guidelines on compulsory displacement and resettlement in … · 2019. 12. 16. · (guideline 1)...
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GUIDELINES ON COMPULSORY DISPLACEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT IN USAID PROGRAMMING
Caleb Stevens & Chad Dear
E3/Land
May 26, 2016
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DEFINITIONS
• Displacement
– Loss of land or other assets
– Loss of access to resources
– Physical & economic
• Resettlement
– Assist displaced in improving livelihoods and living standards
• Compulsory
– Logic of project compels displacement
– No right or genuine ability to refuse
– Displacement compels resettlement
Two distinct but related processes
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MAJOR DONORS WITH A POSITION ON CDR
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USG POSITION ON CDR
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?Adopted IFC Performance Standards
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LESSONS LEARNED
• Impoverishment risks are inherent in displacement (Cernea 2000)
• Mitigation hierarchy
1. Avoid displacement
2. Minimize displacement
3. Mitigate CDR Risks
• Compensation (especially one-time payment) is inadequate
• Conceive and execute resettlement as a sustainable development program
• Increased morbidity and mortality• Lack of access to common property
resources• Loss of access to education • Community disarticulation
• Landlessness• Homelessness • Joblessness • Marginalization• Food insecurity
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• Types of Risk:
– Programmatic
– Reputational
• Sources of Risk:
– Direct (rare for USAID, outside large infrastructure projects)
– Indirect (e.g. government partners; innovative initiatives and non-traditional resource partners)
CDR RISKS FOR USAID
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• When CDR impacts legitimate landholders
• When legitimate landholders do not have the right or genuine ability to refuse or the necessary information to make a decision
• For all funding arrangements
• To support an Environmental Assessment
WHEN TO APPLY THE CDR GUIDELINES
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THE GUIDELINES
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• Not just about deeds or titles
• Government often claims legal ownership of land and resources
• National laws often insufficient
• 6 out of 30 countries reviewed require public consultation prior to expropriation (Tagliarino, forthcoming)
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1: UNDERSTAND THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT
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• Identify
• Analyze
• Map
• Prioritize
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2: IDENTIFY ALL LEGITIMATE LANDHOLDERS AND RELEVANT RISKS
• Legitimate landholder (or those who live there)
• Conduct assessment
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• How will impacts be addressed?
• Based on informed and meaningful engagement
• Detail of RAP proportionate to significance of physical displacement
• Analysis of legal & institutional context (Guideline 1)
• Results from assessment (Guideline 2)
• Strategy for informed and meaningful engagement (Guideline 4)
• How will improve living standards and livelihoods (Guideline 5)
• Identify vulnerable groups and applicable standards (Guideline 6)
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3: IF PHYSICAL DISPLACEMENT IS UNAVOIDABLE, DEVELOP A RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN
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• Applies to all project phases
• Avoid elite capture
• Prepare those affected well in advance
• Document the engagement process
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4: PROMOTE INFORMED AND MEANINGFUL ENGAGEMENT
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• Focus on counter-risk strategies
– not one-time payments
• Risk of landlessness
• New land should be equal or better (size, quality, legal status)
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5: IMPROVE LIVELIHOODS AND LIVING STANDARDS
• Land-based resettlement
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• Women at increased risk from loss of networks, social support, and livelihoods
• Free Prior and Informed Consent IF
– Required by donor partner OR
– Laws of partner government
• Resettle indigenous people only in exceptional circumstances
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6: PROVIDE ADDITIONAL PROTECTIONS TO VULNERABLE GROUPS