h istory of p sychologists ap psych. c harles d arwin -h istory ( evolutionary ) theory of natural...
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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGISTS
AP PSYCH
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CHARLES DARWIN-HISTORY (EVOLUTIONARY)
Theory of natural
selection influences the
modern evolutionary perspective
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WILHELM WUNDT-HISTORY (STRUCTURALISM)
First psych research
laboratory in GERMANY;
pioneered the term introspection; where
subjects reported what was happening
to them
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WILLIAM JAMES-HISTORY (FUNCTIONALISM)
Prominent in establishing
psychology in the US. He
emphasized studying the purpose or function of
behavior and mental
processes
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G STANLEY HALL-HISTORY
First psych research lab in the US; first president of the
American Psychological
Association (APA); taught by William
James
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MARY WHITON CALKINS-HISTORY
Taught by William James as well;
Denied a PhD at Harvard due to
sexism; established a psych lab at Wellesley and
serves as the first female president
of the APA
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MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN-HISTORY (ANIMAL BEHAVIOR)
First American woman to get a
PhD in psychology;
best known for her experimental work in animal
behavior
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SIGMUND FREUD-HISTORY
Founded the psychoanalytical
school of thought and developed the theory
of defense mechanisms,
particularly repression; believed childhood
experiences influence adult personality; believed dreams
provided a particular important insight into
unconscious motives
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JOHN B. WATSON-HISTORY (BEHAVIORISM)
Behaviorist who believed the only thing worth studying is observable
behavior
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PAUL BROCA-BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR
Discovered speech production is
located in the lower left frontal lobe; coined Broca’s
area which revolutionized the understanding of
speech production
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CARL WERNICKE-BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR
Discovered that damage to the left
temporal lobe caused deficits in
language comprehension;
coined Wernicke’s area
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ROGER SPERRY-BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR
Best known for work on split
brain patients; particularly that the right and
left hemisphere have
specialized functions
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MICHAEL GAZZANIGA-BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR
Continued Sperry’s work on split brain
patients
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ERNST WEBER-SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Discovered just noticeable
difference and Weber’s law
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GUSTAV FECHNER-SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Demonstrated that mental
processes can be quantified
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DAVID HUBEL-SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Discovered feature
detectors-specialized
neurons in the occipital lobe that have the ability to respond to
specific features of an image
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TORTON WIESEL-SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Teamed with Hubel to
expand the knowledge of
sensory processing
and perception
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ERNEST HILGARD-STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Renowned for his research on
hypnosis and pain control,
created the term disassociation when it came to
hypnosis
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IVAN PAVLOV-LEARNING
Originally studied digestion and is famous for his
pioneering work on classical
conditioning
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JOHN GARCIA-LEARNING
Famous for pioneering work on taste aversion; his
perspective supports the evolutionary
perspective that being biologically
prepared to quickly associate nausea
with food or drink is adaptive
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ROBERT RESCORLA-LEARNING
Research indicated that the
CS must be a reliable signal that predicts
the UCS; furthered
Pavlov’s research
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EDWARD THORNDIKE-LEARNING
Conducted the first systematic
investigation of animal behavior and
coined the term “law of effect”
which simply stated that satisfying
behaviors are more likely to be repeated
and vice versa
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BF SKINNER-LEARNING
Like Watson, believed in observable
behavior and came up with
Operant Conditioning
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EDWARD TOLMAN-LEARNING
Known for his work on
cognitive maps and mental
representations; realized learning is more complex
than Skinner believed
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WOLFGANG KOHLER-LEARNING
Studies included a Chimp named
sultan who had a banana outside of cage and a stick inside, realized
that animal gains insight; and
realized that that it the “aha” moment
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ALBERT BANDURA-LEARNING
Famous bobo doll experiment;
monkey see-monkey do;
father of observation
learning
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GEORGE A MILLER-COGNITION
Magical 7 plus or minus 2 in STM (working
memory)
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HERMAN EBBINGHAUS-COGNITION
Father of memory
research, known for the forgetting
curve
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ELIZABETH LOFTUS-COGNITION
Known for misinformation
effect, key in noting the
weakness in eye witness
testimony
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NOAH CHOMSKY-COGNITION
Renowned linguist that noted that
children have an innate capacity to learn and produce speech; coined the
term language acquisition device
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ABRAHAM MASLOW-MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Humanist who is known for his hierarchy of
needs; believed highest level is
“self actualization”
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STANLEY SCHACTER-MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Known for the two-factor theory of
emotion where emotion;
depends on physical arousal
and then cognitively
labeling that arousal
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HANS SELYE-MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Studied stress and coined “general adaption
syndrome” (alarm reaction,
resistance, exhaustion)
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ALFRED KINSEY-MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Pioneering researcher on
human sexuality
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MARY AINSWORTH-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Did research on the “strange
situation” (relationship
between infant and mothers) and came up with the
terms secure attachment and
insecure attachment
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HARRY HARLOW-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Famous for experiment on
rhesus monkeys and found that
touch plays a key role in developing healthy physical
growth and normal socialization
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KONRAD LORENZ-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Studying animals and is known for his study on imprinting which is defined as learning
occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage that is rapid and
apparently independent of the consequences of
behavior. It was first used to describe situations in
which an animal or person learns the characteristics of
some stimulus, which is therefore said to be “imprinted” onto the
subject
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JEAN PIAGET-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Focused on cognitive
development differs throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence to understand the
world (small people can’t fight)
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LEV VYGOTSKY-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Famous for his belief that children learn their cultures
habits of mind through a process
called internalization or inner speech
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DIANA BAUMRIND-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Known for her work on
parenting styles
(permissive, authoritative, authoritarian)
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ERIK ERIKSON-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Coined the term psychosocial
stages of development and was interested in
how adolescence go through role
confusion to form identity
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LAWRENCE KOHLBERG-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Used hypothetical moral dilemmas to study moral reasoning (Pre conventional-
Conventional-Post Conventional)
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CAROL GILLIGAN-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Best known for critiquing
Kohlberg’s theory since all
participant were male-argued
women tend to focus on caring
and compassion-
tend and befriend
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ALFRED ADLER-PERSONALITY
Neo-Freudian; who pioneered the use of
psychiatry in both social work and early childhood education- urged patients to
through words such as self-
determination and courage to alter
their interpretations of
life events
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CARL JUNG-PERSONALITYNeo Freudian who
developed the concept of the
collective unconscious;
believed that the collective
unconscious includes shared
human experiences that are embodied
in myths and cultural
archetypes
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CARL ROGERS-PERSONALITY
Went against Freud’s pessimistic
view of human nature and believed people are innately
good and are motivated to
achieve their full potential or self
actualize
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PAUL COSTA AND ROBERT MCCREA-PERSONALITY
Came up with the Five Factor Model
of Personality Conscientiousness,
agreeableness, neuroticism,
extroversion, and openness
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FRANCIS GALTON-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Developed the statistical concept of correlation and was
the first to demonstrate that
the “normal distribution” could
be applied to intelligence
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CHARLES SPEARMAN-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Proposed that intelligence is a
single, underlying factor, which he coined general
intelligence of the g factor
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ROGER STERNBERG-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Known for the triachic model that
distinguishes analytic, practical,
and creative intelligences
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HOWARD GARDNER-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Disagreed with Spearman, and
proposed multiple intelligences that include linguistic,
logic-mathematical, musical, spatial,
bodily kinesthetic, naturalist,
interpersonal, and intrapersonal.
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ALFRED BINET-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Invented first usable
intelligence test that noted the
distinction between a child’s mental and
chronological age
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LEWIS TERMAN-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Best known as the inventor of the
Stanford- Binet IQ test; simply divided
mental age by chronological age
and multiplied by a 100
mental age____________x100
Chronological age
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DAVID WECHSLER-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Instead of Terman’s approach, Wechsler determined how far
a person’s score deviates from a bell
shaped normal distribution of
scores. Most intelligence tests use this system
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DOROTHEA DIX-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Reformer who documented how
poor and deplorable
conditions were for the insane poor. Helped persuade
state legislatures to create the first generation of
American mental hospitals.
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ALBERT ELLIS-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Known for rational- emotive therapy
where he helped his client’s dispute
irrational beliefs and replace them with
rational interpretations of
events.
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AARON BECK-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Father of cognitive
therapy- his theories are used to treat clinical
depression
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MARY COVER JONES-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Conducted pioneering research
in applying behavioral
techniques to therapy “known as
the mother of behavior therapy”
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JOSEPH WOLPE-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Furthered Jone’s work by inventing systematic
desensitization- where he taught his
patients to relax deeply and he then
created situations that would cause anxiety
by working with minor ones and then with
more top level anxiety producing situations.
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LEON FESTINGER-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Best known for his work on cognitive
dissonance- realized most people
change attitude when their attitudes
and actions are inconsistent
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PHILLIP ZIMBARDO-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Known for the Stanford Prison
study- showed the power of
deindividuation
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SOLOMON ASCH-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Known for line experiment that
showed the powers of normative
social influence
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STANLEY MILGRAM-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Famous for “shock study” that showed that humans tend to be very obedient
to authority