gulfsol workshop, 16 sept, 2015 - intersolar · concentrate product feed permeate carrier membrane....

© Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc.

GulfSol Workshop, 16 Sept, 2015

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Water Emergency is Very Alarming

Energy & Water CRISIS

PRESERVING OUR

ECOSYSTEM

SINCE 1900 MORE THAN 11 MILLION PEOPLE DIED DUE TO DROUGHT

Over 1 Billion People Have No Access to Clean Water

One in nine people worldwidedoesn’t have access to improved sources of drinking water

Climate Change

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Oceans96.5%

Other Saline Water0.9%

Fresh Water 2.5%

Water Availability

• More than two-third of earth’s surface is covered with water

• Most of the available water is seawater or icebergs in Polar Regions

• About 97% of earth’s water is salty and the rest is fresh water

• Less than 1% of fresh water is within human reach

Source: Perlman, Howard, 2013

Breakdown of Earth’s Freshwater Reserves

Fresh Water 1.2%

68.7%Glaciers & Ice Caps

30.1%Groundwater

69.0%Ground Ice & Permafrost

20.9%Lakes

3.8%Soil Moisture

3.0%AtmosphereSwamps2.6%

River0.49%

Living Things0.26%

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Global Consumption of Water

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Renewable and RO Market Overview

Source: German Aerospace Center (DLR) , 2012

Markets Intent to Move to Renewable Energy Powering Desalination

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Return Flow Ratio Global Horizontal Irradiation

Regions of Water Stress are the Ones Rich in Solar Irradiance

Source: Gassert, Francis, et. al. (January 2013). Aqueduct Metadata Document

Sustainable seawater desalination relying on solar energy is the right approach

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The Global Need for Water Desalination

• The deployment of desalination plants has been led by MENA

— ~2,800 desalination plants produce 27M m³/day of water

— ~ 38% of the global capacity

• It is estimated that only 0.8%of global desalination capacity is currently supplemented by solar power

Source: IRENA EA-ETSAP, 2012 & MEDAD Executive Summary, 2014

Top 15 Market Potential for Desalination in the World From 2012–2016

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MENA is the Hub for Sea Water Desalination

The water desalination plants in the GCC currently have a capacity of ~33 million cubic meters of water production per day (m3/d), equal to 45% of the global capacity.

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Seawater Desalination in the GCC

GCC Countries GCC Desalination Capacities

Population

(million)

Total

(online+contract

ed)(m3/d)

Total

(online)

(m3/d)

MSF

(%)

MED

(%)

RO (%) Other

(%)

Saudi Arabia 29.9 14.5 11.4 37.6 10.4 49.6 2.4

UAE 9.6 11.4 8.9 68.2 12.2 19.4 0.2

Kuwait 3.6 3.2 2.6 72.7 0.1 27.1 0

Qatar 2.4 1.9 1.8 69.4 19.9 9.8 0.8

Oman 4.2 1.4 1.1 36.3 7.6 55.9 0.2

Bahrain 1.4 0.6 0.6 16.9 46.2 36.9 0

The whole MENA region has a desalination capacity totaling ~35 million m3/day from which 26.4 million m3/day is in the GCC countries

* Compiled from GWI, 2015 and Wikipedia, 2015

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Seawater Desalination in the GCC

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Saudi Desalination Plants & Water Allocation

KSA is a country of about 30 million people who are highly concentrated along the East & West coasts

Source: SWCC Annual Report, 2012 and Solargis, 2013

Desalination Plants & Water Pipelines

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Saudi Roll-out & Phases of Development

King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Desalination

Building a desalination plant with a production capacity of three hundred thousand cubic meters per day (300,000m³/day) at a site that will be chosen later. The implementation period for this is three years, and will start after the completion of the first phase.

PHASE II (2013–2015)

Building a desalination plant with a capacity of thirty thousand cubic meters per day (30,000m³/day) to meet the needs of one hundred thousand dweller of Al-Khafji City (Arabian Gulf). Power an RO Plane from a solar energy farm.

PHASE I (2010–2013)

The implementation of several water desalination plants using solar energy in various locations of the Kingdom. This phase will start after the completion of second phase.

PHASE III (2016–2018)

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MED15%

RO16%

MSF69%

Common Desalination Technology TypesTwo Broad Categories of Desalination Technologies

1. Thermal Desalination Technologies use heat to vaporize water

— Multi Stage Flash (MSF)

— Multi Effect Distillation (MED)

— Vapor Compression (VC)

2. Non-thermal Desalination Technologies use membrane based methods for water desalinations

— Reverse Osmosis (RO)

— Electrodialysis (ED)

Almost 80% of the world’s desalination capacity is provided by MSF & RO

Overview of Desalination Technologies

Source: KAUST, Volume 1, 2014

MSF+MED = 84% of Production ShareReverse Osmosis = 16% of Production Share

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RO Desalination Plant

The Salinity Content > 41,000 PPM in Arabian Gulf & Red SeaSource: EA-ETSAP. 2012

Concentrate

Product

Feed

PermeateCarrier

Membrane

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RO Desalination Process

Source: EA-ETSAP. 2012

Chlorination to control marine growth

Sulphuric Acid, Coagulant (FeCIs),

Flocculation

Antiscalant, Sodium Bisulphite,

Causticsoda

Potabilisation Chemicals

Screens & Pump Station

Seawater Intake

Pre-treatment Filtration

Desalination Reverse

Osmosis (RO)

Drinking Water Supply

Outline Chamber

Ocean Outlet

Solids to Landfill

SEA

WA

TE

R B

YP

ASS

Pre-treatment Waste

TreatmentMost of the

Energy is Consumed Here

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SWRO Plant Layout Example

Two-stage RO membrane system with 2 passes; a 41% recovery in the 1st pass and 90% recovery in the 2nd for an overall recovery of 35% (Fthenakis et al., 2015).

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• Solar Thermal Desalination Requires tremendous amount of water

• Photovoltaic Desalination Examples: Saudi Arabia (PV-RO, brackish water, 5 m³/d), & Japan (PV-ED, seawater, 10 m3/d)

• Wind Desalination Example: Canary Islands (Wind-RO, seawater, 5–50 m³/d)

• Geothermal Desalination Example: Milos Island Region, 1,920 m³/d

Renewable Desalination Technologies

40 % of the RES Desalination Plants are PV Driven

PV-RO32%

PV-ED6%

Hybrid4%Wind RO

19%

Solar MSF6%

SolarMED13%

WMVC5%

Other15%

Renewable Energy Powered Desalination Technologies

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Solar Desalination Processes

Source: Technology Brief, IRENA 2012

Relative Power Requirements for Various Solar Desalination Processes

MSF MED MCVRO ED

CSP thermal

PV electric

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Energy Requirements in Sea Water Desalination Plants

Desalination Method: MSF MED RO

Electrical energy (kWh/m3) 3–6 1.5–2.5 3–4.5

Thermal energy (kWh/m3) 50–110 60–110 None

Total equivalent+ electrical energy

(kWh/m3)

15-18 9-14 3–4.5*

Sources (Wikipedia, 2015; GWI, 2015)

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PV-RO Process

PV-powered RO or ED systems are feasible and attractive solutions. Nowadays, there are commercially available PV powered standalone systems.

Source: Al- Karaghouli, 2010

PV–RO Stand-alone Desalination System

Sea waterintake

High pressure

pump

Pre-treatment

storage

FRESH WATER

Reverse OsmosisMembrane

REJECT

Energyrecovery

Chargeregulator

Storagebatteries

DC/ACInvertor

PV solar panel

PV Grid Connected Desalination System

Sea waterintake

Pressurepump

Pre-treatment

storage

FRESH WATER

Membrane

REJECT

Energyrecovery

Battery Battery controller

PV solar panel

DC/ACInvertor

AC GRID

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PV-ED Examples

Source: Al- Karaghouli, 2010

PV–ED Stand-alone Desalination System

Saline Feedwater

Low pressure

circulation pump

Pre-treatment(if required)

Posttreatment

Concentratedischarge

FRESH WATER

Chargeregulator

PV solar panel

Storagebatteries

Electrode

Electrode

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Water Consumption Relative to Different Power Generation Technologies

Solar is How We Get it DoneEach Drop Represents 100 Liters of Water

CSP WETCooling

NUCLEAR COALCSP DRYCooling

PVFIRST SOLARPV

Water Volume used by Different Generation Technologies to Produce 1Mwh of Power

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Water Desalination Cost Analysis

6.5¢/kWh = grid electricity cost

+ 10% Solar PV penetration

@LCOE 13¢/kWh

Blended cost:

0.9 × 6.5 +0.1 ×13 = 7.15 $/kWh(10% increase)

ONLY 3% increasein water costs

COST ANALYSISAssume 30% electricity cost/m³ of water

$0.29

$0.24

$0.03

$0.10

$0.07$0.02

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

Parts

Chemicals

Labor

Membranes

Electrical Energy

Amortised Capex

US

$ pe

r m

3pe

r da

y

Seawater RO

$0.76

(Global Water Intelligence, Volume 11, Issue 9, September 2010)

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• Both CdTe PV systems resulted in lower LCOE costs than CPV system; lower capital costs of PV systems

• CdTe PV performs better over the CPV designs as tracking errors, atmospheric dust and dust accumulation would have a greater effect on the 2-axis beam

“New Prospects for PV Powered Water Desalination Plants: Case studies in Saudi Arabia” Vasilis Fthenakis et al.

HOMER Inputs CPVDual-axis tracking

CdTe I Fixed at 20.7° tilt

CdTe II 1-axis tracking

PV capital cost ($/kWdc) 2894 1750 2050

PV O&M cost ($/kWdc/year) 41 35 36

Global Horizontal Irradiation (daily inputs)(total kWh/m2/yr) 2128 2128 2128

PV module dc efficiency (%) 311 142 14

PV Lifetime (years) 25 25 25

Grid purchase price ($/kWh) 0.04 0.04 0.04

Grid selling price ($/kWh) 0.04 0.04 0.04

Average RO Load (kW) 1000 1000 1000

Discount Rate (%) 6 6 6

HOMER Outputs

GHI (kWh/m2/yr) 2128 2128 2128

Global Irradiation on plane (kWh/m2/yr) 2963 2235 2888

LCOE Solar Electricity ($/kWh) 0.155 0.100 0.089

LCOE Mix Electricity into RO ($/KWh)1MW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3MW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0620.108

0.0510.075

0.0520.077

RESULTS - GRID CONNECTED SOLAR RO SYSTEMS

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1.25

1.21 1.22

1.42

1.3 1.31

$1.10

$1.15

$1.20

$1.25

$1.30

$1.35

$1.40

$1.45

CPV 1MW CdTe Lat-Tilt 1MW CdTe Axis Tracking 1MW

Wat

er P

rod

uct

ion

Co

st in

$/m

³

Total Water Production Costs for 6,550 m³/day RO Desalination

PV Electricity Costs ($/m3) is Lower for PV CdTe Modules than CPV

CPV 1MW CdTe Lat-Tilt 1MW

CdTe Lat-Tilt 3MW

CdTe 1-Axis

Tracking1MW

CdTe 1-Axis

Tracking3MW

CPV 3MW

CdTe PV has Lower LCOE

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Power Accounts for 20% of Water Production Cost for RO Desalination

Water Production Cost Breakdown for 6,550 M3 / day RO Desalination Powered by a 3MW CdTe PV Plant

Annualized Capital of RO Plant 56%

Management 3%

Labor 8%

Material 9%

Insurance4%

PV System Capital Costs13%

PV System O&M Costs 3%

Net Grid Purchases4%

Power20%

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Water Production Cost for Standalone RO/PV Scenarios

Fthenakis et al., “TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF STAND-ALONE, PV-POWERED, SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS IN SAUDI ARABIA”

RO produces 6,550 m3 of freshwater per day at 213 ppm TDS from seawater at 40,000 ppm TDS

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Fuel Consumption for Standalone RO/PV Scenarios

Fthenakis et al., “TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF STAND-ALONE, PV-POWERED, SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS IN SAUDI ARABIA”

Potential savings of 2.4 million liters of diesel per year, 6,408 metric tons of annual CO2 avoidance

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We’ve Come a Long Way!

WORLD RECORDModule

• 130 Watt

• 18.6% Efficiency

• Highest efficiency thin-film module in the world

FS Series 4V2

• 110 Watt


• Designed for 1500V systems

FS Series 3 Black Plus

• 95 Watt


• Lower degradation

• Thresher, Long Term Sequential Harsh Climate Reliability

FS Series 2

• 75 Watt


• Edge seal improved durability

Solar Cells, Inc.FS50

• 50 Watt

• 6.9% Efficiency

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• Basic foundation of PV module durability and reliability testing

• No longer the gold standard

• Now viewed to test ‘infant mortality’, but not extended module lifetime

• Thresher, Long Term Sequential, and Atlas25+ are extended lifetime tests that differentiate

Traditional IEC Tests

TC200200 Thermal

Cycles -40 to +85C

DH10001000 hrs Damp Heat 85C

@85% RH

HF1010 Cycles Humidity Freeze

-40 to +85C @ 85% RH

“Thresher Test”

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/pvmrw12_wedsam_tuv_tamizhmani.pdf

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/pvmrw2011_csi_thresher.pdf

Leading Edge Reliability

2X-4X

Raising the bar: Extended Reliability Testing

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/pvmrw12_wedsam_tuv_tamizhmani.pdf

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/pvmrw2011_csi_thresher.pdf

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First Solar Modules– World Leading Reliability

1-Panasonic HIT, Kyocera, Hanwha, Inventec, 2- Sunpower (residential module only, First Solar Production fleet)

• IEC 61646/IEC 61730 1500V Certification

• External Thresher Certification Pass!– <5% Power Output drop

• TUV Long Term Sequential Test Pass!— 1st thin film module to pass

— One of only 5 modules1 in the world to pass LST

• Atlas 25+ Pass!— One of only 2 modules2 in world to pass Atlas 25+

• PID-Free (+/- 1500V)

• IEC 60068 Desert Sand Resistant

1st Thin-Film PV Module to pass Thresher & TUV Long Term Sequential Test

— TUV Rheinland

Status Commissioned

Location

Owner Dubai Electricity & WaterAuthority

Developer First Solar

Modules FS Series 3 Black

Phase 1 of the landmark 1GW Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park using 152,880First Solar thin-film modules.

Power Output: 24million kilowatt hours of electricity per year

Yuma County, Arizona, USA (Agua Caliente)290MW Solar Plant

Status Commissioned

Location Arizona, USA

Completed 2014

Owners NRG Energy/MidAmerican Solar

Modules

Named “Solar Project of the Year” by Renewable Energy World

Reliable bulk power generation utilizing advanced plant controls and forecasting

TOPAZ SOLAR FARM — California, USA550MW (AC)

Status 550MW (AC)

Location San Luis Obispo, USA

Owners

Modules

Largest investment grade renewable bond in history.

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Greenough River Solar Desalination Farm, Western Australia

Owners Verve Energy & GE Energy Financial Services

EPC Contractor First Solar

Size 10MW (AC)

Modules 152,880

Angles Mounting Tilt: 20°

Azimuth: 0° North

CO₂e Displacement

ANNUALLY 20,00 metrictons

over 4,000 cars off the road

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INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

MARKET OVERVIEW

DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES

PRESENTING PV-RO CASE STUDY

KEY TAKEAWAYSKEY TAKEAWAYS

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Trends in New Installations

The near-term trend in the GCC is adding RO desalination plants in existing MSF

plants with solar energy increasingly being the power source in RO.

In the UAE, the new (2015) 590,980 m3/d plant in Fajairah is a hybrid MED-RO plant

coupled with a 500 MW power plant. In SA the hybrid Ras Al-Khair Power and

Water Plant is coming on line with 307,000 m3 /d and 728,000 m3 /d RO and MSF

capacities correspondingly (GWI, 2015).

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Value of Clean Solar Energy

PV CdTe can Displace Electricity from Diesel Power Plants

Solar Electricity

1 kWh

Diesel Power Plants

DISPLACES 0.08Gallons

AvoidFuel Subsidy

SAVES 12¢kWh

DISPLACES 0.8 kg CO₂

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If half the desalination capacity is RO and PV satisfies 44% of the annual load of each RO plant, PV-RO power plants have potential to annually:

By integrating PV powered-desalination plants, freshwater demand in arid and sunny regions could be met cost-effectively, while reducing air pollution from combustion.

PV-RO Potential in ME

2 BILLION barrels of diesel fuelin ME region

Reduce by 51.5 million tons in KSA

120 MILLION barrels of diesel fuel in KSA

Displace

Displace Reduce by 832 million tons in ME region

gulfsol workshop, 16 sept, 2015 - intersolar · concentrate product feed permeate carrier membrane....

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