guo ling,phd,md department of anatomy. introduction human anatomy is the science which deals with...
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Guo Ling,PhD,MD Department of Anatomy
Introduction
Human Anatomy is the science which deals
with the gross morphology and spatia
l interrelations of the structures in the human b
ody.
Owing to different methods and purposes of study, human anatomy is generally classified into :
Gross anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy
Systematic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Microscopic AnatomyHistologyEmbryologyCytology
I. The General Structures of Human Body
Cells Tissues Organs and Structures Systems Body
There are nine systems in the human body:1. Locomotor System
2. Alimentary System
3. Respiratory System
4. Urinary System
5. Reproductive (Genital) System
6. Endocrine System
7. Circulatory System (Angiology)
8. Nervous System
9. Sense Organs
II. Basic concepts of anatomy
I). The anatomical position and regions of the body
The anatomical position is a standard position used i
n anatomy and clinical medicine to allow medical do
ctors and researchers to accurately describe a spe
cific part of human body in relative to another.
The body is upright; the le
gs are put together, and th
e face, toes directed forwa
rds. The palms are turned
forward, with the thumbs l
aterally
Anatomical Position
Regions of Body Anterior view Posterior view
Head
Face
Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Back
Upper limb
Lower limb
II). Planes and Sections
Sagittal planes
Coronal planes
Horizontal or transverse planes
A sagittal plane is the vertical plane passing through the bodyfrom front to back, and it divides the body into left and right portions. A median sagittal plane passes through the midline of the body and it equally divides the body into left and right portions.
A coronal planes is vertical plane passing through the body at a right angle to sagittal plane and it divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Horizontal or transverse plane lies at a right angle to both sagittal and coronal planes, and it divides the body into superior and inferior parts .
III). The terms of direction
Anterior in front of another structure
PosteriorBehind another structure
Superior (Cranial)Above another structure
Inferior (Caudal) Below another structure
MedialCloser to the median plane
LateralFurther away from the median plane
InternalNearer to the center of a hollow organ or body cavity
External Further away from the center
of a hollow organ or body cavity SuperficialNearer to the surface of the body or organs
DeepFurther away from the surface of the body or organs
ProximalCloser to the trunk or origin
DistalFurther away from the trunk or origin
PART I. THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
The locomotor system includes bones, joints and muscles.
Chapter1. Osteology (The Bone System)
The adult skeleton consists of 206 individual bones arranged to form a strong, flexible body framework. The bones of the skeleton perform the mechanical functions of support and leverage for body movement.
The bones can be divided into the skull, the bones of the trunk and the appendicular bones.
I. The Shape and Classification of Bones
The long bones
The short bones
The flat bones
The irregular bones
II. The Structure of Bones
Living bones include the following components:
bony substance
Periosteum
bone marrow
Blood and nerve supply
compact bone
spongy bone
fibrous membrane
vascular membrane
red marrow
yellow marrow
III. The Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Bone
Living bones are plastic organs with organic and inor
ganic components. The organic material gives the bo
nes resilience and toughness; the inorganic salts give
them hardness and rigidity.
The physical properties of the bones depend upon th
e chemical components which change with age.
Section 2 The Bones of Trunk
The bones of trunk include the vertebrae, the sternum, and the ribs, which provide framework for the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and pelvis.
The vertebrae
The ribs
The sternum
The vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)
I). The general features of the vertebrae
The Ribs (Costae)
True ribs
false ribs
Floating ribs
Costal arch
True ribs
false ribs
Floating ribs
Rib I
Rib II
Tuberosity for serratus ant.
Tuberosity for serratus ant.
Sulcus for subclavian v.
Sulcus for subclavian a.
Superior facetInferior facet
Articular facet of tubercle
The sternum
Xiphoid process
Body of sterumCostal notches
Costal notch for 1st rib
Clavicular notchJugular notch
sternalangle
Manubrium of sternum
Section 3 The Bones of Limbs I. The bones of upper limb
Shoulder girdle
The bones of free upper limb
The clavicle
The scapula
The humerus
The radius and ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
phalanges
II. The bones of lower limb
The pelvic girdle
The bones of free lower limb
The femur
The patella
The tibia and fibula
The tarsal bones
The metatarsal bones
The phalanges of foot
Section 4 The Skull
The skull is composed of 23 separate bones joined at sutures. The bones of the skull may be divided into:
The facial cranium (15 in number)
The cerebral cranium (8 in number)
I. The cerebral cranium includes:
One frontal bone
Two parietal bones
Two temporal bones
One occipital bone
One sphenoid bone
One ethmoid bone
II. The facial cranium
The facial bones are fifteen in number.
The paired facial bones
The unpaired
facial bones
The palatine bones
The maxillae bones
The zygomatic bones
The nasal bones
The lacrimal bones
The inferior nasal conchae
The vomer bone
The mandile bone
The hyoid bone
III. The Skull as a Whole
I) The superior aspect of the skull
II) The posterior aspect of the skull
III) The internal surface of the calvaria
IV) Internal surface of the base of skull
Ant. cranial fossa
Mid. cranial fossa
Post. cranial fossa
V) The external surface of the base of skullVI) The lateral view of skull
VII) The front view of skull
orbits
bony nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
frontal sinusethmoidal sinus
sphenoidal sinus
maxillary sinus
IV. The Skull at Birth
Superior viewOccipital bone
Frontal bone
Frontal suture
Coronal suture
Anterior fontanelle
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Posterior fontanelle
Lambdoid suture
Lateral view
Occipital bone
Frontal bone
Anterior fontanelleParietal bone
Posterolateral (Mastoid) fontanelle
Temporal bone
Anterolateral (Sphenoidal) fontanelle
Sphenoid bone
The End