1888, CTp. 30.
10. CM.:A.,IJ;. KaHT.eMHp. Co6paHHe CTHXOTBOpeHHH. JI., 1956, CTp. 41.
11. JIOMOHOCOB 1 T. 6, CTp. 286.
12. TaM ~e, CTp. 170-171.
13. JIOMOHOCOB 1 T. 8, CTp. 811.
14. TaM ~e, CTp. 206.
15. JIOMOHOCOB 1 T. 6, CTp. 407-408.
16. JIOMOHOCOB 1 T. 8, CTp. 732.
17. Valentin Boss. Newton and Russia. Harvard University Press. Carnbri pp. 16 2- 18 4.
The Early Influence, 1698-1796. , Massachusetts, 1972,
18. IT. A. Blr3eMCKHH. TIOJlHOe C06paHHe CO'iHHeHHH. CIT6., 1880, T. 5.
19. H. CTpaxoB. KH. 2 1 CTp.
Eopb6a c 3arra.n;oM B Haroett JlHTepaType. 27.
20. JIOMOHOCOB 1 T. 2, CTp. 654.
KHeB, 1897 1
25
21. A. TI. CyMapoKOB. TionHoe coopaHHe CO~HHeHHH B CTHXaX H rrpo3e. M., 1787, H3.IJ;. 2-oe, T. 2, CTp. 132.
22. CM.:ITHCbMO A. H. MaHKOBa 0. MHnnepy OT 3 HOH6pH 1871 r. E~erO.IJ;HHK PYKOITHCHOrO OT.IJ;ena TiylilKHHCKOrO .IJ;OMa Ha 1978 r. TI., "HayKa," 1980 1
CTp. 1178-1180.
23. UHTHPYID ITO: TI. H. BepKOB. HCTOPHH PYCCKOH KOMe,IJ;HH XVIII BeKa. fl. 1 1977, CTp. 111.
24. A.rr. CyMapoKoB. rronHoe coopaHHe co~HHeHHli, T. 6, CTp. 172.
25. H. H. HOBMKOB. CaTHpH~eCKHe ~ypHam>I. Pe,IJ;aKIJ;HH TI. H. EepKOBa. M.-n., 1951, CTp. 488.
26. ~. H. $0HBI13HH. Co6paHHe CO~HHeHHH B .IJ;BYX TOMaX. CTI6., 1893, CTp. 74.
27. HOBHKOBo. CaTHpH~eCKHe ~ypHanbl, CTp. 488.
28. $OHBH3HH 1 Co6paHHe CO~HHeHHH, CTp. 249.
29. TaM ~e, CTp. 175.
30. TaM ~e.
31. TaM ~e, CTp. 299.
32. TaM ~e, CTp. 287.
33. TaM ~e, CTp. 298.
34. TaM ~e.
35. CM.: H.3. CepMaH. PycCKMH KnacCHIJ;H3M. n., 1973, CTp. 144-152.
36. CM.: r. K. KOTOII1HXHH. 0 POCCHH B u;apcTBOBaHHH u;apH AneKceH MHxalinOBH~a. 4-oe H3.IJ;. Cil6., 1906. BrrepBble OblnO H3,IJ;aHO B 1840 r.
37. H. M. KapaM3HH. H36paHHble ITPOI13Be,IJ;eHMH B .IJ;BYX TOMaX. M.-TI., 1964. T. 1, CTp. 417-418.
38. r. P. ~ep~aBHH. CTHXOTBOpeHMH. M., 1958, CTp. 200.
39. KapaM3HH. H36paHHble ITPOH3Be,IJ;eHHH, T. 1, CTp. 532.
40. TaM ~e, CTp. 580.
41. C. C. BonK. HCTOPH~eCKHe B3rflH,IJ;bl ,IJ;eKa6pHCTOB. M.-TI., 1958, CTp. 321-347.