guyton 2011 chapter 9. excitation-contraction coupling ca induced ca released
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Heart as a pumpEffect of Heart Rate on Duration of Cardiac Cycle
Diastole Systole Heart rate
0.6 0.4 72 beats/min
0.35 0.65 216 beats/min
40% 60%
65% 35%
Heart as a pump
Cardiac Sounds
• Low frequency
• Loudest and longest
• High frequency
• Shorter duration
• Low intensity
• In children with thin chest wall
and heart failure
• In early diastole
•Atrial contraction
•Occasionally in healthy
individual
S1
S4
S2
S3