gus: 0262 fundamentals of gis lecture presentation 7: raster operations jeremy mennis department of...
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GUS: 0262Fundamentals of GIS
Lecture Presentation 7:
Raster Operations
Jeremy Mennis
Department of Geography and Urban Studies
Temple University
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Map Algebra and Cartographic Modeling
A raster modeling language, and an approach to GIS analysis design, developed by J.K. Berry and C. Dana Tomlin in the late 1970s - early 1980s.
It now forms the basis for grid-based analysis in ArcInfo (GRID and Spatial Analyst) and other GIS packages.
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Cartographic Modeling
The representation of a geographic domain through a set of raster data layers.
Tools for manipulating and transforming those data layers (map algebra).
Conventions for designing and documenting models that integrate and relate various data layers.
Structures to provide program control in the development of those models.
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Map Algebra
A set of formally defined manipulations on raster data.
Operations: Fundamental mathematical and logical operations on raster data
Functions: Complex combinations of operations
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Functions: Types
Higher order data manipulations on raster grids built from the more basic operators.
Local: compute on single-cell basis
Focal: compute on a neighborhood
Zonal: use zones derived from a separate grid for evaluation
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Functions: Local – Multiple Values
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Functions: Local - Mean
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Functions: Focal – Immediate Neighborhood
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Functions: Focal – Majority
MinMean
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Functions: Zonal – Entire Zones
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Functions: Zonal - Max
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Classification
Raster reclassification: land cover
2
22
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 grain crops 2 orchards 3 residential 4 commercial
1 agricultural 2 non-agricultural
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Classification
Raster reclassification: temperature (interval)
32
3937
42
47
39
38
43
47
31
45
45
51
55
42
46
43
44
51
56
45
47
43
52
54
1
11
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
Grid cell value = temperature (F)
1 31 - 40 2 41 - 50 3 51 - 60
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Buffer
raster surface of within/not within proximity
2
12
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
0
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
Spread operation from buffered feature (0)
0
10
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Reclassify:
1 within 1 unit 0 not within 1 unit
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Raster Overlay
+ =
Hot + Humid Index Daily high temperature
0
10
1
1
0
1
2
2
0
1
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
0 - mild 1 - warm 2 - hot
0 - not humid 1 - semi humid 2 - very humid
Daily high humidity
0
12
2
2
0
1
2
2
1
0
1
2
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
22
3
3
0
2
4
4
1
1
3
4
4
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
0 - very low 1 - low 2 - medium 3 - high 4 - very high
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Raster Overlay
– can use addition, multiplication, etc.– can ‘weight’ certain data layers– can use any number of data layers– can’t use nominal data unless it used as
inclusionary/exclusionary by reclassification!– Be careful with ordinal data - classification impacts
the results of overlay!– Standardize interval/ratio data
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Program Control: Statements and Programs
Statement: notation to represent operations and functions
e.g. NEWLAYER = LocalFUNCTION of FIRSTLAYER and SECONDLAYER
Program: notation to represent a procedure; i.e. a sequence of statements in which each statement operates on the result of a previous statement
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Program Control: Programs
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Program Control: Programs
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Program Control: Programs
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Cartographic Modeling in ArcInfo: ModelBuilder
Locating Suitable Sites for a Waste Dump
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Cartographic Modeling in ArcInfo: ModelBuilder
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Cartographic Modeling in ArcInfo: ModelBuilder
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Cartographic Modeling in ArcInfo: ModelBuilder
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Cartographic Modeling in ArcInfo: ModelBuilder
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Cartographic Modeling in ArcInfo: ModelBuilder