g.v.kesari reseach methodology new microsoft power point presentation

8/7/2019 G.v.kesaRI Reseach Methodology New Microsoft Power Point Presentation

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Dr. Ganesh

Kesari

Research methodology


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Aim and objectives

What is research

Why to do a research

Categories of researchResearch methodology

Procedural steps in research

Ethics in research


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Research is a quest for knowledgethrough

diligent search / investigation/experimentation

aimed at the discovery and interpretation of

new knowledge.

Research (WHO Health research methodology, 1992, a

guide for training in research methods):


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It is the pursuit of the truth with thestudy, investigation, observation,

comparison and/or experimentation.

Investigation using scientificprocedures, by searching again andagain to find out the truth

Research is the continual search fortruth using the scientific method


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Research is the informed anddisciplined gratification of curiosity

Research is exploratory scholarship

Research is original and critical

intellectual activity


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Precision, brevity and polish of a

definition has hypnotizing effect

Hypnotic state leads to1] an critical acceptance

2]deception that it is understood

Both are uneducational and antiresearch


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The word research derives fromthe French recherche. Its literal

meaning is:

To systematicprocess of collecting

and analyzing information (data) in

order to discover of new knowledge or

expand and verify of the existing one

(e.g. theory - law)To do so, it is required a ..

Scientific Method


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Scientific Method

Scientific method is a

systematic body ofprocedures and techniques

applied in carrying out

investigation or

experimentation targeted atobtaining new knowledge.


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research and scientific methods

may be considered a course of

critical enquiry leading to

discovery of facts or information

which increases our

understanding of human health

and disease.


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Scientific Method cont.

Scientific method is the method

which involves the concepts of :

Objectivity - AcceptabilityInductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning


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Objectivity

Indicates the attempt to observe things

as they are, without falsifying

observations to accord with some

preconceived world view.


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Acceptability

Acceptability is judged in terms of the

degree to which observations and

experimentations can be reproduced.


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Acceptability E.g.

Mendels laws remained un noticed

for long period

He tried to repeat his experiments

on other plants but could not

reproduce the same results


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Inductive reasoning

Reasoning from specific

observations and experiments to

formulate general hypotheses,

theories and rules


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Observation of small spot within

the nucleus of all the neurons of

female cat

The Barr body

Confirming that female cells have

two X chromosomes without extra

genetic material than males

Hypothesis


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Deductive reasoning

Reasoning from theories to account for

specific experimental results


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Why research?

Research provides a means to

enhance ones intellectual horizon

to satisfy ones curiosity to

develop new techniques to solve

unresolved problems


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Why research?

Gratification of curiosity

Feeling important

Going abroadGetting a degree


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finding a job

Getting a promotion

making a livingSwant Sukhay


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Right place for research

The quality of research in a

laboratory is not determined by theelegance of the buildings or the

furniture


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Qualities of research worker

A research worker should be

inquisitive, reasonably

intelligent, imaginative,dedicated and a good

observer

Experienced ?


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Scientist age Invention /discovery

Langerhans 22 Islets in pancreas

Ehrlich 23 Staining of mast

cells

Castle 32 Intrinsic factor

Waller 34 Degeneration


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(According to Oxford English dictionary)

A proposition laid down as a theme to

be discussed and proved.A

discussionto maintain and prove a thesis

especially written or delivered by a

candidate for university degree- Ph. D


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Dissertation means to discuss.

It is an academic activity laid down

by the university for the partial

fulfillment of post graduate degree.

It is an exercise to train a PG student

to plan, execute, evaluate, write and

report a scientific project.


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Dissertation cont

It is an in-depth study of a particular

topic which contributes new

information and knowledge in the field

A formal, often lengthy treatise or

discourse, especially one written by a

candidate for a masters degree


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No experimentation

No hypothesis


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Empirical research and theoreticalresearch

Basic research and Applied research

Empirical

Observational research

Experimental research


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It is usually considered to involve the

search for knowledge without a defined

goal of utility or specific purpose.

E.g. The microbiologist, whose

expertise is the identification of

pathogenic micro organisms may

conduct research in-vitro, in a

laboratory on bacterial reproduction,growth and endotoxin production

without any direct application to

clinical dentistry.


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It is problem oriented and is directed

towards a defined and purposeful end.

E.g. An oral health researcherinvestigating the relationship between

periodontal disease and myocardial

infarction may use the findings of the

microbiologist as a theoretical

framework to test the relationshipbetween bacterial endotoxins,

periodontal disease and myocardial

infarction in animal and then in human

subjects


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Quantitative research

Quantitative research

Observable

MeasurableQuantifiable

Reproducible


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Qualitative research-

A qualitative approach is one in which theinquirer often makes knowledge claimsbased primarily on constructivist

perspectives (i.e. the multiple meanings ofindividual experiences, meanings sociallyand historically constructed, with an intentof developing a theory or pattern) oradvocacy/participatory perspectives (i.e.

political, issue-oriented, collaborative orchange oriented) or both. (Creswell, 2003, p.18)Hermeneutic research


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Qualitative research-

Community medicine

SubjectivityFlexibility

Process and product of research

are flexibleAim is to generate hypothesis


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It is a way to systematically solve the

research problem.

It is necessary for the researcher to

design his methodology for his problem,

as the same may differ from problem to

problem i.e.


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1.Why a research study has been

undertaken

2.How the research problem has been

defined

3. In what way and why the hypothesis

has been formed


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Idea

Every piece of research is born as an

idea

Intuitive flashEmanated logically from a previous

study

Many ideas come in mind but may notform the part of research


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Intuitive flash

The best example is of Kekule who

got an idea of benzene ring in dreams

Archimedes


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A problem statement

A clear concise description of the

issues that need to be created

addressed and presented by the

researcher.

lead to formulate research question/s


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Problem

It may be an area of total ignorance

It may be an area of controversy

The literature search might reveal an

ocean of information

E.g. coronary heart disease


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A research question

A statement that identifies the

phenomenon to be studied.

lead To formulate Hypotheses


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Hypotheses

A hypotheses is: a specific

statement of prediction. It

describes in concrete (rather than

theoretical) terms what you expect

will happen in your study.

Testable


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Null hypothesis E.g.

A question that in metastatic cancer

addition of a psychological intervention

toconventional therapy may make the

patient

feel better but would not prolong life


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The Hypothesis may read as:

In metastatic breast cancer, survival

time of

patients receiving a psychological

intervention is the same as that of

patients not receiving such an

intervention


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Hypothesis cont.

Lyon hypothesis

In female cells one X chromosome

is inactiveThis inactivation is random

Inactivation is complete


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Rule

Hypothesis tested time and again andfound to be true gains the status ofrule

E.g. with the decrease in temperaturesize of matter reduces

exception

expansion of water at 4 degreetemperature.

Exception proves the rule?


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Excepio probat regulum

Exception keeps the rule onprobation


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Lyons hypothesis could not get

status of rule

Because after wards it was

established that inactivation of X

chromosome is not complete


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Example of a question

Relation between dietary fat and

coronary heart disease is fertile

area

it is observed that blanket ban on

desi ghee being imposed by

doctors

We are consuming desi ghee since

centuries


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Selection ofQuestion

It is decided to study relation between desighee and CHD

Design

In a corn oil based diet to study the effectof replacing one third of the corn oil withdesi ghee on.

1Serum total cholesterol, 7 its fractions2 Serum triglycerides

3 Platelet aggregation


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Formulation and selection of the

question for research

Question

Prevalence++ in

ghee consumingpeople

Fatty acidcomposition of gheeis same as othersaturated fats Ajjya

What arephysiological effectsof ghee

Comment

We need

epidemiologicalstudy

Food analysis?

Vague


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Why to replace 1/3 ofcorn oil by ghee

What is the effect of1/3 of corn oil with

ghee onSerum cholesterol

LDL HDL VLDL chol

Serum triglycerides

ThromboxannesImmune system

Platelet aggregation

Apolipoproteins

Too simple a study

Facilities available

ForSerumcholesterol

LDL HDL VLDL chol

Serum triglyceridesplatelet aggregationstudy


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Serum

cholesterol

LDL HDL VLDL

cholSerum

triglycerides

Platelet

aggregation study

This shall be a

decent study

within the limited

resource budget


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identifyproblem

Literaturereview

Planresearchdesign

Determiningsample size

rite

protocol

Ethicalcommitteeapproval

Pilot study andmain study

Presentation &analysisof results

Hypothesis testing

Generalisati

oninterpretation

Reportwriting

publication


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Ethical approval

Pilot work

Main study

Analysis of results

Report writing

publication


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First important code of ethics was the

NURENBURG CODE of 1947. No

research could proceed in human

subjects without voluntary consent.

Declaration of Helsinki code of ethics on

principles of ethical behavior was

established in HELSINKI-I in 1975.

The term clinical research to

biomedical research was revised in

HELSINKI- II in 1975


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During 2nd world war

inhuman procedures in the name

of medical research [concentration

camps]

23 persons mostly physicians

were tried

Helsinki code has been revised in

2000

ICMR guidelines has been revised

in 2006


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Institutional ethiccommittee

Institutions undertaking clinical trials

have to constitute an Institutional Ethics

Committee (IEC)

It is mandatory that each dissertation,

research proposal (synopsis) involving

humans (irrespective of type of study,

including questionnaire based surveys) or

animals should be accompanied by a

clearance letter from IEC.


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UNSCIENTIFIC METHODSOF

PROBLEM SOLVING

Tenacity

Intuition

AuthorityThe Rationalistic method

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)


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TENACITY

Sometime cling to certain beliefs

despite lack of supporting evidence

Superstitions are good examples of

this method called tenacity.

Coaches and athletes wearing

same dress

Black cat brought bad luck



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INTUITION

Intuitive knowledge is sometimes

considered to be common sense or

self evident

Factual evidence

Self evident truth sometime may found

to be false

Except some examples like Kekule,

Archimedes


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AUTHORITY

Reference to some authority has

long been used as a source of

knowledge.

Galileos telescope



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THE RATIONALISTIC METHOD

Derive knowledge through

reasoning

Basket ball players are tall.

Tony is a basket ball player

Therefore, Tony is tall



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One more

Rosalind Franklin

Watson Kreek Wilkinson

DNA double helix


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TTHH

AANNKK

YYOOUU

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