guide to turf diseases in australia - campbell chemicals · (pythium spp) appears as circular spots...
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Colin Campbell (Chemicals) Pty Ltdwww.campbellchemicals.com.au
100% Australian OwnedHelping turf managers since 1940
@campbellturf
@campbellchemicals
Colin Campbell Chemicals
Colin Campbell (Chemicals) Pty Ltdwww.campbellchemicals.com.au
100% Australian OwnedHelping turf managers since 1940
@campbellturf
@campbellchemicals
Colin Campbell Chemicals
@campbellchemicals
Guide to Turf Diseases In Australia
Australian owned & operated since 1940, Colin Campbell (Chemicals) Pty Ltd has provided farmers, turf managers/green keepers, golf course
superintendents & the home gardener with high quality products to help them produce the premium surface/crop that is needed.
We began developing and registering specific turf products over 40 years ago. In that time our product range has expanded to cover a wide range of turf protection products from fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, fertilisers and wetting agents.
Over half our turf professional products are manufactured here in Australia. We refine the active ingredient before formulating the finished product to ensure the high quality. The rest of our products are sourced from some of the worlds most reputable and innovative companies in the pesticide market. Using high quality control standards our products are produced in Europe, USA and Israel. These companies provide us with the premier formulations that have become synonymous with our range.
We test all products stringently before bringing the product to the turf market. Chemicals obviously have to be registered with the APVMA and many trials have to take place. We have experienced staff to do this or use outside contractors who have specific expertise in turf trials and with whom we have established long term relationships. Even when using contractors to do the trials we still conduct some of the trials ourselves to know the products inside out and test them in various climatic conditions.
Other products in our range that do not have to be registered are still evaluated with numerous trials. We use overseas data and claims as a starting point for our trial work to test the product.We DO NOT introduce an overseas product without the necessary testing under Australian conditions.
We make sure the product we are evaluating: • Works and the product does what it is meant to do• We determine a rate or different rates to get the best possible result• The product does not have any phytoxicity issues or non target issues• Test the limitations of the product• It lives up to the standard you expect from us.
Our long & proud history.
Our long & proud history.Our specialisation in the turf industry together with our overseas partners over the last 70 years produced many notable achievements including:•The introduction and development work for Terrazole® (etridiazole) & Terraclor® (quintozene) into Australia in the early 1970’s.• The introduction and development work for chlorothalonil (Dacogreen® (formerly Daconil®)) into the turf industry in 1971. We introduced the then unique formulation of Microencapsulation into Australia in 1983 with Pennside® (microencapsulated diazinon)
• Released the first liquid thiram formulation in 1990• Released Proplant® in 2002, giving turf managers curative and prevention control of pythium, for 4 weeks, longer than any other fungicide in the market. • Introduced Blazon® Blue nationally in 2006 a non staining washable spray indicator. Followed by Blazon® Green in 2010.• In 2009 we introduced Vorlon®, the next generation in Benzimidazole fungicides which has a broader spectrum and is more OHS friendly to the user than Carbendazim.• In 2011 we introducted Monstar* a brand new rsistance group (Group 7) and active ingredient for use on Fairy Ring.• In 2012 we have introduced an innovative product called DewCure to reduce dew formation and frost damage• In 2015 we bring a liquid version of our popular mancozeb Dek fungicides appropriately named Liquid Dek• In 2017 we will have Monstar fully registered for use on Fairy Ring • In 2017 we will bring Emerald a brand new contact fungicide
Along with providing a wide range of high quality products, we back them up with a strong customer service program of knowledge and after sales support.
Currently we are working on many research and development projects for the professional turf market and we look forward to releasing some new and exciting products within the next few years. Our team has long term experience in the turf and horticulture industries and are happy to answer any questions you may have.
®All product names mentioned are Registered Trademarks of their respective owners.*For use on permit only.
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contact usNadeem Zreikat M.Bus B.Econ Marketing Development Manager 0403 110 608 [email protected]
Ramsay Zreikat CPANational Sales Manager 0417 775 041 [email protected]
Ph: (02) 9725 2544Fax: (02) 9604 7768Email: [email protected]: www.campbellchemicals.com.auABN: 29 000 045 590
Geoff Derrick B.Sc.AgrResearch & Development 0418 646 046 [email protected]
Read our turf blog www.campbellchemicals.com.au/turfblog
View our website for Labels/SDS and other information (mobile & tablet friendly)
www.campbellchemicals.com.au
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@campbellturf
@campbellchemicals @campbellchemicals
Colin Campbell Chemicals
Dollar Spot (Sclerotinia homeocarpa)
Dollar Spot is a very common disease that occurs on the majority of turf species. Symptoms of dollar spot are small circular sunken patches 2-3 cm in diameter. Leaves will first develop a tan coloured lesion and then appear bleached. Fungal mycelium will be seen on the leaf surface when dew is present. Dollar spot development is favoured by warm humid weather followed by cool nights with heavy dews. The cottony mycelium is generally evident on the leaf surface following dews. Dollar spot has become prevalent all year round in some areas.
Kikuyu
Bent grass Bent grass
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupDacogreen®“WeatherShield” 130mL-200mL M5Ippon® 60mL-90mL 2250 GT® 120mL-180mL 2Vorlon® 56mL 1Tridim® 60mL 3Protak® 65mL 3Emerald® 10mL-15mL 29
Brown Patch(Rhizoctonia spp)
Rhizoctonia is the most widespread of all turfgrass diseases. It appears as circular patches ranging from a few centimetres to a metre in diameter. The patch is often yellow to brown in colour and in periods of high humidity a smoke ring of mycelium will appear around the outer edge. It can occur all year round depending on weather conditions.
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupDacogreen® “WeatherShield” 130mL-200mL M5Ippon® 60mL-90mL 2250 GT® 120mL-180mL 2Flowable TMTD® 160mL M3
Rhizoctonia under microscope
Take All Patch(Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae)
Take All Patch is a disease commonly associated with Bentgrass growing on poor draining soil. Damage to Bentgrass is severe and often is killed. Infections will occur in late spring with the turf appearing reddish brown in colour before fading to a dull brown. Patches will be circular or ring shaped. The centre of the ring is bare and allows for weed and competition grasses to inhabit. This disease is prone to soils with a high pH level.
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupTridim® 60mL 3
Damping Off(Pythium spp)
Appears as circular spots during warm to hot humid weather. Spots appear as brown to bronze in colour. Pythium causes severe blighting to leaf and roots on existing turf and new seedlings. Outbreaks most severe in the warmer months but can occur in cooler weather. Symptoms can spread and grow very quickly if not treated when they first appear. All turfgrass species are susceptible to Pythium.
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupProplant® (preventative & curative)
45mL-65mL 28
Helminthosporium Complex (Drechslera spp, Bipolaris spp, Exserohilum spp)
Is a leaf, crown and root disease that occurs in all turf species. Pathogen development is favoured by moisture on leaf surface and temperatures between 30C and 300C. Lesions tend to develop on the leaf and sheath tissue. It is often found in dead and decaying tissue. This disease will attack stressed plants. Bipolaris sp is a common disease of Kikuyu affecting the leaf tissue.
Follow Us: @campbellturf
Read our turf blog www.campbellchemicals.com.au/turfblog
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupTridim® 60mL 3Ippon® 45mL 2250 GT® 90mL 2Flowable TMTD® 160mL M3Dek DF® 200g-250g M3 Liquid Dek® 335mL-415mL M3Emerald® (awaiting registration)
10mL-15mL 29
Spring Dead Spot (Leptosphaeria spp) (on Couch grass)
Spring Dead Spot affects a wide range of couch species. Symptoms typical of the disease include large circular shaped bleached patches. Patches are generally visible in Autumn and Winter. Spring Dead Spot is most severe where couch growth is under prolonged periods of dormancy.
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupIppon® 65mL 2250 GT® 130mL 2(Preventative only for both products)
Winter Fusarium (Microdochium nivale)
Very common turf disease causes leaf blight and spots on leaf blade. Can appear as large or small patches in Autumn, Winter and Spring. Patches generally yellow to bronze in colour and sometimes with a pinkish tinge generally less than 200 mm in diameter. Turf with a heavy thatch is most susceptible to this disease. The disease favours cool moist weather.
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupIppon® 90mL 2250 GT® 180mL 2Vorlon® 76mL 1Tridim® 60mL 3Flowable TMTD® 160mL M3Liquid Dek® 335mL-415mL M3
Mycelium
Red Thread (Laerisaria fuciformis)
Registered Fungicides for control:There are no fungicides currently registered. Consult your Campbell representative for more information.
Is a disease commonly associated by low levels of maintenance and a poor fertiliser regime. Red thread is active over a wide range of temperatures, when moisture is in abundance the pathogen forms masses of stroma that are lined by pink mycelium. The affected tissue eventually collapses and becomes brown in colour. Red thread is generally remedied with a fertiliser application.
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp, Microdochium bolleyi)
Causal agent is the fungus Colletotrichum sp. Affected areas first show up as patches that may range between 50 mm and 300 mm in size. The leaves of infected plant turn yellow and gradually change to bronze as conditions favour development. Turf species suffering from some form of stress, be it moisture or nutritional, are most susceptible. Poa annua is the most susceptible turf species to Anthracnose. Extreme temperature also aids development.
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupEmerald® 10mL-15mL 29Consult your Campbell representative for more control measures.
Information on diseases compiled with the assistance of Sportsturf Consultants Pty Ltd
If you would like a customised fungicide program or any other information in weed or pest management please do not hesitate to contact me on 0403 110 608 or [email protected] Zreikat
Fairy Ring(Basidiomycetes spp)
Very common turf disease in all turf varieties. Usually first appears as small rings or arcs. Mushrooms may appear as well (type 3) As the rings grow outward it decomposes organic matter in thatch or soil and releases nitrogen (hence the dark green appearance -type 2). Turf can die due to fairy ring damage (type 1). With fairy ring soil becomes hydrophobic.
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Registered Fungicides for control:Product Rate per 100m2 Resistance GroupMonstar ® 150mL-200mL +
wetting agent7
PRODUCT DISEASE/PEST/WEED RATE PER 100m2 PER BOWLING GREEN (38m x 38m)
RESISTANCE GROUP
MODE OF ACTION
FUNGICIDES
Dacogreen“WeatherShield”720g/L Chlorothalonil
Dollar Spot, Brown PatchGray Leaf Spot
130mL-200mL
240mL
1.9L-2.9L
3.5LM5
Contact
Emerald500g/L Fluazinam
Dollar Spot, HelmoAnthracnose,Gray Leaf Spot
10mL-15mL 144mL-216mL29 Contact
Ippon 250GT Ippon 250GTIppon 500500g/L Iprodione (water based) &250 GT250g/L Iprodione (oil based)
Dollar Spot Brown PatchFusariumBlack & White HelmoSpring Dead SpotLeaf Spot
60mL-90mL90mL45mL65mL60mL
120mL-180mL180mL90mL
130mL120mL
860mL-1.3L1.3L
650mL940mL860mL
1.7L-2.6L2.6L1.3L1.9L1.7L
2 Locally Systemic
Monstar 464g/L Flutolanil
Fairy Ring 150mL-200mL 2.1L-2.9L 7 Locally Systemic
Tridim250g/L Triadimenol
Dollar SpotBlack Helmo, Take all patch, Winter Fusarium
60mL 860mL3
Acropetally Systemic
Protak450g/L Prochloraz
Dollar Spot 65mL 940mL 3 Locally Systemic
Proplant605/L Propamocarb
Pythium (Damping Off) 45mL-65mL 650mL-940mL28
Acropetally Systemic
Vorlon500g/L Thiabendazole
Dollar SpotWinter Fusarium
56mL76mL
810mL1.1L 1
Acropetally Systemic
Flowable TMTD600g/L Thiram
Brown Patch, Black Helmo, Leaf Spot Fusarium PatchDamping off
160mL
200mL
2.4L
2.9LM3
Contact
Liquid Dek420g/L Mancozeb
Brown Patch, Black Helminthosporium, Fusarium Patch
335mL-415mL 4.8L-6LM3
Contact
INSECTICIDE
Biff100g/L Bifenthrin
Black Beetle, Stem WeevilBillbugsGrass eating caterpillars
25-36mL12mL-24mL
12mL
361-520mL173mL-346mL
173mL
3A Contact
Pennside 240g/L Diazinon (Microencapsulated)
Black Beetle, Stem WeevilMole CricketGrass eating caterpillars
125mL125mL-250mL
200mL30mL
1.8L1.8L-3.6L
2.9L430mL
1B Contact and Stomach
HERBICIDESBROAD LEAVED WEED HERBICIDESMethar Tri-Kombi Mecoprop, 2,4-D, Dicamba Sportsground Mecoprop, MCPA, Dicamba
42mL4.2L/ha
650mL I Disrupts cell growth
Passtox Clear220g/L DSMA
Paspalum, Crab GrassSummer Grass, Sedges, Nut grass,Mullumbimby Couch
250mL-660mL (depending on
grass type)
3.8L-10L (depending on
grass type)
K
Diverse mode of action
Poachek175g/L Endothal
Winter Grass (Poa annua)
15mL1.5L/ha
216mL K
Alw
ays
read
the
labe
l for
full
dire
ctio
ns b
efor
e us
e
www.campbellchemicals.com.au (02) 9725 2544
COLIN CAMPBELL (CHEMICALS) PTY LTD
The Key to Professional Turf100% Australian owned & operated. Established 1940
www.campbellchemicals.com.au (02) 9725 2544
COLIN CAMPBELL (CHEMICALS) PTY LTD
The Key to Professional Turf100% Australian owned & operated. Established 1940
TURF PRODUCTS REFERENCE GUIDE
This
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man
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(Gro
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(Gro
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(Gro
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AN
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M R
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TAN
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AG
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April
May
June
July
Augu
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Oct
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Trid
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Vorlo
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Ippo
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250
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(Gro
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(Gro
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FUSA
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M M
ON
THLY
PR
EVEN
TATI
VE S
PRAY
GU
IDE
(GR
OU
P)
Dis
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s co
ntro
lled
by
Dek
DF:
Bro
wn
Pat
ch, F
usar
ium
, A
lgae
Hel
mim
thos
poriu
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Ant
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20
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50g
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Dek
DF®
CO
NT
AC
T F
UN
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Act
ive
Cons
titu
ent:
750g
/L M
AN
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B
GR
OU
PM
3FU
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ICID
E
Dis
ease
s co
ntro
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by
Flow
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TM
TD:
Bro
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Pat
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Hel
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poriu
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Fusa
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160m
L pe
r 100
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Dam
ping
off
(Pyt
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spp
) 20
0mL
per 1
00m
2
Flow
able
CO
NT
AC
T F
UN
GIC
IDE
Act
ive
Cons
titu
ent:
600g
/L T
HIR
AM
GR
OU
PM
3FU
NG
ICID
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TMTD
®
Dis
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s co
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by T
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:
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lar
Spo
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sariu
m, T
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All
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Bla
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2
Trid
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250E
CS
YS
TE
MIC
FU
NG
ICID
EA
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nsti
tuen
t: 25
0g/L
TRI
AD
IMEN
OL
GR
OU
P3
FUN
GIC
IDE
Dis
ease
s co
ntro
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by
Vorlo
n:
Fusa
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76m
L pe
r 100
m2
Dol
lar S
pot:
56m
L pe
r 100
m2
SY
ST
EM
IC F
UN
GIC
IDE
Act
ive
Cons
titu
ent:
500g
/L T
HIA
BEN
DA
ZOLE
GR
OU
P1
FUN
GIC
IDE
Vorl
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SY
ST
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IC F
UN
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IDES
Dis
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Co
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dIp
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ate
per
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m2
250G
T R
ate
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Bro
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Pat
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Do
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90m
L12
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180m
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45m
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Win
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180m
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Spri
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po
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130m
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500g
/L Ip
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GR
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FUN
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IDE
Ipp
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for
Fusa
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DO
LLA
R SP
OT
RESI
STA
NCE
MA
NA
GEM
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July
Augu
stSe
ptem
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Oct
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Nove
mbe
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Janu
ary
Febr
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Mar
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April
May
Ju
neIp
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COLI
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NSW
216
4w
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.cam
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mic
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: (02
) 972
5 25
44
Fax:
(02)
960
4 77
68
This
is o
nly
a gu
ide
to D
olla
r Spo
t man
agem
ent a
nd c
an v
ary
cons
ider
ably
for d
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tem
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zon
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roug
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Alw
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Prot
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450E
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TE
MIC
FU
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Cons
titue
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L Pro
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GR
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P3
FUN
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Dis
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s co
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MIC
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GR
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Dis
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Act
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Cons
titu
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500g
/L T
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GR
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GR
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Dis
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Dis
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s co
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Dol
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pot:
56m
L pe
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m2
Fusa
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76
mL
per 1
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2
Alkaline HydrolysisHigh pH of water can cause some chemicals to break down, This is referred to as Alkaline Hydrolysis. It is very important to test the pH of your water each time before using any chemical. Having the wrong pH can greatly reduce the effectiveness of your chemical.
Procedure for Tank Mixing:1. Half fill tank with water and start agitation2. Add water conditioners such as pH buffers/defoaming agents if needed3. Add pesticides in the following order: a) Wettable Powder (WP) b) Water Dispersible Granule (WDG) c) Dry Flowable (DF) d) Suspension Concentrate (SC) e) Capsule Suspension (CS) f ) Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) g) Soluble Liquid (SL)
4. Add adjuvants (oils, surfactants) if needed
Product Formulation pH stabilityDacogreen® SC 5-9Dek® DF stable over wide rangeFlowable TMTD® SC stable over wide rangeMonstar® SC 3-11Vorlon® SC stable over wide rangeIppon & 250GT*® SC 5-6Monstar® SC stable over wide rangeProtak® EC stable over wide rangeTridim® EC 4 - 8.5Proplant® SL 3-7Pennside® CS 4 - 8.5Methar Tri Kombi® SL 4 - 8.5Sportsground® SL 4 - 8.5Poachek® SL stable over wide rangePasstox Clear® SL stable over wide rangeIf water is below or above pH add appropriate buffers/acidifyers.Always use spray solution within day of making up mixture.
Water pH and cHemicals
Fungicides are a vital tool in management practices and are essential in disease control. Fungicide resistance is a topic that is not as well understood as it could be. This article aims to provide an understanding of resistance, how it occurs, the mode of action of fungicides and strategies to help in managing resistance.
Bear in mind the only way to prove resistance is to get scientific tests done.
What is Resistance & how it occurs?Resistance occurs when a fungus which was sensitive to a fungicide becomes resistant to it (Vargas). Another definition is “resistance is a genetic adjustment by a fungus that results in reduced sensitivity to a fungicide. “(Damicone)
There are 2 strains of fungus in turf. These are the:• Wild Type Strain &• Resistant Strain
The Wild Type strain is the natural fungus in the turf that has been present before any fungicide has ever been used. The fungus is sensitive to the fungicide and thus the fungus is eliminated.
The Resistant Strain is the fungus that is not eliminated by the fungicide. The build up of the resistant strain is caused by repeated use of the fungicide and the selectivity of the fungicide against the wild type strains and for the mutant resistant strain. Thus the fungicide only works on the sensitive strain and not the resistant strain, which in turn becomes an increasing proportion of the total fungus population, as long as that fungicide is continually used as a selection agent. Keep in mind that it is the mutation of genes that causes resistance. The fungicide applied works on the fungus that is the wild type strain thus allowing an increase in the resistant strain. Once the resistant strain is dominant and the wild type strain is the minority the fungicide will no longer be able control the fungus, hence resistance. Another way of putting it is “The fungicide selectively inhibits sensitive strains (Wild Type) but allows the increase of resistance strains (Damicone).”
Fungicides:There are 2 categories that the fungicides can be split into:• Single site fungicides or • Multi site fungicides.
Single Site (SS):SS fungicides only stop the fungus from growing by attacking only one or a few vital systems of the fungus (Vargas). They work with a single mode of action. These types of fungicides are referred to as systemic fungicides (e.g. Triadimenol (Tridim®),
Continued on next page
Fungicide resistance in turF
Iprodione (Ippon 500®) etc). With this in mind SS fungicides only need a mutation of a single gene for the fungus to become resistant to the fungicide. These fungicides may be from different groupings but each group has a specific single mode of action. Example Groups 1,2,3.
Multi Site (MS):MS fungicides attack many different vital systems of the fungus and have multiple modes of action. Common MS fungicides belong to Group Y e.g. Thiram (Flowable TMTD®), Chlorothalonil (Dacogreen®), Propamocarb (Proplant®). To become resistant to MS fungicides a fungus has to have simultaneous mutations of the genes that control the metabolic pathways or conditions that the fungicide is interfering with. Hence this is the reason why resistance is difficult with this group.
Fungicides are either contact or systemic.
Contact • Contact fungicides are the multi site fungicides. (Groyp M Fungicides) They work by forming a protective barrier around the plant tissue (i.e. chemical barrier between the fungus and the plant). They do not penetrate the plant. They generally last only 7-14 days depending on the physical removal by mowing, physical wear by players, sunlight and rainfall/watering New shoots are not protected. Examples are Flowable TMTD, Dek and Chlorothalonil (Dacogreen®).
Systemic Fungicides
Systemic • Systemic fungicides are absorbed by the plant. The fungicide works inside the plant to control the fungus and stop the plant from being infected and will also protect new growth. The residual effect comes from the fact that the plant has absorbed the fungicide and, once absorbed water and sunlight is not an issue. However, degradation by the plant metabolism may still occur. Fully systemic fungicides move up and down the plant.
Basipetal systemic• Basipetal systemic fungicides are translocated throughout the plant in a downwards direction through the phloem (sap).
Acropetally systemic• Acropetally systemic fungicides are translocated throughout the plant in an upwards direction through the xylem (water transport). Hence it is important to wash these fungicides off the leaf surface so they can be absorbed by the roots. Examples are Tridim and Proplant.
Fungicide resistance in turF
Locally systemic or meso systemic• Locally systemic fungicides move below the plant surface but will only move very short distances. They have similar characteristics to contact fungicides in that they protect the plant at the point of contact but, unlike contact fungicides, they move into the plant tissue. These are also commonly known as translaminar because, when applied to one surface of the leaf, they are able to move through the leaf to the other surface of the leaf. Examples are Ippon and Protak.
Be aware, even though systemic fungicides have a residual of up to 28 days they may last much less than this depending on disease pressure at the time. If disease pressure is high with wet day/nights, high night/day temperatures and high humidity, the fungicide may not control for 28 days and subsequent applications may be needed.
MS fungicides can prevent the germination of the fungus spore or kill the germinating spore once the germ tube and the fungicide come into contact. Once the residual of the fungicide has gone, spores can germinate and infect the plant. This is where the SS fungicide becomes a useful weapon because once the spore has germinated the SS fungicide can have a curative effect by stopping the progression of the germ tube or by having an adverse effect on a metabolic pathway of the fungus that is vital to its further development.
Mode of Action:Group 1- cell division of the fungus. When the fungus cannot divide and produce new cells, and the energy stored is used up then the fungus dies. This group needs the fungus to have germinated to have an effect.
Group 2- Inhibit spore germination and cause hyphal bursting where the germ tube bursts and the fungus spore cannot complete germination.
Group 3- This fungicide group works by preventing fungi from developing cell membranes. Without the membranes, cells cannot be made and thus the fungus dies. This group needs the fungus to have germinated to have an effect.
Group 4-inhibit mycelium growth and spore production. Interferes with the function of RNA polymerase enzymes which are essential for building proteins necessary for cell structure.
Group 7- Stops fungi from producing energy following infection hence the fungi cannot grow and reproduce.
Group 11- fungicides- inhibit spore germination and stops energy transfer of the disease. Works on the early stages of mycelium growth.
Continued on next page
Fungicide resistance in turF
Group 28-multi site properties with low risk resistanceAttacks the cell membrane of mycelium, eliminates the fungi and prevents any new spores from germinating. Works on a preventative and curative basis
Know your fungicide- Always read the labelIt is essential that you know the product label. The label states information about:• What the product contains (active constituent); • What it is used for, and; • How to use it.
The label of a product is a legal document and must be adhered to. For resistance purposes you need to look at the box under the name specifying what group the product is. The box is black in colour with white print. When filling out a spray diary it is always beneficial to record what Resistance Groups were used along with the rates and product used. This will ensure that you do not consectutively use the same fungicide group too many times, and be able to adapt your fungicide program as needed.
One of the most common complaints of fungicides is that “the product did not work or work as well as expected”. There are many factors that are the more likely to cause this rather than resistance. Resistance can only be proven by scientific means.
Keep in mind:• Right rates are used• The fungicide is applied correctly with the correct equipment and water volume and timing. Understand how the chemical you are using works.• The spray equipment is calibrated correctly and running efficiently. Especially make sure the nozzles are in good working order and they are the correct type.• The more established the disease the harder it is to eradicate it- hence there may not be as long residual as expected from the fungicide and follow up applications at shorter intervals will need to be made.• If the grass is too weak not even the best fungicide will revive it-hence recovery is essential to minimise re-occurrence of the disease.
Strategies in dealing with resistance. So far there is no fool proof way to deal with resistance but there are guidelines available. Keep in mind you cannot eliminate resistance but can only seek to delay the onset of it.
Two common strategies are:• Use a combination of Single site systemic with a contact (multi site)
GROUP 3 FUNGICIDE
Fungicide resistance in turF
• Alternate Single site systemic with a contact (MS)
According to Vargas, for these theories to work the MS (Multi Site) fungicide will have to eliminate the resistant strain of the fungus that develops to the SS fungicide. MS fungicides do not do this. They do not select or eliminate one strain over another, but remove the selective effort of the SS fungicide for the “resistant” strains. In natural systemics the “Wild type Strain” is often the more aggressive of the two types and will out compete the “resistant” strain once the influence of the offending (often the SS fungicide) is removed.
As well, when applying a SS systemic and a contact fungicide together, there is still selective pressure on the fungal population for at least 7-14 days. Why? Because the residual of contacts being 14 days and SS systemics being up to 28 days. For example putting together a MS fungicide that controls brown patch and dollar spot with a SS product for dollar spot may give you up to 28 days control for the dollar spot but only up to 14 days control of brown patch. This is due to the fact the MS fungicide controls brown patch while the SS only does dollar spot. Thus another spray for brown patch is needed within 2 weeks of the application.Other strategies include:• Alternate between groups- standard recommendations from CROPLIFE state if you are going to spray same group twice tank mix second spray With a product from a different group.
• Use good cultural practices to reduce fungicide applications such as allowing good air movement throughout the green with plenty of light and deep watering to increase root depth to naturally fight off the disease.
This article has pointed out a basic understanding about fungicide resistance, how it occurs and the way to control fungus disease with information relating to the mode of action and classifications of fungicides. The topic of fungicide resistance is fairly vigorous and more information is attainable in various turf related publications. As well, there are various strategies that can be used in managing fungicide resistance but, more importantly, it is essential that you use your fungicide as it is stated on the label and to alternate the fungicide groups used to ensure longevity of the products and best results. For anyone wanting advice on fungicide programs please do not hesitate to contact us.
By Nadeem Zreikat( 0403 110 608) Colin Campbell (Chemicals) Pty Ltd ©2008www.campbellchemicals.com.au or [email protected] No part of this article may be reproduced without permission from Colin Campbell (Chemicals) Pty Ltd ReferencesManagement of Turfgrass Diseases 2nd Ed J.M Vargas Jnr 1994Fungicide Resistance Management John Damicone Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Found www.askjeves.com June 2004CROPLIFE Found www.croplifeaustralia.org.au June 2004
Fungicide resistance in turF
This
is o
nly
a gu
ide
and
shou
ld b
e ta
ken
as su
ch. U
sage
tim
es o
f the
se p
rodu
cts c
an
vary
in d
iffer
ent c
limat
ic co
nditi
ons.
Alw
ays r
ead
the
labe
l bef
ore
usin
g an
y pr
oduc
t.
WEE
D &
PES
T M
AN
AG
EMEN
T TI
MIN
G A
PP
LIC
ATI
ON
S
Janu
ary
Febr
uary
Mar
chA
pril
May
Ju
neJu
lyA
ugus
tSe
ptem
ber
Oct
ober
Nov
embe
rD
ecem
ber
PASS
TOX
® Cle
arfo
r sum
mer
gra
ss, p
aspa
lum
, m
ullu
mbi
mby
cou
ch, s
edge
s, n
ut g
rass
cr
ab g
rass
Rat
e 25
L-66
L/ha
Poac
hek®
PO
A H
ER
BIC
IDE
SU
MM
ER
WE
ED
HE
RB
ICID
E
Tru
Blue
®S
PR
AY
IN
DIC
AT
OR
PA
TE
NT
ED
NO
N-S
TA
ININ
G
BL
UE
SP
RA
Y I
ND
ICA
TO
R
& Spo
rtsg
roun
d®M
ethar
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ombi®
3 W
AY
AC
TIO
N W
EE
D C
ON
TR
OL
MET
HA
R TR
I-KO
MB
I® / SP
ORT
SGRO
UN
D®
for B
road
leav
ed W
eeds
& F
lat w
eeds
Rate
4.2
L/ha
POA
CHEK
® fo
r win
ter g
rass
(poa
an
nua)
Rat
e 1.
5L/h
a
POA
CHEK
® fo
r win
ter g
rass
(poa
an
nua)
Rat
e 1.
5L/h
a
PASS
TOX
® Cl
ear
for s
umm
er g
rass
, pas
palu
m, m
ullu
mbi
mby
co
uch,
sed
ges,
nut
gra
ss a
nd c
rab
gras
s Ra
te 2
5L-6
6L/h
a
Penn
side®
MIC
RO
EN
CA
PS
UL
AT
ED
IN
SE
CT
ICID
E
PEN
NSI
DE®
for c
ontr
ol o
f Bla
ck B
eetl
e, M
ole
Cric
ket,
St
em W
eevi
l, A
rmyw
orm
& C
utw
orm
Rate
12.
5L-2
5L/h
a
BIFF
® fo
r con
trol
of A
dult
Bla
ck B
eetl
e, B
ilbug
M
ole
Cric
ket,
Ste
m W
eevi
l, A
rmyw
orm
&
Cutw
orm
, ant
s Ra
te 1
.2L-
4.4L
/ha
PEN
NSI
DE®
for c
ontr
ol o
f Bla
ck B
eetl
e, M
ole
Cric
ket,
St
em W
eevi
l, A
rmyw
orm
& C
utw
orm
Rate
12.
5L-2
5L/h
a
BIFF
® fo
r con
trol
of A
dult
Bla
ck B
eetl
e, B
ilbug
M
ole
Cric
ket,
Ste
m W
eevi
l, A
rmyw
orm
&
Cutw
orm
, ant
s Ra
te 1
.2L-
4.4L
/ha
DIRE
CTIO
NS F
OR U
SERE
STRA
INTS
• D
O NO
T us
e in
situ
atio
ns w
here
pre
dato
ry m
ites
are
esta
blis
hed
and
prov
idin
g ef
fect
ive
mite
con
trol.
• DO
NOT
app
ly if
rain
fall
is e
xpec
ted
befo
re s
pray
dep
osits
dry
on
leaf
. • D
O NO
T us
e th
is p
rodu
ct a
t les
s th
an la
bel r
ates
. • D
O NO
T ap
ply
to s
oils
if e
xces
sive
ly w
et o
r im
med
iate
ly p
rior t
o or
afte
r hea
vy ra
in to
avo
id ru
n-of
f of t
he c
hem
ical
.
CROP
PEST
RATE
CRIT
ICAL
COM
MEN
TSRo
ses,
ca
rnat
ions
an
d ot
her
orna
men
tal
plan
ts.
Two
spot
ted
mite
(Tet
rany
chus
urti
cae)
30 o
r 40m
L/10
0LAp
ply
at fi
rst s
ign
of p
est i
nfes
tatio
n an
d be
fore
pes
t pop
ulat
ions
bu
ild u
p to
dam
agin
g le
vels
. Rep
eat a
s ne
cess
ary
on 1
0-14
day
in
terv
als.
Bes
t res
ults
are
obt
aine
d fro
m p
reve
ntat
ive
rath
er th
an
cura
tive
appl
icat
ions
. Whe
re in
dica
ted,
use
the
high
er d
osag
e fo
r kno
ckdo
wn
of e
stab
lishe
d pe
st in
fest
atio
ns o
r whe
n lo
nger
re
sidu
al a
ctiv
ity is
requ
ired.
Spr
ay to
run-
off u
sing
a s
pray
vo
lum
e of
100
0-15
00L/
ha.
Aphi
ds20
mL/
100L
Cate
rpill
ars
and
loop
ers,
incl
udin
g he
lioth
is (c
orn
ear w
orm
, nat
ive
budw
orm
) Hel
icov
erpa
spp
,lig
ht b
row
n ap
ple
mot
h (E
piph
yas
post
vitta
na) a
nd g
eran
ium
plu
me
mot
h (S
phen
arch
es a
risod
acty
lus)
20m
L/10
0LAp
ply
at fi
rst s
ign
of p
est i
nfes
tatio
n an
d be
fore
pes
t pop
ulat
ions
bu
ild u
p to
dam
agin
g le
vels
. Rep
eat a
s ne
cess
ary
on 1
0-14
day
in
terv
als.
Bes
t res
ults
are
obt
aine
d fro
m p
reve
ntat
ive
rath
er th
an
cura
tive
appl
icat
ions
. Spr
ay to
run-
off u
sing
a s
pray
vol
ume
of
10-1
5L/1
00m
2 and
cov
erin
g bo
th s
urfa
ces.
Whi
tefl y
(Tria
leur
odes
vap
orar
ioum
), Po
inse
ttia
whi
te fl
y (B
erm
isia
taba
ci
Biot
ype
B)
20 -
80m
L/10
0LAp
ply
at fi
rst s
ign
of p
est a
ctiv
ity a
nd re
peat
at i
nter
vals
of 7
-10
days
whi
le p
est p
ress
ure
pers
ists
. Mor
e th
an th
ree
spra
ys m
ay
be re
quire
d to
con
trol a
n ex
istin
g in
fest
atio
n. S
pray
to ru
n-of
f co
verin
g bo
th le
af s
urfa
ces.
Use
the
high
er ra
te w
hen
pest
pr
essu
re is
hig
h, w
hen
cond
ition
s fa
vour
pes
t dev
elop
men
t or
whe
n in
crea
sed
resi
dual
pro
tect
ion
is re
quire
d.M
ealy
bug
(Pse
udoc
occu
s lo
ngis
pinu
s)20
mL/
100L
Appl
y at
fi rs
t sig
n of
pes
t act
ivity
and
repe
at a
t int
erva
ls o
f 7-1
0 da
ys w
hile
pes
t pre
ssur
e pe
rsis
ts. S
pray
to ru
n-of
f cov
erin
g bo
th
leaf
sur
face
s.Pl
ague
Thr
ips
(Thr
ips
imag
ines
, T.
sim
plex
, T. h
awai
iens
is)
20m
L/10
0LAp
ply
at fi
rst s
ign
of p
est a
ctiv
ity a
nd re
peat
at i
nter
vals
of 7
-10
days
whi
le p
est p
ress
ure
pers
ists
. Ens
ure
that
fl ow
ers
and
buds
ar
e sp
raye
d. S
pray
to ru
n-of
f. W
hen
buds
are
ope
ning
rapi
dly
and
pest
pre
ssur
e is
hig
h re
duci
ng th
e sp
ray
inte
rval
to 3
-4
days
will
giv
e be
tter r
esul
ts. M
onito
r the
pop
ulat
ion
by re
gula
r in
spec
tion.
Cutw
orm
s (A
grot
is s
pp) i
n be
ds,
cont
aine
rs a
nd p
ots.
1.2L
/ha
12m
L/10
0m2
Spra
y ev
enly
ove
r the
are
a to
be
treat
ed. A
fter a
pplic
atio
n ap
ply
appr
oxim
atel
y 5m
m o
f spr
inkl
er ir
rigat
ion.
20m
L/10
0LAp
ply
as a
dre
nch
at th
e ra
te o
f 2 li
tres
of p
repa
red
spra
y pe
r sq
uare
met
re o
f pot
are
a.Tu
rf (e
.g.
law
ns,
com
mer
cial
tu
rf fa
rms,
pa
rks,
re
crea
tiona
l ar
eas,
bo
wlin
g gr
eens
, sp
orts
fi el
ds)
Law
n ar
myw
orm
(Spo
dopt
era
mau
rita)
, So
d w
ebw
orm
(Her
peto
gram
ma
licar
sisa
lis)
1.2L
/ha
(12m
L/10
0m2 )
Mix
Biff
in w
ater
and
app
ly e
venl
y ov
er th
e ar
ea to
be
treat
ed
usin
g sp
ray
appl
icat
ion
equi
pmen
t. Us
e a
min
imum
wat
er
volu
me
of a
t lea
st 2
00L/
ha (2
L/10
0m2 ).
To
ensu
re o
ptim
um
cont
rol,
irrig
ate
the
treat
ed a
rea
with
up
to 4
mm
of w
ater
soo
n af
ter a
pplic
atio
n. In
spec
t tre
ated
are
as fo
r con
tinui
ng a
ctiv
ity.
Reap
ply
as re
quire
. Whe
re a
rate
rang
e is
indi
cate
d us
e lo
wer
ra
tes
unde
r low
er in
sect
pre
ssur
e an
d hi
gher
rate
s un
der h
ighe
r in
sect
pre
ssur
e.Ap
ply
afte
r mow
ing
to m
inim
ise
loss
of i
nsec
ticid
e in
clip
ping
s.
Arge
ntin
e st
em w
eevi
l adu
lts
(Lis
trona
tus
bona
riens
is)
1.2
– 2.
4L/h
a(1
2-24
mL/
100m
2 )Af
rican
bla
ck b
eetle
adu
lts
(Het
eron
ychu
s ar
ator
)2.
5-3.
6L/h
a(2
5-36
mL/
100m
2 )Bi
llbug
adu
lts (S
phen
opho
rus
brun
nipi
nnis
)1.
2-2.
43L/
ha(1
2 -
24m
L/10
0m2 )
Blac
k an
t, co
asta
l bro
wn
ant,
funn
el
ant,
mea
t ant
, sug
ar a
nt a
nd s
tingi
ng
ant o
nly
1.2-
4.4L
/ha
(12-
44m
L/10
0m2 )
Mix
Biff
in w
ater
and
app
ly e
venl
y ov
er th
e ar
ea to
be
treat
ed
usin
g sp
ray
appl
icat
ion
equi
pmen
t. Ap
ply
to a
reas
whe
re
ants
are
act
ive.
Whe
re p
ossi
ble
spra
y di
rect
ly in
to th
e ne
sts.
Us
e th
e lo
w ra
te fo
r mai
nten
ance
trea
tmen
ts o
r to
cont
rol
light
infe
stat
ions
and
the
high
rate
for h
eavy
infe
stat
ions
and
m
axim
um re
sidu
al c
ontro
l. Th
e el
imin
atio
n of
funn
el a
nts
from
a
parti
cula
r site
will
gen
eral
ly re
quire
mor
e th
an o
ne a
pplic
atio
n.
Initi
al a
pplic
atio
ns s
houl
d be
bro
adca
st o
ver a
ffect
ed a
reas
. As
the
initi
al n
umbe
r of a
ctiv
e co
loni
es is
redu
ced,
app
licat
ion
shou
ld s
hift
to ta
rget
ing
activ
e m
ound
s. A
pply
spr
ay d
irect
ly
to th
e m
ound
s an
d in
the
area
imm
edia
tely
sur
roun
ding
act
ive
mou
nds
(300
mm
radi
us).
To a
id in
eve
n co
vera
ge a
min
imum
sp
ray
volu
me
of 2
00L/
ha (2
L/10
0m2 )
is re
com
men
ded.
NOT
TO B
E US
ED F
OR A
NY P
URPO
SE, O
R IN
ANY
MAN
NER,
CON
TRAR
Y TO
THIS
LAB
EL U
NLES
S AU
THOR
ISED
UND
ER A
PPRO
PRIA
TE L
EGIS
LATI
ON.
GENE
RAL
INST
RUCT
IONS
Biff
is a
con
tact
and
res
idua
l ins
ectic
ide/
miti
cide
. it
can
be u
sed
as a
pro
tect
ive
treat
men
t w
hen
appl
ied
at
regu
lar i
nter
vals
or a
s a
knoc
kdow
n tre
atm
ent t
o co
ntro
l exi
stin
g pe
sts.
Bes
t res
ults
are
obt
aine
d w
hen
Biff
is
appl
ied
befo
re p
est p
opul
atio
ns b
uild
up
to d
amag
ing
leve
ls.
Inse
ctic
ide
Resi
stan
ce W
arni
ng –
For
inse
ctic
ide
resi
stan
ce
man
agem
ent,
Biff
is a
Gro
up 3
A in
sect
icid
e. S
ome
natu
rally
oc
curr
ing
inse
ct b
ioty
pes
resi
stan
t to
Biff
and
othe
r Gr
oup
3A in
sect
icid
es m
ay e
xist
thro
ugh
norm
al g
enet
ic
varia
bilit
y in
any
inse
ct p
opul
atio
n. T
he re
sist
ant i
ndiv
idua
ls c
an e
vent
ually
dom
inat
e th
e in
sect
pop
ulat
ion
if Bi
ff an
d ot
her G
roup
3A
inse
ctic
ides
are
use
d re
peat
edly.
The
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
Biff
on
resi
stan
t ind
ivid
uals
cou
ld b
e si
gnifi
cant
ly re
duce
d. S
ince
occ
urre
nce
of re
sist
ant i
ndiv
idua
ls is
diffi
cul
t to
dete
ct p
rior t
o us
e. C
olin
Cam
pbel
l (C
hem
ical
s) P
ty L
td, a
ccep
ts n
o lia
bilit
y fo
r any
loss
es th
ey m
ay re
sult
from
the
failu
re o
f Biff
to c
ontro
l res
ista
nt
inse
cts.
Biff
may
be
subj
ect t
o sp
ecifi
c re
sist
ance
man
agem
ent s
trate
gies
. For
furth
er in
form
atio
n co
ntac
t you
r lo
cal s
uppl
ier.
Colin
Cam
pbel
l (Ch
emic
als)
Pty
Ltd
, re
pres
enta
tive
or lo
cal a
gric
ultu
ral d
epar
tmen
t agr
onom
ist.
Re-e
ntry
Per
iod
– Do
not
allo
w r
e-en
try
into
trea
ted
area
s un
til th
e sp
ray
depo
sits
hav
e dr
ied
or h
ave
been
w
ater
ed in
afte
r tre
atm
ent.
Whe
n pr
ior
entr
y is
nec
essa
ry, w
ear
suita
ble
prot
ectiv
e cl
othi
ng (
i.e. w
ater
proo
f bo
ots,
ove
ralls
and
glo
ves)
. Clo
thin
g m
ust b
e w
ashe
d af
ter e
ach
day’
s us
e.Ap
plic
atio
n –
Biff
is a
sus
pens
ion
conc
entra
te r
equi
ring
dilu
tion
with
wat
er p
rior
to u
se. A
pplic
atio
ns s
houl
d be
mad
e w
ith e
quip
men
t ca
libra
ted
to d
eliv
er a
fi n
e di
lute
spr
ay i
n a
suita
ble
volu
me
to e
nsur
e th
orou
gh
cove
rage
. Use
sui
tabl
e ap
plic
atio
n eq
uipm
ent a
nd p
refe
rabl
y co
ne n
ozzl
e co
mbi
natio
ns to
del
iver
app
ropr
iate
sp
ray
volu
me
and
drop
let s
ize
of 1
50 to
200
mic
rons
. DO
NOT
appl
y as
a fo
g or
mis
t.M
ixin
g –
Add
the
requ
ired
quan
tity
of B
iff to
wat
er in
the
spra
y ta
nk a
nd m
ix th
orou
ghly.
Mai
ntai
n ag
itatio
n du
ring
mix
ing
and
appl
icat
ion.
Com
patib
ility
– B
iff is
com
patib
le w
ith c
omm
only
use
d fu
ngic
ides
. Do
not m
ix w
ith a
lkal
ine
mat
eria
ls.
Surf
acta
nts
– Bi
ff co
ntai
ns a
sur
fact
ant.
Addi
tiona
l sur
fact
ant
may
be
nece
ssar
y on
har
d to
wet
pla
nts
and
high
vol
ume
situ
atio
ns.
PROT
ECTI
ON O
F W
ILDL
IFE,
FIS
H, C
RUST
ACEA
AND
THE
ENV
IRON
MEN
T –
Dang
erou
s to
fi s
h an
d ot
her
aqua
tic o
rgan
ism
s. D
O NO
T co
ntam
inat
e st
ream
s, ri
vers
or w
ater
way
s w
ith th
e ch
emic
al o
r use
d co
ntai
ners
. PR
OTEC
TION
LIV
ESTO
CK –
Dan
gero
us to
bee
s. D
O NO
T sp
ray
any
plan
ts in
fl ow
er w
hen
bees
are
fora
ging
. Sp
ray
in th
e ni
ght o
r ear
ly m
orni
ng w
hen
bees
are
not
act
ivel
y fo
ragi
ng.
STOR
AGE,
SPI
LLAG
E AN
D DI
SPOS
AL –
Sto
re in
the
clos
ed, o
rigin
al c
onta
iner
in a
coo
l, w
ell-v
entil
ated
are
a aw
ay fr
om c
hild
ren,
ani
mal
s, fo
od a
nd fe
edst
uffs
. Do
not s
tore
for p
rolo
nged
per
iods
in d
irect
sun
light
. In
case
of
spi
llage
, con
fi ne
and
abso
rb s
pille
d pr
oduc
t with
abs
orbe
nt m
ater
ial s
uch
as s
and,
cla
y or
cat
litte
r. Di
spos
e of
was
te a
s in
dica
ted
belo
w o
r acc
ordi
ng to
Aus
tralia
n St
anda
rd A
S250
7 –
Stor
age
and
Hand
ling
of P
estic
ides
. DO
NOT
allo
w s
pille
d pr
oduc
t to
ent
er s
ewer
s, d
rain
s, c
reek
s or
any
oth
er w
ater
way
s. T
riple
or
pref
erab
le
pres
sure
rins
e co
ntai
ners
bef
ore
disp
osal
. Add
rins
ings
to s
pray
tank
. DO
NOT
disp
ose
of u
ndilu
ted
chem
ical
s on
site
. If r
ecyc
ling,
rep
lace
cap
and
ret
urn
clea
n co
ntai
ners
to r
ecyc
ler
or d
esig
nate
d co
llect
ion
poin
t. If
not
recy
clin
g br
eak,
cru
sh,
or p
unct
ure
and
bury
em
pty
cont
aine
rs i
n a
loca
l au
thor
ity l
andfi
ll.
If no
lan
dfi ll
is
avai
labl
e, b
ury
the
cont
aine
rs b
elow
500
mm
in a
dis
posa
l pit
spec
ifi ca
lly m
arke
d an
d se
t up
for
this
pur
pose
cl
ear o
f wat
erw
ays,
des
irabl
e ve
geta
tion
and
tree
root
s. E
mpt
y co
ntai
ners
and
pro
duct
sho
uld
not b
e bu
rnt.
SAFE
TY D
IREC
TION
S –
Pois
onou
s if
swal
low
ed. W
ill ir
ritat
e th
e ey
es. A
void
con
tact
with
eye
s an
d sk
in. W
hen
open
ing
the
cont
aine
r an
d pr
epar
ing
the
spra
y an
d us
ing
the
prep
ared
spr
ay, w
ear
cotto
n ov
eral
ls b
utto
ned
to th
e ne
ck a
nd w
rist a
nd a
was
habl
e ha
t, el
bow
leng
th P
VC o
r nitr
ile g
love
s an
d a
half-
face
resp
irato
r. W
ash
hand
s af
ter u
se. A
fter e
ach
day’
s us
e, w
ash
glov
es, c
onta
min
ated
clo
thin
g an
d re
spira
tor a
nd, i
f rub
ber,
was
h w
ith d
eter
gent
and
war
m w
ater
.FI
RST
AID
– If
pois
onin
g oc
curs
, con
tact
a d
octo
r or P
oiso
ns In
form
atio
n Ce
ntre
, Pho
ne A
ustra
lia 1
3 11
26.
MAT
ERIA
L SA
FETY
DAT
A SH
EET
– Fu
rther
info
rmat
ion
can
be o
btai
ned
from
the
Mat
eria
l Saf
ety
Data
She
et.
COND
lTlO
NS O
F SA
LE –
Agr
icul
tura
l, ho
rticu
ltura
l an
d pa
stor
al p
repa
ratio
ns i
n th
eir
appl
icat
ion
invo
lve
vary
ing
fact
ors
such
as
diffe
ring
cond
ition
s, s
oil,
clim
ate
and
met
hods
of
appl
icat
ion
over
whi
ch t
he v
endo
r do
es n
ot h
ave
cont
rol,
Whi
lst
Colin
Cam
pbel
l (Ch
emic
als)
Pty
. Ltd
bel
ieve
s th
at a
ll go
ods
sold
by
it ar
e tru
e to
labe
l and
are
effe
ctiv
e an
d sa
fe fo
r pur
pose
indi
cate
d th
e co
mpa
ny a
nd th
e se
ller h
ereb
y ex
pres
sly
nega
te
and
excl
ude
any
expr
ess
or im
plie
d co
nditi
on, s
tate
men
t or
war
rant
y, st
atut
ory
or o
ther
wis
e, a
s to
qua
lity
or
fi tne
ss o
f any
goo
ds s
old
for
any
purp
ose
or p
urpo
ses
wha
tsoe
ver
exce
pt s
uch
war
rant
ies
and
cond
ition
s, if
an
y, as
are
impl
ied
by th
e Tr
ade
Prac
tices
Act
197
4 (C
omm
onw
ealth
). Th
e co
mpa
ny a
nd th
e se
ller
acce
pt n
o re
spon
sibi
lity
for a
ny lo
ss, h
arm
or d
amag
e w
hats
oeve
r suf
fere
d fro
m th
e us
e of
suc
h go
ods
for a
ny p
urpo
se
or p
urpo
ses
irres
pect
ive
of w
heth
er o
r not
the
buye
r was
act
ing
in re
lianc
e up
on th
e ad
vice
reco
mm
enda
tion
or re
pres
enta
tion
of th
e se
ller o
r any
repr
esen
tativ
e ag
ent o
f em
ploy
ee o
f the
com
pany
as
to s
uch
use
exce
pt
in re
spec
t of b
reac
hes
of c
ondi
tions
and
war
rant
ies,
if a
ny, i
mpl
ied
by th
e Tr
ade
Prac
tices
Act
and
in re
spec
t of
such
bre
ache
s th
e lia
bilit
y of
the
com
pany
and
the
selle
r sha
ll be
lim
ited
to th
e re
plac
emen
t of t
he g
oods
or t
he
supp
ly o
f equ
ival
ent g
oods
, or t
he p
aym
ent o
f the
cos
t of r
epla
cing
the
good
s.
NOT
CLAS
SIFI
ED A
S A
DANG
EROU
S GO
OD F
ORST
ORAG
E AN
D TR
ANSP
ORT
IN A
USTR
ALIA
APVM
A Ap
prov
al N
o: 6
3190
/5L-
200L
/090
9
Batc
h Nu
mbe
r:Da
te o
f Man
ufac
ture
:
GR
OU
P3A
INS
EC
TIC
IDE
PO
ISO
N
Dis
trib
uted
by:
Co
lin C
amp
bel
l (C
hem
ical
s) P
ty. L
td.
5 B
lack
fria
r P
lace
, Wet
heri
ll P
ark
NS
W P
hone
: (02
) 972
5 25
44
Co
nten
ts: 5
L
KEEP
OUT
OF
REAC
H OF
CHI
LDRE
NRE
AD S
AFET
Y DI
RECT
IONS
BEF
ORE
OPEN
ING
OR U
SING
BIF
FB
IFF
100S
C IN
SECT
ICID
EA
CT
IVE
CO
NS
TIT
UE
NT:
100
g/L
BIF
EN
TH
RIN
GROU
P3A
INSE
CTIC
IDE
For
the
cont
rol o
f a r
ange
of p
ests
in t
urf a
nd o
rnam
enta
l pla
nts
as s
pec
ifi ed
in t
he D
irect
ions
for
Use
tab
le.
9314843212041
Passtox®
ww
w.c
ampb
ellc
hem
ical
s.com
.au
(02)
972
5 25
44
COLI
N C
AM
PBEL
L (C
HEM
ICA
LS) P
TY LT
D
The
Key
to P
rofe
ssio
nal T
urf
100%
Aus
tral
ian
owne
d &
ope
rate
d. E
stab
lishe
d 19
40
ww
w.c
ampb
ellc
hem
ical
s.com
.au
(02)
972
5 25
44
COLI
N C
AM
PBEL
L (C
HEM
ICA
LS) P
TY LT
D
The
Key
to P
rofe
ssio
nal T
urf
100%
Aus
tral
ian
owne
d &
ope
rate
d. E
stab
lishe
d 19
40
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