“EARTHQUAKE IN GUJARAT”26th January, 2001

Hazard Vulnerability of India Indian subcontinent : among the world’s most disaster prone areas

Population : more than 10,00,000,000peoples

•54% of Land Vulnerable to Earthquake

•21% of land Vulnerable to Drought

•8% of Land vulnerable to Cyclones

•5% of Land vulnerable to Floods

Earthquakes•12%of Land is liable to very severe earthquake (MSK IX or more)

•18 % of Land liable to severe earthquake (MSKVIII)

•25% of Land liable to damageable earthquake (MSK VII)

Biggest quakes in:Andamans, Kuchchh, himachal, Kashmir, North Bihar, and North East)

Earthquake hazard zoning of IndiaZone 5 (very High damage risk zone MSK IX or more) Kashmir and Western Himalayas).Central Himalayas

region North-East Indian region Cambey and Rann of Kutch .

Zone 4 (High damage risk zone MSK VIII) .Indo-Gangetic basin and Rajasthan region

(Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi parts of U.P. plain, Bihar and Bengal)

Zone 3 (Moderate damage risk zone MSK VII)

. Andaman - Nicobar Ireland Kashmir and Western Himalayas (It's including the J& K, Himachal Pradesh, and the parts of Punjab)

Zone 2 (Low damage risk zone MSK VI) Southern region(Tamil Nadu and their adjoining

area

Zone 1 (Very Low damage risk zone MSK V or low) Peninsular India including the Iceland of

Lakshdweep

Gujarat EarthquakeDate of Occurrence :26th January 2001

Time : 8:46 A.M.

Magnitude : 6.9 on the Richter Scale

(7.7 as per US Geological Survey)

Epicenter : 23.60 North Latitude and 69.80

East Longitude

20 Kms North East of Bhuj,

110 kms North-East of Jamnagar

Shock felt Upto Nepal in East, Chennai in South and J&K in North

One of the worst to have occurred in the country during the last 180 years for which seismological records available.

Epicenter and affected district of Gujarat

epicenter

HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKES IN KUTCH REGIONKutch region falls in seismic zone VMax. Intensity Earthquake in 1819 (8.0 intensity on Richter scale)

Causes -Major active faults- (Katrol, kutch, bumni & Allale- Bund)

Sl. No. Year Area Affected Intensity

1 1668 Sindhu Delta 7.6

2 1819 Great Runn of Kutch 8.03 1845 Lakhpat 6.0

4 1903 Great Runn of Kutch 6.05 1904 Great Runn of Kutch 5.8-6.0

6 1956 Anjar 7.0

DAMAGES AT A GLANCE

CASUALITIES DEATHS Ahmedabad 752 Anand 1 Banaskantha 32 Bharuch 9 Gandhinagr 8 Jamnagar 119 Junagrh 8

DISTRICT DEATHS•Kutch 18,498•Navsari 17•Patan 38•Porbandar 10•Rajkot 433•Surat 46•Surendranagar 110•vadodara 1Total Causalities 20,086

Seriously Injured 20717

Damages of the Quake at a GlanceArea

No of affected District : 21

Severely affected districts : 6(Kutch, Patan, Ahmedabad, Jamnagr, Rajkot, Surendranagar)

No of Towns affected :18

no. Of Talukas affected :182

Highly affected Talukas :17( Bhuj, Rapar, Bhachau, Anjar, Gandhidham & Mundra in Kutch district; Morbi,

maliya- Miyana, Wankner in Rajkot; Jodiya in Jamnagar; Santalpur & Sami in Patan; Halvad, Dhangadhara and Dasada in

Surendranagar; Daskori and Ahmedabad City in Ahmedaad District)

No of villages affected :7904

Population

Population affected :15.8 Million

Human Lives Killed :20086

Persons Injured :166836

Seriously Injured :20177

Housing

Total Houses Damaged :1.2 MillionPucca Houses Destroyed :159960Pucca Houses Damaged :399346Kachcha Houses Destroyed :148339Kachcha Houses Damaged :295061Huts Destroyed :13889Huts Damaged :31395

Infrastructure Damages

Telecommunication :

47 exchanges of Kutch 25 exchange of Rajkot 4 exchange of Jamnagar 3 exchange of Surendranagar

Power

45 Substation of Kutch 255 feeders affected 9 towns and 925 villages blacked out

Water Supply• Disrupted in 10 towns of Kutch

•8 towns of Rajkot, Jamnagar, Ahmedabad,

Surendranagar

Roads and railway links

Surajbari bridge linking Kutch district to Rajkot damaged.

Railway tracks between Dhrangardhra and Nalia (330 Kms.) seriously damaged

Palanpur -Samakhiyali (210kms.)affected Hapa-okha line damaged

10.000 small and medium Industrial units went out of production.

Handicraft in Kutch suffered enormously 50,000 artisans lost their livelihood Severe losses for tiles and ceramic units

Education• 1500 Schools destroyed

Industry

* Large Scale mobilization of manpower, equipment, earthquake machinery* Relief operation involved 1152 JCBs/ Cranes, 543 Bulldozers, 2853 Dumpers/ Trucks, 901 Gas cutters, 2104 Technical persons, 6213 non- technical persons, 13353 Labourers* 763 specialist Doctors, 1834 Medical Officers, 2500 Para-medical Staff* 1.66 lakh injured persons treated * Free Kitchen kit distributed (50 kg Wheat/ Flour , 3kg Rice, one litre edibleoil, potato and onion etc.)* 6 lakh blankets, 2.50 lakh tents/ shelter material distributed.* Cash doles Rs. 1250/- per family (for household kit) * Rs. 250/- per family per month

EMERGENCY RESCUE & RELIEF OPERATION (STATE GOVERNMENT)

IMMEDIATE RELIEF OPERATION (BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA)

Additional Central Relief Commissioner led a Team of 22 Doctors, with life saving drug, satellites phone , IMD equipment etc. to make an on the spot appraisal of the situation and response.

P. M. announced ad-hoc grant of Rs. 500 crore - Rs. 330 crore subsequently from NCCF.

23,500 Army troups and 3000 paramilitary forces,48 aircrafts and 3 ships deployed.

Satellite phone, HAM Radio , Mobile Phone pressed into service.

Telecom and Railway Services restored by first week of February.

Civil Aviation arranged free transport in-side and out side the country.

Issue of 15 days visa for foreign teams

Relaxation of Over Draft Regulation Scheme.

Allocation of 1 lakh tone food grains and release of 10 thousand M.T. sugar.

Allotment of adequate quantity of diesel and kerosene

Provide 19 DG sets to Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB)

Powergrid/ NTPC Assisted GEB in repairing electricity / installations

PFC and REC sanctioned Rs. 200 crore loan for repair.

In addition various central ministries extended financial and other assistance from ongoing programmes / schemes.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT RESPONSE

Search and Rescue:

If life saving activities are to be successful, there is need for a first responder, police, emergency medical systems, the need for a well trained, properly equipped, well coordinated and rapid search and rescue capability.

To locate and rescue the trapped victims in structures are complicated, dangerous, time & labour intensive, which require special skills and equipment.

In addition to the huge cost and time-consuming exercise of debris clearance its disposal posed a major challenge.

Response Issues

• In addition, the time is also a critical factor in disaster-related injuries and victim survival rates. Post earthquake studies have demonstrated that the first 24 hours following the event represents the golden window of time in which survival rates is higher.The correlation between positive victim survival rates and the rapidity at which the victim is located and rescued underscores the need for a sophisticated urgent search and rescue capability.

• A rapid response with a resource that can size up structures and form a plan for search and rescue operations which

includes coordinated building triangle, victim location determination, prioritization, rescue, extrication and treatment is essential.

Relief Issues

From the recent experiences, though civil administration remains an integral part in post disaster response action, the armed forces are still leading in this area. This recurring trend proves the point that the Civil Disaster Management System (DMS) is not really effective, despite a repetitive history of natural disasters. Secondly the efficiency of the civil DMS is also a handicap. There is a temptation on the part of the state governments to requisition of armed forces even before using their own resources or to cover contingencies. Therefore it is essential that the Disaster Management plan to be so structured and calibrated that the armed forces are requisitioned only when the scale of disasters is beyond the resources and capabilities of the civil administration.

•Secondly the efficiency and coordination of the response actions of the civil administration has been hampered due to lack of specialized human resource and state of the art equipment and machinery.

•Thirdly, the lack of automatic activation of the Disaster Management system is the main handicap of the civil administration.

Rehabilitation Issues

The earthquake brought in its wake untold destruction - loss of life and property,

fragmentation and decimation of families. It has left thousands seriously injured, bruised and handicapped-both physically and psychologically. It caused terror in the minds of so many people who were experiencing this for the first time. Many people had trauma, failed kidneys, heart disease and other response associated with the quake. Therefore concerted efforts is required for long-term rehabilitation of those that have suffered permanent injury of serious nature and in mental trauma. The economic rehabilitation of the families, who have

lost their earning members, needs special attention.

•Temporary shelters should be provided on a priority basis to those who have been rendered homeless as the rebuilding and reconstruction process would take long time. The arrangement should be made for their suitable relocation.

• During reconstruction, focus should be given on earthquake resistant housing. The objectives of resettlement objectives should be to ensure socially, culturally and economically self-sustaining communities in an environment, which include appropriate housing, and civic amenities and address issues in relation to essential infrastructure.

•The small-scale industry sector has suffered serious damage in the affected districts. Many artisans have suffered damage to their work-sheds and houses.

•The priority should be given on rehabilitating this sector as it employs large number of rural populace. In addition, efforts should be made to market the products of this sector in order to continue the production and creation of job opportunity.

• The impact o the quake was so severe that the lifeline infrastructure has suffered massive damage. Therefore, disaster resistant designs and constructions must be promoted so that it can withstand future disasters.

•Industrial buildings in Kandla Free Trade Zone have been damaged. The salt industry has suffered set back. Greater significance is the loss due to stoppage of production. The Plant Operating Efficiency is seriously dented due to migration of the labour. Therefore, rehabilitation of industrial sector needs careful attention. Otherwise it will have a serious economic impact not only o the local people but also will effect export business. •Animal husbandry is also an important economic activity in the affected area. Therefore, it is required to sustain this infrastructure and ensure health of the animal population doesn’t deteriorate.

Information and Communication Issues

One of the main reasons for slow response after the quake was lack of credible information from the affected areas.

The initial information about the region, including its demographic, geographic and economic data is already available. But the little information that had been compiled in a GIS format of the Kutch region was not available in the state government for planning. Gujarat earthquake has thrown tremendous challenges to the information systems community of this country.

While damage due to such disasters can only be reduced by implementing structural and non structural measures, the response mechanism following a disaster can be made more effective by taking assistance of GIS based tools. It is therefore that a suitable database and tools be developed for different regions of the country. The database will require constant updating

Scientific, Engineering and Technical Issues:

In India, most of the fundamental data sets required for hazard mapping are available, but at low resolutions. Also these data sets are held by different agencies and rarely if ever disseminated even within their organization, much less to the pubic at large.

. The government could have focused its efforts on educating the population on how to react and respond during an earthquake. Builders may have been more careful about adhering to the building code and inspections and approvals of plans may have been slightly more stringent

SWOT ANALYSIS

Relief

Strength :Good community response in search and Rescue of the

peoples.

:Good Administrative framework of the state

:Volunteer Response from all over the world

Weakness

: Lack of technical Knowledge of the Instrument, equipments, trained people etc.

: Lack of Training in rescue operations

: Lack of professionals and Trained people

: Building Constructed by ignoring the Building Bylaws (Such as F.S.I., Height and seismicity of place)

Opportunities

: Options for Rehabilitation of the victims in earthquake resistant houses

: Private sector involvement

: Community Participation's

: Professionals Participation

: Knowledge based Disaster Preparedness programme by involvement of various National and International NGOs

Threats

: Casual approach

: Overconfidence “We will see when it happens”

: Lack of pro-active approach

Rehabilitation Activity:

Strength :Assistance received from International and National level and other Donor agencies

:Govt. Land available for the rehabilitation Programme

: Rehabilitation Packages implemented with the involvement of

local Community

Weakness

: Lack of technical Knowledge of Earthquake resistant Technology

: Lack of Fund to the State.

: Conflict in selecting the Land for Rehabilitation of the Site.

: Lack of Knowledge of the seismicity of the place

: No improvement of Existing Building Bylaws for the multistoried building

Opportunity

: New Opportunity for the private and public partnership in rehabilitation of the Gujarat.

: Testing opportunity for the new techniques of the earthquake resistant construction technology.

: Community Participation

: Training to Community towards

* Awareness of disaster * preparedness.

*Rescue Operation *Relief Activity

*Rehabilitation processes.

Threats

: Poor environment for enforcement of building laws and regulations

:Nexus between govt., private builders combined with lack of public awareness and education

Lessons learnt There are several active fault systems in Kutch region. In

order to build an effective decision support system there is a need for Damage assessment/ damage estimation tool for emergency operation centers, Preparation of multi hazard micro-zoning maps, emergency and backup communication system

It has been observed that in spite of a large part of Gujarat and most of Kutch belonging to zone V of the seismic map, there has been no attempt to build a proper decision support system for providing effective government actions after earthquake.

•This quake provided numerous examples of geo-technical and structural failures. These include collapse of modern RCC frame buildings and damage to earthen dams, bridges and other industrial facilities. So detail studies are required to investigate in to the exact cause of failures.

•Looking at the complexity of the incident Management coupled with the growing need for multi- agency and multifunctional involvement on incidents has increased the need for a single standard incident management system that can be used by all emergency response disciplines.

Leassons learnt ----contd-

Gujarat earthquake has happened, where we are now is window of opportunity to learn from this disaster and to work to never let it happen. There is need to launch a National Earthquake Mitigation Program that should incorporate the following components:

A Program for retrofitting of buildings with a process of finance and demonstration.Enforcement of land use restrictions.Formulation of Building codes for different seismic zones and their implementation on a priority basis.Strengthening of the search and Rescue capability in the country.

Leassons learnt ----contd-

Leassons learnt ----contd-

Recognizing the fact that hazard mitigation pays high social and economic dividends. Therefore, measures must be seen as investment and not a luxury that may or may not be affordable. Development models must have in-built components of disaster reduction, mitigation and preparedness

•Disaster Insurance.

•Community Awareness and Education.

•Earthquake Museum.

•Community Disaster learning Centre.

•Disaster learning Course in Schools.

•National and State Training facilities for Council of Social Science Research.

Leassons learnt ----contd-

-----Thank you-----