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GULBARGA UNIVERSITY Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Environmental Science
M.Sc., Environmental Science: SYLLABUS: (Choice Based Credit System) effect from 2017-18
Semester
No. Code Title of the Paper
Marks Hours
Credit Sem.
Exam IA Total L T P
FIRST HCT – 1.1 Fundamentals of Environmental Science 80 20 100 4 - - 4
HCT – 1.2 Environmental Geosciences 80 20 100 4 - - 4
HCT – 1.3 Environmental Biology 80 20 100 4 - - 4
SCT – 1.1
SCT – 1.2
Natural Resources and Conservation OR
Climate Change and Current Issues 80 20 100 4 - - 4
HCP – 1.1 Practical based on HCT-1.1 40 10 50 - - 4 2
HCP – 1.2 Practical based on HCT-1.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2
HCP – 1.3 Practical based on HCT-1.3 40 10 50 - - 4 2
SCP – 1.1
SCP – 1.2
Practical based on SCT-1.1
Practical based on SCT-1.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2
Total Marks for First Semester: 480 120 600 24
SECOND HCT – 2.1 Environmental Chemistry 80 20 100 4 - - 4
HCT – 2.2 Environmental Microbiology 80 20 100 4 - - 4
SCT – 2.1
SCT – 2.2
Environmental Toxicology OR
Environmental Biotechnology 80 20 100 4 - -
4
OET – 2.1 Natural Resources and Management 80 20 100 5 1 - 6
HCP – 2.1 Practical based on HCT-2.1 40 10 50 - - 4 2
HCP – 2.2 Practical based on HCT-2.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2
SCP – 2.1 Practical based on SCT-2.1 40 10 50 - - 4 2
Total Marks for Second Semester: 440 110 550 24
THIRD HCT – 3.1 Environmental Engineering and Technology 80 20 100 4 - - 4
HCT – 3.2 Environmental Law and Audit 80 20 100 4 - - 4
SCT – 3.1
SCT – 3.2
Environmental Sampling and Statistics OR
Environmental Pollution and Control 80 20 100 4 - -
4
OET – 3.1 Solid Waste Management 80 20 100 5 1 - 6
HCP – 3.1 Practical based on HCT-3.1 40 10 50 - - 4 2
HCP – 3.2 Practical based on HCT-3.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2
SCP – 3.1
SCP – 3.2
Practical based on SCT-3.1
Practical based on SCT-3.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2
Total Marks for Third Semester: 440 110 550 24
FOURTH HCT – 4.1
Occupational Health and Environmental
Impact Assessment 80 20 100 4 - - 4
HCT – 4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 80 20 100 4 - - 4
SCT –4.1
SCT –4.2
Remote Sensing and Geographic
Information System OR
Disasters and Management
80 20 100 4 - - 4
HCP – 4.1 Practical based on HCT – 4.1 40 10 50 - - 4 2
HCP – 4.2 Practical based on HCT – 4.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2
SCP – 4.1
SCP – 4.2
Practical based on SCT – 4.1
Practical based on SCT – 4.2 40 10 50 - - 4 2
HCMP –
4.1
Major Project (90 Project Evaluation + 30
for Viva Voce + 30 IA = 150) 90+30 30 150 - - 6
Total Marks for Fourth Semester: 480 120 600 24
HCT: Hard Core Theory; SCT: Soft Core Theory; OET: Open Elective Theory; L= Lecture; T= Tutorials; P = Practical;
HCP: Hard Core Practical; SCP: Soft Core Practical; OEP: Open Elective Practical; IA: Internal Assessment; HCMP: Hard
Core Major Project 4 Credits of Theory = 4 hours of teaching per week; 2 Credits of Practical = 4 hours per week.
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Choice Based Credit System: Detailed Syllabus
M. Sc. Environmental Science FIRST SEMESTER
HCT 1.1: Fundamentals of Environmental Science 64 hrs
Preamble: This paper introduces to students about concept of multidisciplinary facets of environmental Science.
Disciplines associated with human ecology, environmental ethics, present and future challenges for sustainable
development for environment and finally, it makes to students think for protection of environment and earth planet.
Unit 1: Understanding of Environment - Concept, multidisciplinary facets of environment; ideas and
components of environment; historical root, nature and scope of environmental science, man -
environment interrelationships, moral and ethical issues in Environmental science, environmental
perspectives, sustainability. Environmental movements in India (Narmada Dam, Tehri Dam). -12 hrs
Unit 2: Origin and Evolution of atmosphere- Origin, evolution; Structural, physical and chemical
properties of atmosphere. Basics of lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Effect of water substance and
Green house gasses on atmosphere. Natural and Manmade hazards and its effects on environment;
Thermodynamics and dynamics of atmosphere, Seasons and climate – earth-sun relationship. -13 hrs
Unit 3: Ecosystems: Development and evolution of the ecosystems- Geographical classification and
zones, Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Biomes: Meaning of biomes, biome type,
tropical evergreen rainforest biome, Monsoon deciduous forest biome, Savanna biome, Mediterranean
biome, temperate grassland biome, Tundra biome, Marine biome -13 hrs
Unit -4: Human ecology and environment: Introduction, Definition of Human Ecology, Disciplines
Associated with Human Ecology, Environmental Ethics, The population explosion and quality of life,
Perceptions of environment, Sustainable human–ecosystem interaction, Examples of ecologically
sustainable development. -13 hrs
Unit -5: Development and socio-environmental issues: Resource and environmental problems &
impacts, unintended consequences, cost-benefit analysis; Free market environmentalism with special
reference to agriculture; Perception of risk, perspectives on our relationship with the environment; Real
and potential responses to present and future challenges -13 hrs
Practical
Based on Theory paper
References 1. Cunningham, W and M.A. Cunningham, 2003. Principles of Environmental Science, 2
nd Ed. McGraw-Hill,
London
2. Botkin, D. B and E. A. Keller, 2004. Environmental Science. 5th
Ed. John Wiley and Sons
3. Joseph, K and R. Nagendran, 2004. Essentials of Environmental Studies, 2nd Ed. Pearson Education, Delhi
4. Gerald G Marten, 2008. Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development, published by
Earthscan in the UK and USA
5. Santra, S. C, 2008,Environmental Science, New Central Book Agency, Kolkata.
6. Cunningham & Saigo, Environmental Science; WCB McGraw Hill, 1999-5th
Den.
7. Enger & Smith, Environmental Science-. 7th Den, McGraw Hill .
8. E.P. Odum, Fundamental of Ecology, W.B. Sauders Company, USA.
9. E. J. Kormondy, Concept of Ecology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
10. Biswarup Mukherjee, Environmental Biology, Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
11. E. P. Odum, Ecology a bridge between science & society, Sinauer associates.
12. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
3
HCT 1.2: Environmental Geosciences 64 hrs
Preamble: This paper gives the information to students with the fundamental concepts of geo-science with
improved understanding of the physical earth, geological processes, geological resources and environmental
geology. Specifically, this will help to use of geologic information to solve conflicts in land use, to minimize
environmental degradation, and to maximize the beneficial results of using our natural and modified environments
and finally it enrich the students knowledge on the meteorology and climatology and other importance for the
existence of life on earth.
Unit-1: Planet Earth: Definition, Formation, evolution and Structure of the Earth; Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries. Earth’s Materials – Minerals and their definition. Distribution and abundance of elements in
the major units of earth, Formation, Geochemical features and classification of Rocks. Mineral resources
and environment. Resources and reserves, depletion trends of natural resources. Stratigraphy and
Geologic time,Geological features of India & Karnataka. -16 hrs
Unit-2: Geological hazards and climatology: Endogenic and exogenic processes. Exogenic - geological
agents- River, Wind, Glaciers, oceans and seas. Endogenic – Earthquake process and volcanic activities.
Natural hazards:- Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Landslides, avalanches, Cyclones, Streams, Tsunami, Flooding & Floods Indian context. Climatic change in recent times; identification and characteristics of bio- and
agro-climatic regions of India; urban climatology; climate and human comfort; Nuclear and Alternative
Energy. Cold and Hot ocean currents and their affect on climate; El-Nino and La Nina effects on India.
-16 hrs
Unit-3: Land resources & management: Soil-characteristics, formation of soil, role of soil organisms in
soil formation, types of soils. Land resources, land degradation cycle, land-use pattern, land reform, land
use plan, soil surveys in relation to land use planning; methods of site selection and evaluation. -12 hrs
Unit-4: Environmental Geochemistry: Concepts of major, trace and Rare Earth Elements (REE). Trace elements mobility and their Classification. Geochemical cycles; Biochemical factors in environmental
health. World water balance, hydrogeology and geochemistry of surface and groundwater; water quality,
use of water, conservation of water resources, climate change impacts on water resource management.
-10 hrs
Unit -5: Environmental Meteorology: Meteorological parameter –Temperature, Humidity, Rainfall,
Wind speed and direction, Sunshine intensity, Atmospheric pressure, Clouds cover and characteristics,
forecasting of meteorological information. Indian climate monitoring systems, Atmospheric stability,
Adiabatic character; Fossil fuel, Air pollution and climate change, Turbulence and diffusion, Application
of meteorology to air pollution study. -10 hrs
Practical Based on Theory paper
References: 1. Valdiya, K.S. 1987, Environmental Geology: Indian Context. Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi
2. Keller, E.A. Environmental Geology & Turk and Turk.
3. Environmental Geology, Edward A. Keller, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
4. Geology, Environment and Society, K.S. Valdiya, University press, Hyderabad, 2005.
5. Environmental meteorology, B. Padmanabha Murthy, I.K. Interactional
6. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, Roger G.Barry Richard J. Charley, Routledge (Taylor & Francis group)
7. Coping with natural hazards; Indian context, K.S. Valdiya, orient Longman.
8. Environmental Geology, C.W. Montgomery, Mc. Graw Hill Interactional. 9. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
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HCT 1.3: Environmental Biology 64 hrs
Preamble: This paper exposing the students to the various aspects of ecosystem structure and functions and enables
to understand the fundamental and applied aspects of environmental biology. Also, it emphasis on biological
conversion of solar energy into chemical energy (food), its flow in ecosystems and the consequences on it’s
desorption. From this paper students understand the importance of biodiversity conservation for sustainable earth’s
homeostasis.
Unit-1: Ecosystems- Fundamental concepts and principles; Structure, functions and classification of
ecosystems – aquatic (Fresh and Marine water) and terrestrial ecology; biotic and abiotic components of
ecosystem, diversity and stability rule and Homeostasis. Ecological niche, special functional, ecological
dominance; food web; food chain, types of food chain, Food chain disruption and consequences, modern
concepts of ecosystem. -12 hrs
Unit -2: Primary and secondary productivity - Definition, measurement of biomass and productivity in
terrestrial and aquatic communities. Productivity of terrestrial ecosystem; forest and grassland
ecosystems. Ecosystem Pathways; basic laws of energy flow; Energy flow models, Lindeman model;
Energetic relations in Ecosystems -10 hrs
Unit-3: Environmental factors- Limiting factors: climatic factors, influence of light on
morphology and physiology of plants, characteristics of heliophytes and sciophytes, temperature –
thermo periodicity, effect of low and high temperature on plants and animals. Atmospheric humidity-
relative humidity in relation to metabolism of organism with suitable examples. Wind-mechanical effects
of wind; lodging, breakage, deformation, anemophily and anemochory, physiological effects of
wind. Edaphic factor-soil complex-soil erosion and soil conservation. -14 hrs
Unit-4: Biodiversity and conservation: Definition, biodiversity hot spots of world & India and strategies for
its conservation. CBD and Agenda 21, National parks. and sanctuaries, biosphere reserves. Ecological
indicators. Endemic and RET species, Concept of keystone & flagship species. Biodiversity of agro-
ecosystems and Sacred grooves. Global agreements and national concerns. RAMSAR sites, Endangered,
Endemic and Extinct Species of India : Threatened species categories of IUCN, threatened species of plants
and animals in India and their reasons, Red data books. Wildlife management and conservation. Protected
Areas Network in India: Goals of management, Strategies for planning. Role of local communities in wildlife
management. -16 hrs
Unit-5: Population ecology: Characteristics, population density, natality, mortality, age distribution,
population growth, causes for population explosion, population control. Biological interactions-
Interspecies and intraspecies interactions, types of interaction- neutralism, positive mutualism,
commensalism, parasitism and predation -12 hrs
Practical
Based on Theory paper
References:
1. Nandini N., Sunitha N.& Sucharitha Tandon, (2007), Environmental Studies, Sapna Book House, Bangalore.
2. Ramesh Vijaya K. (2005), Environmental Microbiology. MGP Publishers, Chennai.
3. Kumar H.D. (1995). General Ecology, I Ed. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi
4. Singh H.R. (1989). Animal Ecology and Environmental Biology. Nagin Chand & Co.
5. Shoban Lal (1992). Ecology
6. Michael J.Pelczar et.al(1994) Microbiology-Concepts and applications, McGraw-Hill Inc.
7. Martin Alexander (1983). Introduction to Soil Microbiology, 2nd
Ed., Wiley Eastern Ltd.
8. Powar C.B and Daginwala H.F (1985). General Microbiology, Vol.I &II, 2nd
Ed., Himalaya Publishing House.
9. Bhattacharya R.N (93) Experiments with Microorganisms, Emkay Publications, New Delhi.
10. Oliver S. Owen (1980), Natural Resources conservation - An Ecological approach, 3rd Ed., Macmillan Publishing
Co.Inc. New York.
11. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
5
SCT 1.1: Natural Resources and Conservation 64 Hrs
Preamble: This paper provides the students with the necessary knowledge and skills in the areas of natural
resources, conservation and management. In particular, this paper emphasis on the consequences of excessive and
unscientific utilization of natural resources for human comfort and imparts the ways of their conservation,
sustainable developments of healthy planet earth.
Unit-1: Natural Resources: Concept, Classification, current status of natural resources and their reserves.
Oceans are new areas for exploration of mineral resources, ores and recycling of resources. Natural resources
of India and their management; role of women in natural resource management. -10 hrs
Unit-2: Water and Soil Resources and Management - Concept and classification, current status, Integrated
water resource management; Participatory watershed development; rain water harvesting recharging of
resources. Soft water resources in coastal area and their conservation. Wetlands-concept, reclamation and
management, sustainable development.
Soil resources and Conservation– concept, scope, types of soils, role of organic matter in soil fertility
maintenance, diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies. Conservation of soil: protect loss of soil fertility, soil erosion
and Methods of soil conservation. Wasteland development and Conservation– concept, scope, issues and
strategies. -17 hrs
Unit-3: Biological resources and conservation: Concept, scope, types; Protection of Bio-resources and its
rational use and Human resources for sustainable development. Convention of biological diversity (CBD)
implementation in India. -10 hrs.
Unit-4: Natural Energy Sources and conservation: concept, energy content in various conventional energy
sources, Types; Principles of solar thermal energy conversion; Principles of generation of wave energy,
tidal, ocean-thermal-energy conversion, wind and geothermal energy, Power generation from waste. Biogas
plants - principles of generation, designs and application -12hrs.
Unit-5: Wildlife resource and conservation: Meaning and objectives. Relevance, threats and need for
conservation of forest resources. Forest - land use changes in India - future demand of forestlands. Community
forest management, Social forestry, agro-forestry, Eco-development committees & Eco-tourism. Gene pool
management. In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of Biodiversity in India. Role of Non-Governmental
Organizations in wildlife and forest conservation. -15 hrs.
Practical
Based on Theory paper
References: 1. Oliver S. Owen. 1980. Natural resources conservation – An Ecological approach, 3rd ed., Macmillan
publishing Co. Inc. New York.
2. Sapru R.K. 1987. Environment Management in India. Vol. I & II. Ashish Pub. House.
3. Agarwal & Rana S.V.S. 1985. Environment & Natural resources, society of Biosciences.
4. Sharma V.K. 1985. Water resources planning and management, Himalaya Pub. House.
5. Maheshwar dayal 1992. Renewable energy. Konark publishers Pvt. Ltd.
6. Shrikande R.P. and Varade S.R. 1991. Ecology of water and land management vol 1 & 2, Chugh publishers.
7. Raymond F. Dasmann 1984. Environmental Conservation. 5th
Ed., John Wiley & sons.
8. Mathur H.S. 1981. Environmental resources. The crisis of development, RBSA Publishers
9. Agarwal, V.G. 1985. Forests in India. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
10. Negi, S. S. 1986. Handbook of social forestry. IBH, New delhi.
11. Singh,B.1992.Social forestry for rural rural development Anmol publication, NewDelhi
12. Wenger, K.E. 1984. forestry Handbook. Jhon Wiley and sons. New York.
13. Berthkur, S. and Ghosh, A.K. 1987. Biological pest 18. simons, I.J. eds. 1986. The ecology of natural
resources.
14. Coppel,H.C.& Mertins, J.W.1997 Biological insect pest suppression. Springer–Verlag,Heidelberg, New
York.
15. Raymond f. Dasmann 1984. Environmental conservation, 5th eds. John wiley & Sons.
16. R. Rajagopalan, (2005) Environmental Studies, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
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SCT- 1.2: Climate Change and Current Issues 64 Hrs Preamble: This paper introduces to students about the new concept of climate change. The paper also provides the
scientific background for research and other careers across a broad spectrum of meteorology-related science,
focusing particularly on the links between the atmosphere and the land surface environment.
Unit-1: Climatology: Fundamentals of climatology, Elements of weather and climate, climatic controls,
energy balance in atmospheric; elementary ideas about weather systems, climatic classifications; climates
in India; monsoons of India. 14 Hrs.
Unit-2: Air temperature- warming and cooling of air near ground, measurement of temperature;
Humidity- expressions of humidity, measurement of humidity; clouds classification and types;
Precipitation- process, types of precipitation, measurement of precipitation-recording, non-recording,
radar, satellite. Estimation of precipitation, averaging techniques- thiessen polygon and isohyets. Wind -
forces affecting wind, types of wind and measurement of wind. 14 Hrs.
Unit-3: Climate change scenarios of India: impact of climate change on agriculture, forest, water
resources, monsoon system of India. Boundary layer climates – effects of topography, energy and mass
exchange, climates of vegetated surface, urban climatology. 12 Hrs.
Unit-4: Science of Climate Change: Drivers of climate change- greenhouse gases, aerosols – reflective
and black carbon, land use changes. Energy balance, feed-back processes in climate system, concepts of
global warming potential (GWP), radiative forcing. 12 Hrs.
Unit-5: Pollution Climatology: Preliminary concepts of climate change; seasons in India; Monsoons; El
nino and ENSO; Enhanced greenhouse effect – global warming; GHGs in the atmosphere; Effects of
global warming. 12 Hrs.
Practical Based upon theory
References: 1. Arya,S.P. 1999. Air Pollution Meteorology and Dispersion, OxfordUniversity Press, London.
2. Barry,R.G. and R.J.Shorty. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate.
3. Berry.F.M. E.Bollay and N.R.Beers. Hand Book of Meteorology.
4. Bryers H.R. (1974) General Meteorology, McGraw-Hill.
5. Finlayson-Pitts. 1986. Atmospheric chemisty Fundamental and ExperimentalTechniques, John
Wiley and Sons, New Delhi.
6. Hess,S.L. 1959. Introduction to Theoritical Meteorology, Holt Renehart andWinston, New York.
7. Pal Arya. S. 1988. Introduction to Micrometeorology . Academic Press.
8. Rajan,C.K. and P.A.Menon. Climates of Kerala, Classic Printers, Cochin.
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SECOND SEMESTER:
HCT 2.1: Environmental Chemistry 64 Hrs.
Preamble: This introduce to students with the dynamics and principles of environmental Chemistry and
their toxicological effects on environment and human health. Also it provides a clear knowledge about the
principle and working of various analytical technique used in the environmental analysis to the students so that they
can work with these tools effectively.
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry: Stochiometry, Gibbs’energy, chemical potential, chemical equillibria, acid bases reactions, solubility product, Solubility of Gases in Water, the Carbonate
system, Atmospheric Chemistry: Chemical composition of air, Classification of elements, chemical
speciation. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic particulate matter. Thermo-
chemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. CFC’s and Ozone chemistry, chemistry of air
pollutants, photochemical smog. -14 hrs
Unit 2: Soil Chemistry: Soil profile, distribution of inorganic and organic components in soil, Chemical
properties of Soil - Saline, Acidic and Alkaline soils. Major micro and macro nutrients of soil, Nutrient
Pathways - Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus and Potassium pathways in the soil. -10 hrs
Unit 3: Water chemistry: properties of water, water pollutants- types sources heavy metals metalloids-
organic, biological and radioactive- types of reactions in various water bodies including marine
environment. Chemistry of oil based and water based paints, physicochemical basis of redox processes.
-10 hrs
Unit 4: Chemistry of Environmental Contaminants –Air, Water: Pesticides in water, Biochemical
aspects of As, Cd, pb, Hg, CO, O3, PAN, Pesticides, Insecticides, MIC and Carcinogens in Air, Water and
Soil. Chemical nature and properties of selected environmental contaminants; Polychlorinated biphenyls;
chloroorganic compounds (Organochlorine : DDT and BHC, organo phosphate: parathion and malathion)
-14 hrs
Unit 5: Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques: Role and importance of analytical techniques in
analysis of environmental samples. Titrimetry; Gravimetry, Conductometry, pH, Colorimetry,
Spectrometry, UV-Vis and IR Spectrophotometer and AAS. Nephelometry, Flame Spectrometry and
fluorimetry; Chromatographic techniques: Paper, Thin Layer, GCMS, LCMS, HPLC, X-ray florescence,
X-ray diffraction, PCR, SEM, TEM. -16 hrs
Practicals
Based on Theory paper
Reference Books: 1. Sharma B.K and Kaur H. (1995). Environmental Chemistry, I Ed., Goel Publishing House.
2. De A.K (1989). Environmental Chemistry, II Ed., Wiley Eastern Limited.
3. Sawyer C.N, Mc Carty P.L and Perking G.F. (1994). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering, IIEd, Mc
Graw- Hill.
4. Bailey, R.A. (1978). Chemistry of the Environment, Academic Press.
5. Tyagi O.D. and Mehra M. (1990). Text Book of Environmental Chemistry, I Ed., Anmol Publications.
6. Charles R. Goldman and Alexander J. Horene. (1983). Limnology, Mc Graw- Hill.
7. Roy L. Donahue, Raymond W. Miller and John C. Shickluna. (1987). Soil-An Introduction to soils and
plant growth V.Ed., Prentice-Hall of India.
8. Biswas T.D and Mukherjee S.K. (1987). Text book of Soil Science IV Ed., Mc Graw- Hill.
9. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. (1978). IV Ed., Longman Group Ltd.
10. Jacobs. (1969). Analytical Chemistry of Industrial poisons. Hazards and solvents, M.B. Inter Science. New
York.
11. Sawyer C.N, Mc Marty P.L. and Perkin G.F. (1994). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering (II ed), Mc
Graw Hill.
12. Tyagi O.D. and Mehra M. (1990). Environmental Chemistry, Anmol Publications.
13. Manahan S.E. (2000). Environmental Chemistry (7th Ed), Lewis Publications, Florida, U.S.A.
14. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
8
HCT 2.2: Environmental Microbiology 64 hrs
Preamble: This Paper introduces to students about various microbial environments encountered in the area of soil,
water and air and how they affect the cycling of nutrients. It emphasis on identification and enumeration of
microbes in these environments and also providing a comprehensive insight of microbes as key players in the fields
of medical, agricultural, industrial and various functions of the environment.
Unit 1: Introduction: Concepts and scope of environmental microbiology, microorganisms as
components of ecosystem, Classification and characteristics of microorganisms based on their habitat.
Microbial interactions with micro- and macroorganisms, Role of microorganisms in element cycles.
-10 hrs
Unit 2: Microbial diversity of environment: Microbes in air, water, wastewater and soil; Introduction,
distribution, sampling and measurement techniques and identification. Microbes of extreme Environment.
Mechanisms of adaptation by microorganisms to environmental extremes. -12 hrs
Unit 3: Food and Medical Microbiology – Microbes as food and probiotics and for production of value
added fermented products- dairy products, beverages, and medically important enzymes, proteins and
antibiotics. Microbial diseases: air-borne allergens and diseases. Waterborne- soil borne- and food borne-
diseases. Microbial contamination in hospital environment - Nosocomial infections: salient features and
control strategies. -14 hrs
Unit 4: Microbes in the Degradation of Wastes: Bioremediation - Its role in Environmental
management, advantages and disadvantages. Control of pests and diseases by microorganisms, Treatment
of solid and liquid industrial wastes, Microbial degradation of pesticides. Microbes in metal extraction,
mineral leaching and mining, microbes in petroleum product formation. -14 hrs
Unit 5: Microbiological aspects of drinking water: Indicator microorganisms and their measurement -
MPN and MF technique. Bio-fouling- definition, sources and causes - bio-film and Bio-corrosion. Major
antibiotic resistant bacteria in drinking water and their implications. Ecological implication of genetically
modified microorganisms. Nano-technology and its applications. Biosensors and its applications. -16 hrs
Practicals :
Based on Theory paper
References: 1. Environmental Microbiology Principles and Applications. Patrick K.Jemba.
2. Environmental Microbiology By. P D Sharma
3. Environmental bioremediation technologies. Shree N. Singh, Rudra D. Tripathi
4. Introduction to Microbiology. A. S. Rao
5. Microbiological examination of water and wastewater, Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros.
6. Environmental Microbiology. Raina M. Maier, Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba -Science.
7. Text book of Environmental, Microbiology, Mohapatra – Technology & Engineering.
8. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
9. Rein Heimer G., Aquatic Microbiology, Jhon Wiley, New Yaork
10. Mason C.F Biology of Fresh Water Pollution, Long Man, Scientific and Technology, UK
11. Atlas & Bertha, Microbial Ecology.
12. Ralph Mitchell, Environmental Microbiology Wiley Ciss, Newyork
13. I.L. Pepper and C.P. Gerba, Environmental Microbiology-A Laboratory Manual, second edition: 2004,
Elsevier Academic Press 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
14. Raju. BSN., Water supply and waste water engineering, TATA McGraw Hills.,
15. Metcalf and Eddy Waste water Engineering TATA McGraw Hills.,pvt. Ltd.
16. APHA Standard Methods, American Public Health Asscosiation
17. Gabrial, Briton watste water microbiology, John Willey and Sons , Newyorjk
18. T.D Brock , Principles of Microbial ecology,
19. Presscott, Harlay and klein –Microbiology, Mac-Grow Hill Publication
9
SCT 2.1 Environmental Toxicology 64 hrs
Preamble: This paper provides an advanced, multi-disciplinary and current understanding of the effects of
chemicals on human and environmental health. It throws light on nature and types of toxins and their sources and
flow in the ecosystems and their affect on the living organisms. It also provides the knowledge about an assessment
of toxins and effective control measures to minimize the concentrations, accumulation of toxins in environments and
also their hazardous effect on living organisms.
Unit 1: Introduction to toxicology: scope of toxicology, subspecialties of toxicology, Description and
terminology of toxic effects, factors influencing toxicity, drug toxicity, biochemical basis of toxicity –
mechanism of toxicity and receptor mediated events, acute and chronic toxicity; Selective toxicity; Concentration and dose, synergism and antagonism. -14 hrs
Unit 2: Dose – Response relationships: Graded response, quantal response, Time action curves,
Threshold Limit Value (TLV); LC50; Margin of safety; Toxicity curves; Cumulative toxicity and LD50 &
CTF. -10 hrs
Unit 3: Toxicity testing; Acute Toxicity (single); Sub acute Toxicity; Chronic Toxicity; Teratogenicity,
carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Immunotoxicity, histotoxicity, cell toxicity. Bioassay – Definition,
purpose, criteria for selection of test organism, methodology, estimation of LC50, Limitation and
importance of Bioassay. -10 hrs
Unit 4: Bioaccumulation and Biomagnifications of toxic materials ( Heavy metals) in food chain,
Toxicology of major pesticides - Environmental impacts of pesticides, biotransformation, biomonitoring,
programs and parameters of biomonitoring, concept of bioindicator, bioindicator groups and examples;
Biomonitoring of toxic chemicals, concepts of bio indicators groups with examples; Basic concepts of
Environmental forensics. -14 hrs
Unit 5: Bio-transformation of Xenobiotics (Selective Toxicity); Principles, Receptor sites, absorption
and storage of xenobiotics; types of Bio transformations; microsomal oxidations, mixed function
oxygenizes, conjugation, biotransformation of organo-chlorine and organo-phosphorous pesticides,
Antidotal procedures in Toxicology. Environmental Epidemiology: Pollution related diseases and
disorders, Health Hazards. Recent Advance in toxicology. -16hrs
Practicals:
Based on Theory paper
Reference:
1. Jerome O. Niragu and Lakshminarayana J.S.S. (1989). Aquatic Toxicology and Water Quality
Management, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Sharma P.D. (1994). Environmental Biology and Toxicology, Rastoggi and Company.
3. Meera Asthana and Asthana D.K. (1990). Environmental Pollution and Toxicology, Alka Printers.
4. Mettelev V.V, Kanaev A.I and Dzasokhova N.G. (1971). Water Toxicology, Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd.
5. Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Waste water, 17th
Ed., (1989). APHA-AWWA-WPCF.
6. Guithinier Perry. (1980). Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, Elsevier.
7. Waldron H.A. (1980). Metals in Environment. Academic Press, Toronto.
8. Butter G.C. (1988). Principles of Ecotoxicology. John Wiley and Sons.
9. Moriarty F. (1983). Ecotoxicology. Academic Press, New York.
10. Oehme W.F. (1989). Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Environment Marcel Dakkar Inc., New York.
11. Anderson, D and D.M.Conning. 1990. Experimental Toxicology: The Basic issues. Royal society of
Chemistry, London.
12. Dhaliwal, G.S. 1993. Pesticides: Their Ecological Impact in Developing Countries. Commonwealth
Publishers, New Delhi.
13. Peter Calow, 1993. Handbook of ecotoxicology, Blackwell Science, London.
14. Sharma, P.D.1995. Toxicology, Rastogi and Company, Meerut
15. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
10
SCT -2.2: Environmental Biotechnology 64 Hrs.
Preamble: This paper introduces to students about concept of Environmental biotechnology and information on
how to improve the understanding, identification and prevention of environmental problems, remediation &
restoration through biotechnological methods.
Unit-1: Introduction: Definition, principles, scope – role of biotechnology in environmental protection;
Biotechnology and biodiversity conservation ex situ; utilization of biodiversity; biotechnology vs
biodiversity. Biotechnology for solid waste management: sanitary land filling; Biocomposting – aerobic,
anaerobic; vermicomposting; Biomethanation. 12Hrs.
Unit-2: Bioremediation: Bioremediation: Concept, role of bioremediation in controlling various pollution
problems e.g. solid water, sewage water, industrial effluents, heavy metals and radioactive substances.
Phytoremediation - Abatement of different types of pollution using plants, types of phytoremediation,
mechanism involved with case studies. Biosorption: Biotechnology and heavy metal pollution; Oil field
microbiology; Improved oil recovery; Biotechnology and oil spills; Hydrocarbon degradation 13 Hrs.
Unit-3: Biodegradation: Factors affecting process of biodegradation; Methods in determining
biodegradability; Contaminant availability for biodegradation. Xenobiotics; Persistence and
biomagnification of xenobiotic molecules; Microbial interactions with xenobiotics; Phase I and Phase II
reactions; Cyt P 450 mediated reactions; Xenobiotics and microbial biotransformation. Use of microbes
(bacteria and fungi) and plants in biodegradation and Biotransformation. 13 Hrs.
Unit-4: Mutation and Environmental mutagens: Occurrence, kinds of Mutation, spontaneous & induced Mutation, Mutagens, detection of Mutation, Lethal Mutations, Phenotypic effects of Mutation,
Mutation rate, Significance & Practical applications of Mutation. Molecular basis of Mutation, mutagenic
agents -physical, chemical, biological, Effect on genetic material, Repair mechanisms. 13 Hrs.
Unit-5: Biotechnology for Management of Resources: Role of environmental biotechnology in
management of resources; Reclamation of wasteland; Biomass production; Biogas and biofuel production;
Microorganisms in mineral and energy recovery and fuel and biomass production. Application of
Biotechnology in Environment. 13 Hrs.
Practical
Based upon theory Paper
References
1. Evano, G.H. and Furlong, J.C. Environmental Biotechnology – Theory and Application. John
Wiley and Sons, USA. 2004.
2. Jjemba, P.K. Environmental Microbiology – Theory and Application. Science Pub. Inc., USA.
2004. 3. Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. Environmental Microbiology - Laboratory Manaul. Elsevier, USA.
2005.
4. Ratledge, C. and Kristiansen, B. Basic Biotechnology. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK. 2002.
5. Rittman, B. and McCarty, P. L. Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications. 2nd
edition. Tata McGraw-Hill, USA. 2000.
6. Rittmann, B.E. and McCarty, P.L. Environmental Biotechnology – Theory and Application.
McGraw Hill, USA. 2001.
7. Reza Marandi and Ali Shaeri. 2009. Environmental Biotechnology. SBS Publishers and
Distributors Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
8. Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra. 2006. Text Book of Environmental Biotechnology. I.K International
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
9. RamKumar. 2000. Environmental Biodegradation. Sarup and Sons, New Delhi.
11
OET 2.1: Natural Resources and Management 64 Hrs. Preamble: This paper will provides basic knowledge about the natural resources, their sources and reserves on the
planet earth, their role in homeostasis of environment and ecosystem and the consequence on their exploitation. It
imparts the knowledge on the importance of conservation of natural and nonrenewable resources for the sustainable
normal life on the earth. It also throws light on human’s role and methods of water, soil, minerals, forest and energy
conservations.
Unit-1: Natural Resources-Classification, concepts and approaches of natural resource conservation. Natural
resources of India. Role of women in natural resource. 8 Hrs
Unit-2: Water and Forest Resources Management - Concept and classification, Integrated water resource
management; Participatory watershed development; rain water harvesting. National Lake and River Conservation
Programmes. Wetland management; Forest resource Management: Relevance, threats and need for conservation of
forest resources. Forest management – meaning and objectives. Forest - land use changes in India - future demand
of forestlands. Community forest management, Social forestry, agro-forestry. 14 Hrs
Unit-3: Minerals and Soil Resource management : Resources and reserves. Mineral and population. oceans as
new areas for exploration of mineral resources. oceans ore and recycling of resources. Soil resource management –
Soil loss, soil erosion. Role of organic matter and its maintenance, diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies. Wasteland
development – concept scope, issues and strategies. 14 Hrs
Unit-4: Conventional and Non-conventional Energy Sources: Energy content in various conventional energy
sources, Types; Principles of solar thermal energy conversion; Principles of generation of wave energy, tidal,
ocean thermal energy conversion, wind, geothermal energy, nuclear - fission and fusion; magneto hydrodynamic
power, Power generation from waste. Biogas plants - principles of generation, designs, application of biomass
technology to increase the hydrocarbon chain. Pyrolysis. Biogas from solid waste. Biofuels. 14 Hrs
Unit-5: Pest and weed management - Definition, distribution and damage caused. Chemical Pesticides and their
demerits. Basis of biological pest suppression. Chemical vs biological control. Pest control models. Organisms used
in Classical Biological pest control – Pathogens, Nematodes, Birds Fish. Definition and distribution. Weed biology -
a brief account. Physical and Chemical Methods of Weed control and their merits and demerits. Weed Management -
Objectives of Biological control, agents of biological control. 14 Hrs
References:
1. Oliver S. Owen. 1980. Natural resources conservation – An Ecological approach, 3rd edition., Macmillan publishing Co. Inc. New York.
2. Daniel D. Chiras. 1994. Environmental Science. 4th edition
3. Sapru R.K. 1987. Environment Management in India. Vol. I & II. Ashish Pub. House.
4. The state of India’s Environment, The second citizen’s report (1984-85). Center for science and environment. New Delhi.
5. Agarwal & Rana S.V.S. 1985. Environment & Natural resources, society of Biosciences.
6. Sharma V.K. 1985. Water resources planning and management, Himalaya Pub. house.
7. Maheshwar dayal 1992. Renewable energy. Konark publishers Pvt. Ltd.
8. Shrikande R.P. and Varade S.R. 1991. Ecology of water and land management vol 1 & 2, Chugh publishers.
9. Raymond F. Dasmann 1984. Environmental Conservation. 5th Ed., John Wiley & sons.
10. Mathur H.S. 1981. Environmental resources. The crisis of development, RBSA Publishers
11. Agarwal, V.G. 1985. Forests in India. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
12. Negi, S. S. 1986. Handbook of social forestry. IBH, New delhi.
13. Singh,B.1992.Social forestry for rural rural development Anmol publication, NewDelhi
14. Wenger, K.E. 1984. forestry Handbook. Jhon Wiley and sons. New York.
15. Berthkur, S. and Ghosh, A.K. 1987. Biological pest 18. simons, I.J. eds. 1986. The ecology of natural resources.
16. Shafi, R. 1992. Forest ecosystem of the word.
17. Nalini, K.S. 1993. Environmental resources and management. Anmol publishers.
18. Aradhana, P.S. 1991. Environnemental management. Rajat publishers..
12
THIRD SEMESTER
HCT – 3.1 Environmental Engineering and Technology 64 hrs
Preamble: This paper providing to students to acquire knowledge on the technology and principles behind the
processes and techniques related to the reduction of emissions to air, land and water and the effects of pollution.
Also Engineering solutions to major environmental problems will be explored.
Unit-1: Environmental Engineering: Introduction and Scope of Environmental Engineering, Water and
Wastewater standards for specific applications. Water purification processes in natural and Engineered
Systems. Water Supply - Design and layout of water distribution systems. Ground water recharge, Watershed:
Concept, characteristics and types, Land development, water investigation and watershed management. -12 hrs
Unit-2: Water Treatment Process: Mechanism and Significance of Aeration, Coagulation, Flocculation,
Sedimentation, Filtration. Disinfection-Chlorination ( methods), Ozonation and UV; Water softening; Hardness
treatment - Desalination, Membrane Techniques Removal of Taste and Odour, Miscellaneous Treatment
Methods, (Lime, Soda Process, Zeolite Process, Demineralization Process) and their Chemical reactions,
Occurrence of Iron, Manganese and other metal ions in water, Occurrence of Fluoride in water, Significance
and methods of removal of hazardous metal ions. Chemical Treatment of Defluoridation and Mechanism
Health Effects. -14 hrs
Unit-3: Wastewater Treatment - Primary, Secondary and advanced treatment: Classification and application
of physical Unit processes with principles and process analysis, Design and layout of Industrial and Municipal
wastewater treatment systems, Wastewater Disposal and Reuse. -10 hrs
Unit- 4: Air Pollution control –Air pollution Standards, control by dilution, its limitations, control by process
changes, control by engineered systems for fixed sources. Control of particulate emissions - settling chambers,
centrifugal collectors, wet collectors, fabric filters and Electrostatic precipitators, their principles, techniques and
devices. Control of gaseous contaminants - Adsorption and Absorption techniques. Condensation and combustion
techniques. Control of Automobile emissions. Noise pollution control- Standard value for noise pollution and
methods for their measurnments-control at source, along sound transmission path and at receiver. -14hrs
Unit-5: Soil Pollution Control: – Introduction, sources, types of soil pollutants and their control measures,
Recent advances in Disposal of Hazardous Waste, Recovery and recycling of useful solid wastes control
measures for soil erosion and land reclamation- Bunding, plantion. Energy conversion from agricultural waste
generation. Advanced technology for Water, Air and Soil treatment. -14hrs
Practicals
Based on Theory paper
Reference:
1. Duggal,K.N.1998.Elements of Environmental Engg..Chand and company Ltd.,New Delhi.
2. Kapoor,S.1997. Environmental Engineering. Khanna publishers,Delhi.
3. Masters ,G.M. 1991.Introduction Environmental Engineering and Science. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
4. Metcalf and Eddy.Waster water Engineering. McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New York.
5. Rangwala,S.C, K.S.Rangwala and P.S.Rangwala. 1997. Water supply and sanitary engineering, Charotar
publicating house, Anand.
6. Rao ,C.S. 1991. Environmental Pollution Control Engineering .Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Trivedy, R.K. 1994. Pollution Management in industries. Enviromedia, Karad.
8. Arcadio P. Sincer and Gregoria. A Sincers Enviromental Enginnering – A design Approach. Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
9. Birdie. (1999). Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering Dhanpat Rai Pub. Co. Charotal Publishing House,
NewDelhi.
10. Christian R.K. Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies, Prentice Hall of India
Press.Company, New Delhi.
11. Nandini N, Sunitha N and Sucharita Tandon. (2007). Environmental Studies, Sapna Book House, Bangalore
12. De A.K. Environmental Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
13. Sharma B.K. and Kour H. Environmental Chemistry, Villa Publication.
14. Garg S.K. Sewage disposal and air Pollution Engineering Khanna Publication.
15. Gilbert M. Masters. Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, Prentice – Hall of India Pvt.,
Ltd.
16. Raju. BSN., Water supply and waste water engineering, TATA McGraw Hills.,
13
HCT 3.2 Environmental Law and Audit 64 hrs
Preamble: This paper introduces students to the legal structure of India and fundamentals of environmental
legislation and policy making. Each unit will help the students to develop basic concepts of Environmental auditing
in Government and Non-Government sectors.
Unit-1: Environmental protection: issues and problems. International and national efforts for
environmental protection. Environmental Policies: Need for policies; different policies. Environmental
policy resolution. Public policy - strategies in pollution control. -08 hrs
Unit-2: Environmental Legislation: Constitutional and Statutory Laws in India, Fundamental Duties and
Fundamental Rights, Legal Control of Environmental Pollution with Reference to: Biodiversity bill 2006.
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; The Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974,
amended 1988; CESS Act 1977, amended in 1991; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended
in1988; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, amended in 1990; The Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986. -12 hrs
Unit-3: The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995; The Indian Forest Act, 1927; The Forest (Conservation)
Act, 1980; The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981; Biomedical waste (Management & Handling) rules, 1998; Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,1989; Municipal waste (Management &
Handling) rules, 2000; E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011. Salient Features of Coastal Zone
Regulations (CZR) Notification, the Convention of Biodiversity. (Several Case Studies to be given as
Assignment). -12 hrs
Unit-4: Environmental Audit and EMS: Definition, Concept of EA, Types of EA, Benefits of
Environmental Audits, Scope and Objectives, Procedural Requirements of Conducting EA, Pre-Audit, on-
Site Audit and Post Audit Activities, Water Audit, Raw’ Materials Audit and Energy Audit, -16 hrs
Unit-5: Health and Safety Audit: Reuse and Conservation of Water and Energy, Waste Minimization, Environmental and Economic Benefits of an Environmental Audit, ECO- Audit and its Importance in
Environmental Management. Concept of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 series in Environmental System
Management. -16 hrs
Prtacticals:
Based on Theory paper
Reference 1. Defense preparedness in India – Jain N.K.,Joint assistance center, Adhyatma Sadhana Kendra Mehrauli, New
Delhi.
2. Environmental Law and Policy in India, Divan.S and Rosencranz. A, Oxford University Press, 2nd
edition
(2001)
3. Pollution control Legislation, Vol. I and II, Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board, Chennai (1999)
4. Environmental Pollution Control: Neelima Rajvidya and Dilipkumar Markandey, APH Publishing Corporation,
New Delhi. (2005).
5. Environment Problems and Solutions: D.K.Asthana and Meera Asthana, S.Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Allarachand. (1985). Environmental Challenges- A global survey, UDH, New Delhi.
7. Newson M.M. (1993). Managing the human impact on the nature al Environment.
8. Nanda. A.N. (1996). Environmental Education.
9. Ulter S.L. (1994). Environmental Risks and hazards, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
10. Peter Calow. (1998).Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, Mc Graw Hills Inc., New Delhi.
11. Environmental Impact Assessment, by Larry W. Canter, Mc Graw- Hill International Editions, Civil
Engineering series
12. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing countries. Biswas A.K. and Agarawal SBC. Butterworth-
Heinemann Ltd. Reed International.
13. Environmental Impact Assessment-Theory and practice, by Wathern P Routledge, Unwin Hyman London.
14. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment by Morris P and Theirvel R UCL press Ltd., London
15. UNEP, 1996, Environmental Impact Assessment: Issues, Trends and Practice, United National Environmental
Programme Nairobi.
16. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
14
SCT-3.1 Environmental Sampling and Statistics 64 hrs
Preamble: This paper enlightens the students on Environmental analysis of scanning, monitoring, analyzing and
forecasting the variables of the environment. The paper also provides a clear knowledge about the working
principles and applications of various analytical techniques used in the environmental analysis to the students.
Unit 1: Air Sampling: Objective and Criteria of Air Sampling, Selection of Sampling Location, Sampling
Methods (Sedimentation, Filtration, Centrifugal and Impingement Method), Instrumental Techniques used
in Estimation of Atmospheric Air Pollutant, Dust Fall Jar, SPM and RSPM using Respirable Dust
sample/High Volume Air Sampler. - 12 hrs
Unit 2: Water Sampling: Necessity of Water Sampling, Objectives, Selection of Sampling Site, Types of Water Samples, Sampling Equipment, Collection methods, , Handling and Preservation, Classification of
Water Quality Parameters (Inorganic, Organic and Nutrient), Parameters analyzed on the Spot, (Field
Parameters) Data Interpretation, Basic Concept, Significance and Measurement of DO, BOD, COD,
Phenol, Pesticides and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Water and Wastewater. - 12 hrs
Unit-3: Soil and Solid Waste Sampling: Objectives of Soil and Solid Waste Sampling, Site Selection
Criteria, Collection and Handling of Soil and Solid Waste Samples, Preparation of Soil Samples for
Analysis, Physico-Chemical Parameters and their Significance (Quality and Productivity). - 08 hrs
Unit-4: Application of Statistics in Environmental Analysis: Introduction to statistics, scope,
limitations of statistics and statistical method V/s Experimental method. Collection of data, sampling,
classification and tabulation of data. Diagrammatic and graphic presentation of data. Descriptive
Statistics: Descriptive statistics – Introduction, measure of central location, mean, mode, median, measure
of shapes. Properties of mean, measure of spread, variance and standard deviation, co-efficient of
variation. -16 hrs
Unit 5: Sampling theories and Hypothesis testing: Sampling theories, techniques and experimental
designs. Testing hypothesis: Significance level and X2
test, t and F test ; Correlation, regression and
ANOVA: Analysis of variance: One way and two way ANOVA, MANOVA. Regressions: Defining the
fit, Correlation, polynomial regression, Multiple regression. -16 hrs
Practicals
Based on Theory paper
Reference: 1. Biostatistics: P.N. Arora, P.K. Malhan, Himalaya publishing House, Delhi, 2008.
2. Basic concepts of Biostatistics: N.Arumugam, Saras Publications, Kanyakumari, 2003.
3. Biostatistics in theory and Practice: T.K.Saha, Emkay Publications, Delhi, 1992.
4. Biostatistics: P. Ramakrishnan, Saras Publications, Kanyakumari, 1995.
5. Statistical Methods: S.C.Gupta, S.Chand & Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
6. Evolution Biostatistics AND Computer Applications: A.Gopi, A.Meena, N.Arumugam, Saras Publications,
Kanyakumari, 2003.
7. Fundamentals of Computer: V.Rajaraman, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2008.
8. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K.Sinha, Preeti Sinha, BPB Publications, New Delhi, 2007.
9. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
15
SCT-3.2: Environmental Pollution and Control 64 hrs
Preamble: This paper deals with different aspects of environmental contamination, which have adverse effects on
human health. It will lay emphasis on understanding mechanisms of pollutants impacting human health by
developing an understanding of different types of pollutants, their sources and mitigation measures.
Unit 1: Air pollution: Definition, Sources and Classification of air pollutants. Major Incidents of Air
pollution. Transport and diffusion of pollutants. Gas laws governing the behavior of pollutants in the
atmosphere. Meteorological parameters, scale of meteorology, Effect of pressure temperature,
precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind. Heat transferring processes, atmospheric stability, inversions
and mixing heights, Plume behavior and Stack dispersion theories & models of monitoring & control of
exhaust emissions. Effects of air pollution on man, animal, plants, inanimate objects and climate. Ambient
air quality standards and air pollution indices. -13 hrs
Unit 2: Air sampling and monitoring techniques - settle able and suspended particulate matter - Dust
fall jar and Impingement Method, RDS/HVS samplers (Ambient Air monitoring); Stack gas/dust
Sampling technique and other techniques of air monitoring for pollutants. Automobile pollution in Indian
cities. Monitoring and control of exhaust emissions. Noise Pollution: Definition, Sources and
Terminology; types of noise; Measurement of noise; Noise indices; Effect of meteorological parameter on
noise propagation. Noise exposure level and Standard Impact on biota and inanimate objects. Noise
control and abatement measures. -13 hrs
Unit 3: Aquatic Pollution: Definition; Sources and classification of aquatic pollutants. Cause and consequences of pollution on surface, subsurface and marine water sources. Coastal water intrusion. Oil
leakage and industrial effluents. Water quality indices. Thermal pollution: Sources, causes and effects.
Preventive and Control measures. -14 hrs
Unit 4: Soil Pollution: Definition, sources and classification of soil pollutants and their impacts on
physico-chemical and biological properties of soil, plants, animals and man. Physico-chemical and
bacteriological analysis of different soil. Industrial waste effluents and heavy metals, their interactions
with soil components. Integrating of soil pollution control Measures-Physical, Chemical and biological etc.,. -14 hrs
Unit 5: Radioactive Pollution: Definition, Radioactivity, Radionuclide, Radiation emissions, sources,
Radioactive decay and buildup. Biological effects of radiation. Radiation exposure Standards. Radioactive
pollution impacts on ecosystem. Pollution control measures. Biological dosimetry. - 10 hrs
Practicals:
Based on Theory paper
Reference:
1. Nandini N, Sunitha N and Sucharita Tandon. (2007). Environmental Studies, Sapna Book House, Bangalore
2. Stern A.C. (1986). Air Pollution Vol.I-VIII, Academic Press.
3. Henry C. Perkins. (1974). Air Pollution, Mc Graw Hill.
4. William L. Donn. (1975). Meteorology 4th Ed., Mc Graw Hill.
5. Furry R, Baddel.R and Haurker L. (1985). Air Pollution and Lichens.
6. Mansfiels M.R. (1989). Effects of air pollutants on plants.
7. Lodge. (1994). Methods of air sampling and analysis.
8. Trivedy R.K and Goel P.K. (1995). An Introduction to air Pollution, Techno Science Publications Jaipur.
9. Kudesia V.P. (1993). Air Pollution, Pragati Prakashan, New Delhi.
10. Mishra P.C. (1989). Soil Pollution and Soil Organisms.
11. Goel P.K. (1997) Water Pollution-Causes, Effects & Control. Techno Science Pub., Jaipur.
12. Pratap Mowle P and Venkattasubbayya N. (1990). Air pollution and Control. Divyajyothi Prakashan,
Jodhpur.
13. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
16
OET 3.1 Solid Waste Management 64 Hrs
Preamble: This paper provides an overview of the basic concepts of solid wastes, their generation and hazards on
environment and living organisms. Students will learn Characteristics and collection system of different solid
wastes, their separation, processing, conversion and disposal methods. This throw lights on kinds of hazardous
wastes and their management.
Unit 1 -- Introduction: scope and concept of solid waste management; definitions, kinds of wastes and
their sources, characteristics and composition; solid wastes generated per capita- Global and National
scenario. Introduction to Solid Waste management. 12 Hrs
Unit 2 – Municipal solid wastes: Introduction and defination, solid wastes: generation, sources, collection,
Storage, segregation and transportation. Disposal methods-sanitary landfills and types, composting,
vermin-composting, aerobic and anaerobic digestion, incineration, types of incineration, pyrolysis. 13 Hrs
Unit 3– Industrial and Agricultural solid wastes: Introduction, characteristics, sources and classification;
collection, segregation, storage and transportation; Reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal methods. E-
wastes: definition, sources, segregation, recycling, reuse, storage and methods of disposal. Classification
of hazardous waste and handling of hazardous solid wastes. Radioactive wastes- sources, pollution, types
of radioactive waste and its control and management. 13 Hrs
Unit 4 - Biomedical wastes: Concept and scope of medical waste; Definition, sources, classification of
medical solid wastes; Mode of collection, segregation at source and transportation to disposal points;
awareness, education and training for generators and handlers of medical wastes; Advances in handling
disposal of biomedical waste and their disposal. 13 Hrs
Unit 5 – Solid Waste management – waste minimization program, typical material recovery facility
(TMRF) operation, Reuse and recycling of paper, glass, metals, plastic and rubber. Advanced techniques
for conversion of waste to wealth. Plastic waste status in India, effect of plastic wastes on environment,
management of plastic waste. Bring awareness in the public on generation and disposal of solid wastes
and 4R’s concept. 13 Hr
References
1. Botkin, D. and E. K. Future, 1995. Environmental Science – Earth as a living planet
2. Sindhu, P. S. 2004. Environmental chemistry. New Age Int. Publishers
3. Wright R. T. and B. J. Nebel. 2002. Environmental science – towards sustainable future. Prentice Hall
India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
4. Abbasi, S. A. and E. Ramasami, 1996. Biotechnological methods of pollution control.
5. Cunningham, W. P. and M. A. Cunningham, 2003. Principles of Environmental Science. Tata McGraw Hill
Publ. New Delhi
6. Trivedi, P. R. and G. Raj. 1992. Solid waste pollution. Akshadeep Publishing House, New Delhi
7. Bhoyar, R. V., S. K. Titus, A. D. Bluide and P. Kanna, 1996. Municipal and Industrial Soild waste
management in India. J. IAEM, 23: 53-64
8. Brumer, R. Calvin, 1993. Hazardous waste incineration, McGraw Hills, Singapore
9. Shah, K. L. 2000. Basics of solid and hazardous waste management technology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey
10. Pfeffers, J. T. 1992. Solid waste management engineering. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
11. Anonymous, 1973. Health hazardous of Human Environment, WHO
12. Reinhardt, P. A and J. G. Gordon, 1991. Infectious and medical Waste management, Lewis Publ. New York
13. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
17
FOURTH SEMESTER
HCT 4.1: Occupational Health and Environmental Impact Assessment 64 hrs
Preamble: It explains the students with the concepts of occupational health hazards and occupational diseases and
their prevention and control. This also enlightens the students on methodology, documentation and usefulness of
environmental impact assessment and to develop the skill to prepare environmental management plan. It provides
knowledge related to the various procedures for environmental impact assessment to predicting and managing
human health risks.
Unit 1: Occupational Environment and health: Concept and scope and history. Occupational hazards-
Physical, chemical and Biological hazards. Occupational diseases- Pneumoconiosis- silicosis,
Anthracosis, Byssinosis, Bagassosis, Astertosis, Farmers lung, Lead poisoning, Occupational cancer,
Occupational Dermatitis, Radiation hazards. -10 hrs
Unit -2 : Health Protection: Measures for health protections of workers, preservation of occupational
diseases medical measures, engineering measures Human health problems due to pollution, public health
programs, food poisoning- types of food poisoning prevention and control, indicators of health. -10 hrs
Unit 3: Occupational Health Management: Evaluation and control of occupational health hazards;
occupational health surveillance, Control programmes in the context of Indian Factories Act - case
studies. Epidemiology and Public health - Principles of Epidemiology, Epidemiology and control of
diseases caused by important microbes in water, air, milk and soil. Status of communicable diseases in
India. Administration of public health in India. -14 hrs
Unit 4: Environmental Impact Assessment: Definition, Basic Concepts and Principles of EIA. Nexus
between Development and Environment, Need for EIA, Elements of EIA, Environmental Attributes,
Nature of Impacts- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Short Term, Long Term, Reversible and Irreversible
Impacts. Overview of Impacts, Directly and Indirectly Measurable Impacts of Air, Noise, Water, Land,
Biological and Socio-Economic Elements. -14 hrs
Unit 5: EIA Procedures: Screening and Scoping in EIA, Methodologies of EIA, Checklist, Matrices,
Overlays, Cost Benefit Analysis, Computer Aided EIA, Battelle Environmental Evaluation System-
Impact Identification Networks, Strategies for Environmental Management Plan and Green Belt
Development Role of Mathematical Models in EIA. Environmental Appraisal of Project with Reference to
Industry, Mining and water. Resources projects-Critical Issues and Formulation of Strategies for EMP,
Environmental Impact Assessment, Methods, Benefits, Legislation of EIA in India and Modification. Role
of Statutory Agencies in EIA Clearance. -16 hrs
Activities: Visit to Pollution control board to study the role of PCR on EIA
Practicals:
Based on Theory paper
References
1. Anton, T. J. (1989). Occupational safety and health management (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
2. Blake, R. P. (1963). Industrial safety (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
3. Grimaldi, J. V., & Simonds, R. H. (1989). Safety management (5th ed.). Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
4. Kohn, J. P., et al. (1996). Fundamental of occupational safety and health. Rockville, MD: Government
Institutes, Inc.
5. Reese, C. D. (2001). Accident/incident prevention techniques. New York: Taylor & Francis, Inc.
6. Slote, L. (1987). Handbook of occupational safety and health. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
7. Watson J. 1997. Environmental Planning and Impact Assessment Practices, Addison Wisley, Longman
8. Barthhall, R. R. 2002. Environmental Impact Assessment, New Age Publ. New Delhi
9. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
18
HCT 4.2: Solid and Hazardous waste Management 64 hrs
Preamble: Every human activity ends up in the generation of unwanted waste product. This paper throws light on the
current scenario of solid and hazardous waste generation and problem in its handling and management. It also deals
with the different governmental policies that explain proper transportation, handling and disposal of solid and
hazardous waste to minimize its effect on environment. Also it provides knowledge on methods for conversion of
waste to wealth.
Unit 1: Solid Waste: Introduction- definition, types, sources, characteristics, and impact on environmental
health. Waste generation rates in world and in India. Handling of waste: collection, segregation at source
and transport of solid wastes. Methods for separation of reusable, recyclable and disposable Solid Wastes
and their processing. Recovery of the Bio Products, Public Health Aspect Related to Solid Waste, Status of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian cities. -14 hrs
Unit 2: Solid Waste Management: Introduction, 4R’s concept; preparation of fuel cakes, Thermo chemical
conversion includes incineration, pyrolysis and gasification. Conversion of organic solid waste into organic
manure by Composting, types of composting. Vermiculture and Biogas poduction for domestic fuel and
light. Disposable of waste by Landfill (Site Selection, Site Investigation and Site Characterization), types of
landfills. Landfill Planning and Designing, Construction and Operational Practices, Landfill Quality and
Control and Incineration. Indian Scenario and Legislative Control. -10 hrs
Unit 3: Hazardous Waste: Definition, Classification, Identification, Sources and Characteristics of
Hazardous Waste, Integrated Approach for Minimization of Air, Water and Solid Pollutants, Collection,
Storage, Transportation, Hazardous Waste Testing in Terms of Toxicity, Corrosively, Ignitability and
Reactivity; Priority Pollutants, Acute and Chronic Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity,
Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity. -12 hrs
Unit 4: Hazardous Waste Treatment: Physico-Chemical, Biological and Thermal Destruction of
Hazardous Wastes: Incineration, Pyrolysis, Wet Air Oxidation. Containment Technologies, Secured
Landfill, Land Farming, Bioremediation, Biodegradation of Recalcitrant, Xenobiotics Treatment. Guidelines for safe disposable of Hazardous Wastes at different places-institutions, industries, energy
producing sites, at accidents and during natural disasters. Leachate Management Waste Minimization,
Recycle and Reuse of Hazardous Waste, Recovery of Chemicals from Hazardous Wastes. -12 hrs
Unit 5: Hazardous and Bio-medical Waste management: collection and storage of hazards wastes.
Planning of Hazardous Waste disposable: Type of disposable methods deep underground storage ,deep well
injection, Incinerator and other latest methods. Contaminated Site Remediation- Ex-Situ and In-Situ
Approach, Landmark Episodes. Bio-medical Waste Management – Generation and Characterization, Types, quantity, segregation, treatment and disposal. Biomedical waste management in developed countries and in
India – legal aspects. E-waste, composition, sources. E-waste management in global & national scenario,
Recycling and disposal strategies. -16 hrs
Practicals:
Based on Theory paper
References
14. Botkin, D. and E. K. Future, 1995. Environmental Science – Earth as a living planet
15. Sindhu, P. S. 2004. Environmental chemistry. New Age Int. Publishers
16. Wright R. T. and B. J. Nebel. 2002. Environmental science – towards sustainable future. Prentice Hall India
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
17. Abbasi, S. A. and E. Ramasami, 1996. Biotechnological methods of pollution control.
18. Cunningham, W. P. and M. A. Cunningham, 2003. Principles of Environmental Science. Tata McGraw Hill
Publ. New Delhi
19. Trivedi, P. R. and G. Raj. 1992. Solid waste pollution. Akshadeep Publishing House, New Delhi
20. Bhoyar, R. V., S. K. Titus, A. D. Bluide and P. Kanna, 1996. Municipal and Industrial Soild waste management
in India. J. IAEM, 23: 53-64
21. Brumer, R. Calvin, 1993. Hazardous waste incineration, McGraw Hills, Singapore
22. Shah, K. L. 2000. Basics of solid and hazardous waste management technology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey
23. Pfeffers, J. T. 1992. Solid waste management engineering. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
24. Anonymous, 1973. Health hazardous of Human Environment, WHO
25. Reinhardt, P. A and J. G. Gordon, 1991. Infectious and medical Waste management, Lewis Publ. New York
26. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
19
SCT-4.1: Remote sensing and GIS 64 hrs
Preamble: This curriculum introduces the students to various computer-based and statistical methods used for study and
management of natural resources and the environment. The students are expected to learn about remote-sensing
techniques, physical principles, sampling, statistics and image-analysis methods.
Unit 1: Satellites and their characteristics – Geo-stationary and sun synchronous, Earth resource Satellites-
Indian Space programme. Basics of remote sensing: Definition, concepts and principle of energy interactions
with environmental components. Fundamental of aerial photographic systems; Principle: Types of aerial
cameras, aerial photos; ground coverage; radiometric characteristics, Interpretation principles and techniques
and Applications of aerial photos. -12 hrs
Unit 2: Sensors and Scanners- Profiles and geometry of scanners, different types of sensors, their
characteristics; Multispectral and thermal scanning. Thermal and Microwave sensing; basic concepts, profiles;
SAR, SLAR operations, characteristic of RADAR signals; earth surface characteristics influencing RADAR
returns interpretation of microwave data. -12 hrs
Unit 3: Digital image processing: Basic concepts and principles; image enhancement; edge enhancement;
band rationing classification-supervised and unsupervised classification. Smoothing and filtering techniques;
post classification smoothing classification accuracy enhancement; data merging; scale effects. -12 hrs
Unit 4: GIS - Definitions, Components, History and Development. Concept of space and spatial data: type,
characteristics, quality and sources of spatial data. Data input, verification, storage and output. Data stream,
Geo-referencing and Map scale. Spatial Data Models - Raster Data Model, Vector Data Model. Database:
Different formats for database. Hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented data models. Linking
spatial and nonspatial data. Spatial Data Analysis: Measurements, Queries, Overlay, Topology, Buffering.
TIN and DEM. Current issues and future GIS. -16 hrs
Unit-5: Application of Remote Sensing, GPS and GIS for Environmental Planning and Management: Vegetation cover, Agriculture, Surface and Ground water, Watershed, Marine resources, Coastal zones, Wild
life Ecology, Mining and Quarrying; Agriculture and range land application; earthquakes and flood mapping
assessment. -12 hrs
Prcticals:
Based on Theory paper
Reference :
1. Anji Reddy M. (2000). Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems: An Introduction. Book
Syndicate.
2. Robert G. Reeves (Ed). (1983), Manual of Remote Sensing, Johm Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Morris M. Thomson (Ed). (1988). Manual of Photography. Tata McGraw- Hill. Publishing Co.
4. Berry. S Siegal and Allen R.Gillspie. (1987). Remote Sensing in Geology, Tata McGraw-Hill. Publishing Co.
5. Miller J.C. (1986). Photography, John wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Smith J.T. (1991). Manual of colour Photography. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7. Leuderr D.R. (1993). Aerial Photography interpretation – Principles and Applications, McGraw – Hill.
8. Lillesand and Kiefer. (1993). Principles of Remote Sensing
9. Nag P and Kudrat M. (1998). Digital Remote Sensing. Concept Publishing Co., New Delhi.
10. Chouhan and Joshi K.N. (1996). Applied Remote Sensing and Photo interpretation.
11. Rajan M.S. (1991). Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Resources.
12. Narayana L.R.A (1999). Remote Sensing and its application University Press (India).
13. Lillesand T.M. (1987). Remote Sensing and Image interpretation. John Wiley, Hamburg.
14. Sabins F.F and Floyd F.J.R. (1978). Remote Sensing- Principles and interpretations.
15. Burroguh P.A and Mc Donnell R.A. (1988). Principles of Geographical Information system. Oxford Univ.Press.
16. Jorgevsen S.E. (1996). Applications of ecological modeling in environmental management. Elsevier Sci. Co.,
London.
17. Muralikrishna I.V. (2001). Spatial Information Technology- RS and GIS. Vol.I and II BS Publications,
Hyderabad.
18. Burrough P.A. (1986). Principles of GIS for Land Resource Assessment. Oxford University Press.
19. Elachi C. (1978). Introduction to Physics and Techniques of Remote sensing. John Wiley Publication New
York.
20. Santra S.C., Environmental Science, Central Book Agency Ltd., Kolkota
20
SCT-4.2: Disasters and Management 64 Hrs.
Preamble: This paper introduces the scientific knowledge among the students about various natural and man- made
disasters through the teaching of policies, programs, administrative actions and operations undertaken. This will train
them to cope with the different disaster management activities like preparedness, prevention and thereby to reduce or
avoid the human, physical and economic losses suffered by individuals, by the society, and by the country at large.
Unit-1: Basic concept of disaster- definition of hazard, vulnerability, risk, disaster; Causative factors of
disaster; Classification of disasters- Natural and Man Made. 12 Hrs.
Unit-2: Disaster Management: Definition of disaster management; components of disaster management cycle-
crisis management & risk management; Crisis management-quick response & relief, recovery, development;
Levels of disasters in India; Causes, perception, management of various natural disasters like flood, landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, coastal erosion, cyclones, volcanism, forest fire etc. 13 Hrs.
Unit-3: Risk management- Risk identification & risk reduction- preparedness, prevention and mitigation.
Important sectors in disaster management- health and medical care, communications, insurance, social work,
NGO’s, media, fire services, police and paramilitary services, armed forces etc. 13 Hrs.
Unit-4: Risk analysis and assessment: basic concept: Purpose of risk analysis; Analytical techniques; Tools of
risk assessment - Toxicology, epidemiology, exposure modeling, significance of risk, risk characterization,
communication and management; Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in disaster management. 13 Hrs.
Unit-5: Evaluation of likelihood of major accidents in industrial processes; assessing risk to ecosystem and human health from genetically modified organisms, waste water treatment and disposal, epidemiology, exposure modeling, assessing risk to human health from chemicals; Psychology of risks, the economic and evaluation of risks. 13 Hrs.
Practical
Based upon theory
References:
1. Jha and Kumar, M. 2010. Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters; Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation,
Springer.
2. Singh, K.K. &. Singh, A.K. 2010. Natural and manmade disasters: vulnerability, preparedness and mitigation,
Vol(1&2), M.D. publications. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.H. 1973. Environmental Geoscience – Interaction between natural systems and
man: -Santa Barbara, California, Hamilton Publishing.
4. Talwar, A.K. & Juneja, S. 2009. Flood Disaster Management, Commonwealth publishers, New Delhi.
5. Vaidya, K.S. 1987.Environmental Geology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers.
6. White, G.F. (ed.) Natural hazards – local, national, global: Oxford University Press.
7. Natural Hazards Risk Assessment and Public Policy- Anticipating the unexpected by Ptaic, W. 1. and Allission,
A. A., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982.
8. Environmental Risk and Hazards by Cuttler, S. L., Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1994.
9. Natural Disasters - A Guide for relief workers by JAC Adhyatma Sadhana Kendra, Mebrauli, New Delhi, 1980.
10. Disaster Planning: The preservation of life and property by Harold D. Foster, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1980.
11. Disaster Management by Shailendra K. Singh, Subhash C. Kundu, and Shobu Singh, Mittal Publications, New
Delhi, 1998.
12. India's Disasters Report: Towards a policy initiative by Parasuraman, S. and Unnikrishnan, P. V., Oxford
University, Press, 2000.
13. Disaster Management by Indu Prakash, Rashtra Prahari Prakashan, 750, Rajendra Nagar, Sector 2, Shaibabad,
Gaziabad, 1994.
21
Scheme of Examination
I/II/III/IV Semester M. Sc. Examination, ……..MONTH ….…YEAR
(Scheme CBCS)
Environmental Science
Paper title
Duration: 3 Hrs Max Marks: 80
Instruction: Answer both Sections. Section- A is compulsory and Any four from the Section-B
SECTION – A
Q. 1. Answer any TEN of the following. 10 X 2 = 20
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
SECTION – B (Answer any four from the Following)
Q.2 :
a. 08
b. 07
Q.3 :
a. 05
b. 05
c. 05
Q.4 :
a. 08
b. 07
Q.5 :
a. 05
b. 05
c. 05
Q.6 :
a. 08
b. 07
22
Scheme of Examination Practicals
Duration: 3 Hrs Max. Marks: 40
Q.1. Conduct the given Major Experiment; Write Aim, Principle, Procedure and Tabulation, calculations
and results. 08
Q.2. Conduct the given Minor Experiment; Write Aim, Principle, Procedure and Tabulation, calculations
and results 07
Q.3. Identify and give critical comments on (Specimens / Spotter): 5 X 3= 15
A.
B. C.
D.
E.
Q.4. Viva-Voce 05
Q.5. Class records 05