Counseling Approaches

Directive Counseling

Non-Directive Counseling

Eclectic Counseling

Stages of Counseling Approaches

Initial Disclosure

In-depth Exploration

Commitment to Action

Counseling Techniques

Common Counselor’s ResponseBy CeLT

CLINICAL COUNSELING WILLIAMSON

INTERVIEW RELATIONSHIP BORDIN

COUNSELOR-CENTERED PRESCRIPTIVE COUNSELING

FOCAL POINT IS THE PROBLEM

COUNSELOR LEADS THE INTERVIEW, VERY ACTIVE

CLIENT SUBORDINATE TO COUNSELLOR, NOT EQUAL

COUNSELOR OWNS ENTIRE RESPONSIBILITY OF SOLVING THECLIENT’S PROBLEM

STRESSES ON THE CLIENT’S INTELLECTUAL PROCESS,NOT THE EMOTIONAL ASPECT

WOLF & WOLF

COUNSELOR GIVES CLIENT INFORMATION ABOUT HIMSELF HIS OPPORTUNITIES & THE GENERAL SITUATION

FOLLOWS AFTER TESTING OF THE STUDENTUSES TEST DATASCHOOL RECORDSREPORTS IN THE INTERVIEW

1. ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF TIME2. COUNSELOR CAN SEE THE CLIENT OBJECTIVELY THAN THE CLIENT HIMSELF3. INTELLECTUAL PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED EASILY

1. CLIENT IS DEPENDENT2. SCARCITY OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE CLIENT CAN CREATE THE POSSIBILITY OF WRONG COUNSELING3. SOME PROBLEMS (EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS) BEST SOLVED USING NON-DIRECTIVE

CLIENT-CENTERED COUNSELEE-CENTERED PUTS THE RESPONSIBILITY ON THE CLIENT ~FOR EXPLORING HIS PROBLEMS ~HIS POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENT ~HIS ALTERNATIVE

CARL ROGERS

• CONCERNED WITH THE EMOTIONS OF THE CLIENT• NOT A GIVER OF ADVICE• NOT A MORALIST• NOT A JUDGE• NOT SYMPATHETIC SENTIMENTALIST• NOT A PATRIARCH

WOOLF:VERY EFFECTIVE IN EMOTIONAL PROBLEMSMENTALLY ILLCOLLEGE STUDENTSINDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES

1. CLIENT COMES FOR HELP

2. COUNSELING SITUATION IS DEFINED

3. COUNSELOR ENCOURAGES FREE EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS

4. COUNSELOR RESPONDS TO THE FEELING UNDERLYING CLIENT’S WORDS

5. FULL EXPRESSION OF NEGATIVE FEELINGS

FOLLOWED BY FAINT & TENTATIVE EXPRESSION OF

POSITIVE FEELINGS

6. COUNSELOR ACCEPTS &RECOGNIZES + - FEELINGS

7. PERIOD OF FREE EXPRESSION OR RELEASE FOLLOWED BY INSIGHT

8. CLIENT RECOGNIZES & ACCEPTS EMOTIONALLY/INTELLECTUALLY HIS REAL ATTITUDES/DESIRES PERCEIVES DECISION9.CLIENT BEGINS TO TRANSLATE INSIGHT INTO ACTION

10. FURTHER GROWTHTAKES PLACE WITH

DEEPER INSIGHT

11. INCREASINGLY INTEGRATED POSITIVE ACTIONS12. DECREASED NEED FOR HELP IS FELT CLIENT WILL DECIDE TO TERMINATE RELATIONSHIP

NON-DIRECTIVECOUNSELING

DIRECTIVE NON-DIRECTIVEBASIC ASSUMPTIONS PROBLEM-BASED CLIENT-BASED

INDIVIDUAL CAN’T OVERCOME THEIR OWN BIAS IN VIEWING HIMSELF

WITHIN EVERY INDIVIDUAL ARE GROWTH FORCES, WHICH WHEN RELEASED WITHOUT RESTRICTIONS WILL PERMIT HIM TO ADJUST TO HIS ENVIRONMENT

EMPHASIS ON INTELLECT EMPHASIS ON EMOTIONAL ASPECT OF PERSONALITY

ROLE OF COUNSELOR-COUNSELLEE IN

THE COUNSELING PROCESS

COUNSELOR HAS SUPERIOR TRAINING/COMPETENT TO SUGGEST OR ADVISE HOW PROBLEMS ARE TO BE SOLVED

COUNSELOR INDICATES HE DOES NOT HAVE THE ANSWERS BUT PROVIDES ATMOSPHERE WHERE CLIENT CAN WORK OUT HIS PROBLEMS

COUNSELOR MAKES DECISIONS FOR THE CLIENT

CLIENT COMES UP WITH HIS OWN DECISION

COUNSELOR BELIEVES PEOPLE IN NEED OF COUNSELING DO NOT KNOW ENOUGH TO MAKE THEIR OWN DECISIONS

COUNCELOR ACCEPTS, REFLECTS & CLARIFY NEW FEELINGS & CHOICES OF CLIENT LEADING TO FUTURE PLANS

DIRECTIVE NON-DIRECTIVE

METHODS USED COLLECTS & USES DATA OF THE CLIENT AND THEN ORGANIZES AND SUMMARIZES IT ON A RECORD FORM

EMPHASIZES CLIENT’S EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS IN THE COUNSELING PROCESSDIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS ARE NOT USED

USES CLIENT FOLLOW-UP AS WELL AS REFERRAL TO OTHER PERSONAL WORKERS.

NO NEED FOR FURTHER COUNSELING WHICH THEY VIEW AS A “TEMPORARY CRUTCH.” IF THE CLIENT HAS GAINED THE PROPER INSIGHT, HE WILL BE ABLE TO MAKE HIS OWN DECISIONS, GOALS AND TAKE POSITIVE STEPS.

INDIVIDUALS NEED & WANT INFORMATION

EMPHASIS ON FREE EXPRESSION OF FEELING OR “PERMISSIVENESS”

F.C. THORNE

F.C. THORNE

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CLIENT AND COUNSELOR DO NOT KNOW EACH OTHERCLIENT IS ANXIOUS ON HOW THE COUNSELOR WILL ACCEPTNEITHER OF THEM KNOWS IN ADVANCE THE DIRECTION WHERE THEIR DISCUSSION WILL ULTIMATELY TAKEWITHOUT DISCLOSURE COUNSELING IS AN EMPTY PROCESS

TRUST-PROMOTING CONDITIONS (ROGERS, 1951)1. EMPATHY – Understanding/ putting yourself in the shoes of the counselee2. GENUINENESS OR CONGRUENCE – Being as dependable and consistent3. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD – Caring without conditions attached 4. CONCRETENESS (EGAN,1988) – Using CLEAR LANGUAGE to describe the client’s life situation

TRUST SHOULD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPEDCOUNSELOR BEGINS TO SUBTLY TELL HIS DIAGNOSTIC IMPRESSIONS ON THE CLIENT’S DYNAMICS & COPING BEHAVIORAS RELATIONSHIP BECOMES SECURE COUNSELOR TALKS ON HIS CLIENT’S GOALS BEHAVIOR SOMETIMES BECOME MORE EMOTIONALLY STRESSFULL TO THE CLIENT

1. CONSTRUCTIVE CONFRONTATION > Client’s EXTERNAL BEHAVIOR based on the counselor’s observations is discussed

2. IMMEDIACY (EGAN) Counselor discusses the PROGRESS of the counseling

Counselor gives an immediate response to the client’s statements

Counselor shares personal experiences relevant to the discussion

TRY SOME NEW

BEHAVIOR

COUNSELOR + COUNSELEE

MONITORS NEW BEHAVIOR

CLIENT REINFORCEDTO BEHAVE IN

NEW WAYS

LISTEN FOR MEANINGCOUNSELOR SPEAKS LITTLE BUT

CONVEYS MUCH INTEREST

LISTEN FOR MEANINGCOUNSELOR SPEAKS LITTLE BUT

CONVEYS MUCH INTEREST

http://www.esdproj.org/site/DocServer/Counseling_Techniques_FINAL_11-12-08.pdf?docID=2282

TO GET LOTS OF INFORMATION

TO GET LOTS OF INFORMATION

CLOSEDQUESTION:

can normally be answered

with either a single

word or a short

phrase

CLOSEDQUESTION:

can normally be answered

with either a single

word or a short

phrase

So let’s say counselor Joan is seeing client Mary. Mary, has been speaking for 20 minutes – she is depressed, failing school, concerned

about her boyfriends dedication to her, and overwhelmed by parents’ demands. Here is what a succinct, tentative summary would sound

like.

1. You came in today because you are feeling depressed. 2. Your school work is not going well. 3. You worry your boyfriend doesn’t love you. 4. You are also unhappy with the amount of stress your parents are putting on you to get A’s. Would you say this is accurate?

COUNSELEE: A good day for me at work is being able to get around and talk to people, and even when I’m talking to them, I’m not really that relaxed. I feel

inferior around a number of people.

COUNSELEE: A good day for me at work is being able to get around and talk to people, and even when I’m talking to them, I’m not really that relaxed. I feel

inferior around a number of people.

COUNSELEE: Yes, my education. My education is what’s really stopping me from

being able to hold a conversation, a good conversation and feeling comfortable.

COUNSELEE: Yes, my education. My education is what’s really stopping me from

being able to hold a conversation, a good conversation and feeling comfortable.

COUNSELOR: You feel uncomfortable because of the job situation – your lack

of education.

COUNSELOR: You feel uncomfortable because of the job situation – your lack

of education.

COUNSELOR: Ok, now at the same time though, don’t most of the people at the

shop have the same educational background?

COUNSELOR: Ok, now at the same time though, don’t most of the people at the

shop have the same educational background?

COUNSELEE: There’s a wide variety of people there. Different nationalities and different ages, too. It’s really a mixed up thing.

Some people I can talk to and other people I can’t. I don’t feel I am able to talk with enough people there. The people that I find things

in common with me, I can talk pretty easily. But with the people that I don’t have anything in common with, it’s really uncomfortable. I

find it hard to strike up a conversation with them, to say something comfortable. Lots of times I say things but afterwards I say, “Well

why did I say that? You know, that really seemed stupid.”

COUNSELEE: There’s a wide variety of people there. Different nationalities and different ages, too. It’s really a mixed up thing.

Some people I can talk to and other people I can’t. I don’t feel I am able to talk with enough people there. The people that I find things

in common with me, I can talk pretty easily. But with the people that I don’t have anything in common with, it’s really uncomfortable. I

find it hard to strike up a conversation with them, to say something comfortable. Lots of times I say things but afterwards I say, “Well

why did I say that? You know, that really seemed stupid.”

COUNSELEE: Yep, it’s really hard to communicate with them...

COUNSELEE: Yep, it’s really hard to communicate with them...

COUNSELOR: Ok, you feel embarrassed because you can’t

communicate with the people you don’t have something directly in

common with.

COUNSELOR: Ok, you feel embarrassed because you can’t

communicate with the people you don’t have something directly in

common with.

COUNSELEE: OK. Do you think this is going to be something easy, or is

it, ah, going to be a long hard thing?

COUNSELEE: OK. Do you think this is going to be something easy, or is

it, ah, going to be a long hard thing?

COUNSELOR: We have five minutes left. If you want to come back next week, we can

talk a little bit more about it.

COUNSELOR: We have five minutes left. If you want to come back next week, we can

talk a little bit more about it.

COUNSELOR: It’s difficult to say, you know.

COUNSELOR: It’s difficult to say, you know.

COUNSELEE: We have to talk some more and everything.

COUNSELEE: We have to talk some more and everything.

COUNSELOR: Yes, I want to get to know you a little better. Why don’t we go set up an appointment for

next week, and we can talk further.

COUNSELOR: Yes, I want to get to know you a little better. Why don’t we go set up an appointment for

next week, and we can talk further.

COUNSELEE: OK.COUNSELEE: OK.