guidlines for ethical research aiatsis australia

8/13/2019 Guidlines for Ethical Research AIATSIS Australia

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Guidelines for EthicalResearch in AustralianIndigenous Studies

2012

Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies, AIATSIS 2012


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First published in 2002by Au stralian Ins tute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

Second edi on published in 2010 by Au stralian Ins tute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

Revised second edi on 2012by Au stralian Ins tute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

Published by the Australian Ins tute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander StudiesGPO Box 553Canberra ACT 2601Tel: (02) 6246 1111Fax: (02) 6261 4285

www.aiatsis.gov.au

Australian Ins tute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies 2012

ISBN 9780987135360

This work is copyright. Apart from any use permi ed under the Copyright Act 1968, nopart may be reproduced by any process without wri en permission from the AustralianIns tute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.

The Ins tute logo is taken from a Gu:na:ni (Kunjen) shield from the Mitchell Riverregion, Gulf of Carpentaria. The shield was purchased by Ursula McConnel in the early

1930s on behalf of the Australian Na onal Research Council and is now part of theAIATSIS collec on.

Cataloguing-in-Publica on details are available from the Na onal Library of Australiawww.trove.nla.gov.au


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AIATSIS | Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies

ContentsIntroduc on 1

Principles of ethical research 1

Principle 1: Recogni on of the diversity and uniqueness of peoples, as well as ofindividuals, is essen al. 2

Principle 2: The rights of Indigenous peoples to self-determina on mustbe recognised. 3

Principle 3: The rights of Indigenous peoples to their intangible heritage must berecognised. 3

Principle 4: Rights in the tradi onal knowledge and tradi onal cultural expressionsof Indigenous peoples must be respected, protected and maintained. 4

Principle 5: Indigenous knowledge, prac ces and innova ons must be respected,protected and maintained. 5

Principle 6: Consulta on, nego a on and free, prior and informed consent are thefounda ons for research with or about Indigenous peoples. 6

Principle 7: Responsibility for consulta on and nego a on is ongoing. 7

Principle 8: Consulta on and nego a on should achieve mutual understanding

about the proposed research. 8

Principle 9: Nego a on should result in a formal agreement for the conduct of aresearch project. 9

Principle 10: Indigenous people have the right to full par cipa on appropriate totheir skills and experiences in research projects and processes. 11

Principle 11: Indigenous people involved in research, or who may be a ected byresearch, should bene t from, and not be disadvantaged by, the research project. 11

Principle 12: Research outcomes should include speci c results that respond to the

needs and interests of Indigenous people. 12Principle 13: Plans should be agreed for managing use of, and access to, researchresults. 13

Principle 14: Research projects should include appropriate mechanisms andprocedures for repor ng on ethical aspects of the research and complying withthese guidelines. 14

References 16


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Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies | AIATSIS


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AIATSIS | Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies | 1

Introduc onIndigenous peoples have inherent rights, including the right to self-determina on. Theprinciples in these Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies arefounded on respect for their rights. These include rights to full and fair par cipa on in anyprocesses, projects and ac vi es that impact on them, and the right to control and maintaintheir culture and heritage. AIATSIS considers that these principles are not only a ma er ofethical research prac ce but of human rights.

It is essen al that Indigenous people are full par cipants in research projects that concernthem, share an understanding of the aims and methods of the research, and share theresults of this work. At every stage, research with and about Indigenous peoples must befounded on a process of meaningful engagement and reciprocity between the researcherand Indigenous people. It should also be recognised that there is no sharp dis nc onbetween researchers and Indigenous people. Indigenous people are also researchers, and allpar cipants must be regarded as equal par cipants in a research engagement.

This new edi on of the Guidelines embodies the best standards of ethical research andhuman rights. The guidelines have been revised to re ect developments in cri cal areasthat have emerged since the previous edi on in 2000. These include changes to intellectualproperty laws, and rights in tradi onal knowledge and tradi onal cultural expressions, andthe establishment of agreements and protocols between Indigenous people and researchers.These guidelines also take into account emerging developments in digi sa on, and data andinforma on management, and the very signi cant impacts this has on research and otheraspects of Indigenous studies.

These guidelines are primarily intended for research sponsored by AIATSIS. However, AIATSISrecognises that it has responsibility as a leading ins tu on in Australian Indigenous studiesand that its ethics guidelines inform all research in this area.

Principles of ethical researchThe Guidelines comprise 14 principles grouped under the broad categories of rights,respect and recogni on; nego a on, consulta on, agreement and mutual understanding;par cipa on, collabora on and partnership; bene ts, outcomes and giving back; managingresearch: use, storage and access; and repor ng and compliance.


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2 | Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies | AIATSIS

Rights, respect and recogni on

Principle 1: Recogni on of the diversity and uniquenessof peoples, as well as of individuals, is essen al.Research in Indigenous studies must recognise the diversity of Indigenous peoples, includingtheir di erent languages, cultures, histories and perspec ves.

It is also important to recognise the diversity of individuals and groups within communi es.

Applying the principle

Recognise the diversity of individual Indigenous groups and communi es and theimplica ons in planning, carrying out and repor ng their research.

Recognise that Indigenous individuals or communi es may have more pressing priori es,that may impinge on the research me frames.

When extrapola ng from research, do not generalise from understandings of one Indigenouscommunity to others or to all Indigenous peoples.

Do not apply stereotypes to communi es and individuals.

Iden fy diversity within a community; for example, on the basis of gender, age, religion,family grouping and community interest.

Do not presume that the view of one group represents the collec ve view of the community.

Di eren ate between individual, group and / or collec ve rights, responsibili es andownership.

Undertake research only if it does not con ict with individuals rights, wishes or freedom.

Respect individuals rights to par cipate in research and in the disposal of research material.

Principle 2: The rights of Indigenous peoples to self-

determina on must be recognised.Research projects must be conducted in accordance with the United Na ons Declara onon the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , including principles of Indigenous peoples rights toself-determina on and to full par cipa on (appropriate to their skills and experience) indevelopments that impact on their lives.


Understand the meaning of self-determina on in rela on to Indigenous peoples and theirrights to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, including their

tradi onal knowledge, tradi onal cultural expressions and intellectual property.


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Ar cle 3 of the Declara on on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states, Indigenous peopleshave the right to self-determina on. By virtue of that right they freely determine their

poli cal status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development (UN 2007).

Principle 3: The rights of Indigenous peoples to theirintangible heritage must be recognised.Research projects should be conducted in accordance with the principle of Indigenouspeoples rights to maintain, control, protect and develop their intangible heritage, includingtheir cultural heritage, tradi onal knowledge, tradi onal cultural expressions and intellectualproperty.


Understand intangible heritage in terms of Indigenous peoples de ni ons and perspec ves.

Ar cle 31 of the Declara on on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states:

Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop theircultural heritage, tradi onal knowledge and tradi onal cultural expressions, aswell as the manifesta ons of their sciences, technologies and cultures, includinghuman and gene c resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the proper es offauna and ora, oral tradi ons, literatures, designs, sports and tradi onal games

and visual and performing arts (UN 2007).Understand the relevant laws and policies for the protec on and maintenance of Indigenousintangible heritage, and interna onal standards such as The Protec on of Tradi onal CulturalExpressions/Expressions of Folklore: Revised objec ves and principles (WIPO 2006a) and TheProtec on of Tradi onal Knowledge: Revised objec ves and principles (WIPO 2006b), as wellas the UNESCO (2003) Conven on for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Principle 4: Rights in the tradi onal knowledge and

tradi onal cultural expressions of Indigenous peoplesmust be respected, protected and maintained.Indigenous tradi onal knowledge and tradi onal cultural expressions are part of the heritagethat exists in the cultural prac ces, resources and knowledge systems of Indigenous peoples,and that are passed on by them in expressing their cultural iden ty.

To respect, protect and maintain these rights, researchers must have a good understandingof the nature of Indigenous tradi onal knowledge systems, tradi onal cultural expressionsand intellectual property.


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Rights in Indigenous tradi onal knowledge and cultural expressions are imperfectly re ectedin Australian law, but must be respected. Ensure that all par cipants in research projects areaware of the inclusive nature of Indigenous tradi onal knowledge and cultural expressions aswell as intellectual property.

It is a fundamental principle of research to acknowledge the sources of informa on andthose who have contributed to the research. If Indigenous knowledge contributes tointellectual property, recognise the contribu on, where appropriate, by transferring orsharing intellectual property and any bene ts that result from the research.

Ensure familiarity with laws, administra ve arrangements and other developments relevant

to Indigenous tradi onal knowledge and cultural expressions as well as intellectual propertyrights. Include a en on to actual and/or poten al implica ons of digi sa on on researchprocesses and outputs.

Discuss co-ownership of intellectual property, including co-authorship of published andrecorded works and performances, shared copyright, future management of the resourcescollected, and proper a ribu on and no ces.

Give Indigenous contributors the opportunity to share in any intellectual property rights thatvest in the researcher: it is the researchers responsibility to nego ate with any ins tu on(for example, a university) that has contractually transferred their intellectual property rights.

Agree in wri ng on the sharing of intellectual property rights and moral rights between theresearcher and individual contributors, and a community representa ve organisa on, ifapplicable.

In the design of a research project, recognise and acknowledge con nuing Indigenousownership of the tradi onal knowledge, tradi onal cultural expressions and intellectualproperty rights in the materials on which the research is based, and protect the privacy,integrity and wellbeing of par cipants.

Include all possible measures in research projects to ensure protec on of Indigenouspeoples communal rights in cultural expressions, designs, and knowledge and performances,as these (or aspects of these) may be produced or included in such projects.

In any publica on, acknowledge informa on obtained from Indigenous peoples.

Indigenous tradi onal knowledge and cultural expressions are not sta c and extend to thingsthat may be created based on that heritage. Be aware of copyright laws regarding moralrights and a ribu on and the various forms of protec on for di erent research products,including performances and other elements of Indigenous cultural expressions. Wherenecessary seek appropriate expert advice on intellectual property issues.

Be aware of current laws and standards, both interna onally and in Australia, that relate to

speci c areas of research (for example, biology, gene cs, ethnobotany).


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Base research projects on an understanding, in equal terms, of Indigenous peoplesperspec ves and de ni ons of Indigenous tradi onal knowledge, cultural expressions and

intellectual property, and on current non-Indigenous approaches to understanding them.

Principle 5: Indigenous knowledge, prac ces andinnova ons must be respected, protected andmaintained.Acknowledging and respec ng Indigenous knowledge, prac ces and innova ons is notonly a ma er of courtesy but also recogni on that such knowledge can make a signi cant

contribu on to the research process.Once Indigenous knowledge is recorded, it becomes property as de ned under Westernlaws and concepts. It is therefore essen al that the rights and interests of Indigenous people,whose knowledge it is, are recognised and protected throughout the project, and in regard toresearch products and outcomes a er the life of the project.


Recognise and protect Indigenous knowledge in accordance with Indigenous peoplesperspec ves, protocols and cultural values.

Take steps to ensure awareness of the scope of the subject ma er of Indigenous knowledgein relevant standards such as T he Protec on of Tradi onal Knowledge: Revised objec ves and

principles.

Respect the rights of Indigenous peoples in rela on to their knowledge, ideas, culturalexpressions and materials, and their rights to maintain secrecy of Indigenous knowledge andprac ces.

Show or distribute restricted material only with express permission from those who providedor are responsible for it. Consider the impact of disclosure on the wider cultural sourcegroup, and whether wider consulta on is required prior to disclosure. This is par cularly

relevant where rst disclosures and publica ons are likely.Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have dis nc ve languages, customs, spirituality,perspec ves and understandings that derive from their cultures and histories. Researchthat has Indigenous experience as its subject ma er must re ect those perspec ves andunderstandings.

Incorporate relevant Indigenous knowledge, learning and research processes into all stagesof research, including project design and methodology.


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In introduc ons to individuals and communi es, clearly iden fy the researchers and anyother par cipants, any ins tu onal a lia ons and key stakeholders, and sources of nancial

support.Clarify objec ves from the outset, but maintain exibility and a willingness to modify goalsand ways of working.

Agree about the involvement of individuals in the interpreta on of the results and theprepara on of any publica ons (including whether they should be co-authors).

Agree about iden ca on or otherwise of individuals involved in the research, and whetherthose who take part in research should be acknowledged in any publica on.

Principle 7: Responsibility for consulta on andnego a on is ongoing.Consulta on and nego a on is a con nuous two-way process. Ongoing consulta on isnecessary to ensure free, prior and informed consent for the proposed research, and tomaintain that consent.

Community representa ves, individual par cipants including Tradi onal Owners, and thewider Indigenous community may need me to consider a proposed research project and todiscuss its implica ons, both before it begins and at various stages of the project. Research

projects should be staged to allow con nuing opportuni es for considera on of the researchby the community.


Phase research according to community as well as research needs.

Hold preliminary mee ngs to discuss the proposed research and reach agreements.

If necessary, reformulate the outline of the research proposal and provide new materialsgenerated from the discussions to the community for review.

Ensure that all poten ally interested individuals are present at preliminary mee ngs and/or

are informed of the scope of the proposed research.Explain research methods and processes to individuals, and at community mee ngs whereappropriate, and reach agreement on their cultural appropriateness.

Rights to record and/or lm require clearance from par cipa ng interviewees/subjects.Nego ate agreement in rela on to the rights and responsibili es in ownership of, and accessto, recordings of Indigenous performances and ac vi es, especially where those recordingsare likely to be distributed and shared in ways such as digital audio and visual methods, DVDand the Internet.

Report during the project in accordance with any agreement.

If necessary, consult further about unforeseen ma ers that might a ect the researchprocess.


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Be willing to renego ate objec ves in light of new factors and considera ons and to modifythe scope, aims and methods of the proposed research.

Allow me in the research project for con nual review, feedback and discussion.

Ensure that Indigenous people have the right to decline or withdraw their involvementin a research project at any stage. Agree what will happen to material provided to theresearchers, where the person who provided that material withdraws from the project.

Make provision for a nal mee ng to consider the results of the research. Furtherconsulta on may also be required about details of reports and any publica ons.

Obtain (do not assume) invita ons to visit the community for the me necessary to conductthe research and to report upon results.

Principle 8: Consulta on and nego a on shouldachieve mutual understanding about the proposedresearch.Consulta on involves an honest exchange of informa on about aims, methods and poten aloutcomes (for all par es). Consulta on is not merely an opportunity for researchers to tellthe community what they, the researchers, may want.

Being properly and fully informed about the aims and methods of a research project, andits implica ons and poten al outcomes, allows Indigenous people to decide for themselveswhether to oppose or embrace the project.


Iden fy appropriate Indigenous communi es and individuals to consult before discussingresearch aims, methods and outcomes.

Clearly de ne and explain the purpose and nature of the study, who is carrying it out andfunding it, the objec ves of the research, and the likely impacts and consequences of thestudy, including produc on of research outputs, publica on and commercialisa on.

Explain methods of collec ng informa on clearly and comprehensively, including how andwhere the informa on is to be kept.

Reach agreement on how the research should proceed, including processes and ming forinforming representa ves of the community of the progress of the research and repor ngany interim results.

To conduct research appropriately and sensi vely, discuss relevant cultural and poli calcircumstances.

Be clear about the community or individual par cipa on sought and what it may entail.

Provide an honest assessment of the risks or poten al adverse impacts of the research.


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Develop strategies to handle disputes that may arise. These may include media on and otherapproaches where, for example, par cipants withdraw from a project, or the nature of the

project changes a er commencement.Provide any environmental and social/cultural impact assessment studies and their outcomesas they impact on the research.

Provide examples of other research done by the people/groups seeking access, and discusshow the projects went and any problems that were encountered and how they wereaddressed.

Explain, but do not overstate, the poten al bene ts of the study.

Explain the poten al usefulness of the research to Indigenous peoples in general.

Provide su cient me for discussion and considera on of proposals.

Where a research project will result in joint authorship of a publica on (where thecontribu on is signi cant), nego ate for shared copyright if appropriate.

Principle 9: Nego a on should result in a formalagreement for the conduct of a research project.The aim of the nego a on process is to come to a clear understanding that results in aformal, nego ated agreement (preferably wri en) about research inten ons, methods andpoten al results.

Good faith nego a ons involve a full and frank disclosure of all available informa on and areentered into with an honest view to reaching an agreement. In designing and commencinga research project, all par cipants should nego ate and reach agreement on a process formanaging the Indigenous tradi onal knowledge and intellectual property that exists priorto commencement, how this relates to all those components of Indigenous tradi onalknowledge, cultural expression and intellectual property that result from the research andthroughout the project, and the poten al implica ons for all these components in researchproducts and outcomes.

To protect the community and the researcher, and to clarify the understandings thathave been reached, a wri en agreement (a protocol, memorandum of understanding orcontract), where prac cal, should be the end result of the consulta on and nego a on. Suchagreements may have legal implica ons.


Get a le er of support for the research project.

Iden fy who should enter into the agreement, and on whose behalf the agreement is made.

Base the agreement on good faith nego a ons and free, prior and informed consent.

Consider whether independent legal advice is required.


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Consider any permits or permissions that may be required from Indigenous organisa onsand from state, territory or local authori es.

Determine the informa on to be included in the agreement, based on discussions andnego a ons; the agreement should re ect the mutually agreed aims, processes andoutcomes, community par cipa on and collabora on.

In the agreement:

provide a detailed and clear descrip on of the ownership and licensing of intellectualproperty rights;

include the joint ownership or alloca on of the results of the project;

where possible, take into account the research needs of the local Indigenous people

and the appropriate Tradi onal Owners;

recognise that an individual or a community has the right to withdraw from aresearch project;

include processes for resolving con ict, such as media on by an outside party;

refer to speci c Indigenous community protocols and ensure that these are respectedand upheld; and

include nego ated arrangements for bene ts to be made to Indigenous people.

Par cipa on, collabora on and partnership

Principle 10: Indigenous people have the right to fullpar cipa on appropriate to their skills and experiencesin research projects and processes.Research projects should be based on an awareness of the rights of Indigenous peoples to

full par cipa on in decision making in ma ers that a ect their rights.Research on Indigenous issues should incorporate Indigenous perspec ves. This is o enmost e ec vely achieved by facilita ng direct involvement in the research from the start of aproject.

If a par cipant withdraws, then he or she should agree what should be done with thecontribu ons made to the research project up to the date of the withdrawal.


Indigenous communi es and individuals have a right to be involved in any research projectfocused upon them and their culture. Apply the relevant provisions in the United Na onsDeclara on on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (see Ar cle 2).


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At the beginning of a project iden fy the appropriate people - Tradi onal Owners,custodians, Elders, and others with rights and interests - who are responsible for the

Indigenous knowledge and/or prac ces that may be involved, and facilitate directinvolvement as appropriate.

Recognise the specialist knowledge of par cular community members and their poten alcontribu ons to the research endeavour, and involve such persons wherever possible andappropriate.

Encourage and support community members, Tradi onal Owners and others as appropriateto be involved in the research as collaborators, advisers or assistants.

Con nue Indigenous involvement, where possible, beyond the period in which the researchis conducted (to later stages such as compiling the research and presen ng it).

Benefts, outcomes and giving back

Principle 11: Indigenous people involved in research, orwho may be a ected by research, should bene t from,and not be disadvantaged by, the research project.Research in Indigenous studies should bene t Indigenous peoples at a local level, and moregenerally.

Indigenous people who contribute tradi onal knowledge, prac ces and innova ons, culturalexpressions and intellectual property, skills, know-how, cultural products and expressions,and biological and gene c resources should receive fair and equal bene ts.

A reciprocal bene t should accrue for allowing researchers access (o en in mate) topersonal and community knowledge.


Discuss openly and nego ate with the community any poten al bene ts. Bene ts mayinclude nancial payments such as royal es, as well as other bene ts such as training,employment and community development.

Aim to make the bene ts to the community or individual par cipants propor onate to thedemands of their par cipa on.

Where the bene ts are not general (for example, employment opportunity or nancialcompensa on), allocate bene ts in coopera on with the group. Be prepared to pay thosecontribu ng to the research in recogni on of the value of their contribu ons, par cularlywhere signi cant me is given outside normal personal or community commitments.

Recognise that certain cultural informa on is owned and may need to be paid for.


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Ensure that payments or nancial bene ts accruing to the par cipants are considered by anethical review panel.

Provide all relevant informa on to Indigenous par cipants and communi es to weighpoten al bene ts against possible risks or disadvantages.

Do not create or contribute to circumstances where exploita on of an economic, cultural orsexual nature can occur.

Consider bene ts to Indigenous communi es such as support for the archiving of materialsrela ng to intangible cultural heritage, including (but not limited to) eld notes andrecordings that document language, cultural prac ces and ethnobotanical knowledge. Ensurethat, if such bene ts are provided, appropriate measures are in place to protect secrecy andcon den ality of materials.

Principle 12: Research outcomes should include speci cresults that respond to the needs and interests ofIndigenous people.Research outcomes should respond to the needs and interests of Indigenous people,including those who par cipate in the project and others in the community who may bea ected by the research. Among the tangible bene ts that a community should be able to

expect from a research project is the provision of research results in a form that is useful andaccessible.

Researchers should be aware that research outcomes of interest to Indigenous peoples,including any community and individuals directly involved, may di er from those envisagedby researchers.


Ascertain, during early consulta ons, the research needs of the community, if any, andopportuni es for collabora on in research.

Be sure to build in the speci c viewpoints of Indigenous people.Incorporate research outcomes speci c to the needs of Indigenous par cipants, the localcommunity, Tradi onal Owners and other individuals as appropriate.

Recognise the broad range of educa onal backgrounds and experiences of Indigenouspeoples and produce materials in accessible forms.

Provide an opportunity to discuss the signi cance of the results for the community withrepresenta ves and par cipants.

Be prepared to assist in the formula on of proposals for further research or related ac on by

Indigenous par cipants, the local Indigenous community, other Indigenous individuals andlocal Indigenous organisa ons.


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Managing research: use, storage and access

Principle 13: Plans should be agreed for managing useof, and access to, research results.Indigenous peoples make signi cant contribu ons to research by providing knowledge,resources and access to data. These contribu ons should be acknowledged by providingongoing access for Indigenous people to research results, and nego a ng rights in theresearch at an early stage.

The communitys expecta ons, the planned outcomes and access to research results should

be agreed. Wri en agreements are encouraged. Applying the principle

Iden fy at the start of a research project all Indigenous people, organisa ons andcommuni es who will need to be involved in determining strategies for access to researchresults.

Agree on the rights to research results, their forms and presenta on, and individual orcommunity use of them. This may involve ongoing access to data or representa ons of theresults of research through digital media.

Agree at the outset on the ownership of research results, including ins tu onal ownershipof data, individual rights of researchers and Indigenous par cipants, and collec ve rights ofIndigenous community groups.

Agree when and how results of research will be fed back to and discussed with relevantindividual community members and/or appropriate community organisa ons.

Make clear the level of community control over access to, and use of, any research results,including print, pictorial, audio and video, and digital materials. Discuss making theseavailable online and/or deposi ng in libraries and archives.

Report research results to the community before publica on and before discussion with themedia.

Nego ate with the community any discussion with the media of the research project and itsresults.

Agree on the disposi on and storage of results of research, including primary data.

Try to an cipate the evolving use of technology and the impact it could have on researchresults and their storage.

Discuss thoroughly ma ers of con den ality and agreed restric ons on use of informa on.

Explain fully any limits on con den ality (for example, where eld notes or research datamight be subpoenaed for legal proceedings).

Be willing to make results known to appropriate local, state or territory, and na onalauthori es if requested.


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Repor ng and compliance

Principle 14: Research projects should includeappropriate mechanisms and procedures for repor ngon ethical aspects of the research and complying withthese guidelines.Researchers and research funding bodies should ensure that there are appropriate, ongoingprocesses in place for repor ng research progress, especially with regard to any actual or

poten al changes in the ethical condi ons/contexts. Applying the principle

Take appropriate measures in the design, implementa on and monitoring of a researchproject to ensure it complies with these guidelines and the principles they contain at allstages of a project.

Be aware of the risks (including any penal es) that may result from breaches of theseguidelines (for instance, where they are part of a funding contract).


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ReferencesUN (United Na ons) 2007 United Na ons Declara on on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , accessed 12 August 2010.

UNESCO 2003 Conven on for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage , UNESCO,Paris < h p://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001325/132540e.pdf > accessed 12 August2010.

WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organiza on) 2006a The Protec on of Tradi onal CulturalExpressions/Expressions of Folklore: Revised objec ves and principles (Document CodeWIPO/GRTKF/IC/9/4), WIPO, Geneva < www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/tk/en/wipo_grtkf_ic_9/

wipo_grtkf_ic_9_4.pdf > accessed 17 August 2010.WIPO 2006b The Protec on of Tradi onal Knowledge: Revised objec ves and principles(Document Code WIPO/GRTKF/IC/9/5), WIPO, Geneva.
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/drip.htmlhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001325/132540e.pdfhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/tk/en/wipo_grtkf_ic_9/wipo_grtkf_ic_9_4.pdfhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/tk/en/wipo_grtkf_ic_9/wipo_grtkf_ic_9_4.pdfhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/tk/en/wipo_grtkf_ic_9/wipo_grtkf_ic_9_4.pdfhttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/tk/en/wipo_grtkf_ic_9/wipo_grtkf_ic_9_4.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001325/132540e.pdfhttp://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/drip.html


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