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Learning activities learning

Learning activity 1.1.

20/20 goodTaska. Search for two additional definitions of semantics and create your own semantics

definition.

Definition

Semantics is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of languageacquisition (how language users acquire a sense of meaning, as speakers andwriters, listeners and readers) and of language change (how meanings alter overtime). It is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these arelikely to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and effects of style. It is thus one of the most fundamental concepts in linguistics. The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified,obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased.

Semantics (from Greek smantik , neuter plural of smantiks )[1][2] is the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between signifiers , such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata.

Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used by humans to expressthemselves through language. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.

My own definition

Semantics is a linguist study about the meaning of the words, phrase, sign and

symbols. This is study of meaning is focus in the language, because it is the wayhow we are communicated and express our feelings, needs and thoughts.

b. Explain the seven types of meaning with example.

There are seven types of meaning which is dividing in three categories

1. Conceptual or Sense is called denotative or cognitive which is the central factor inlinguistic communication which is based on two structural principles:

Contractiveness (give these lexical items features) Constituent structures (eliminate other features which are not)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language


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It is usually derived from definitions we find in dictionaries and the appearance of theselexical items.

Example:Book A collection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed,

bound together; commonly, many folded and bound sheets containing continuousprinting or writing.

2. Associative is the secondary meaning supplement to the conceptual meaning. This hasinfluence about culture, background, education, experience, religion, geographicalreligion, ect. This is about the expression which has to do with individual mentalunderstandings of the speaker.

2.1. Connotative meaning is conceptual meaning with expression. It could be changeaccording to culture, background or society. It depends on how an individual or societyperceives an utterance.

Example:

Book: old, boring, wide

2.2 Stylistic meaning have two aspects of communication about the situation andwhere it takes place. Stylistics meaning is a piece of language conveys about socialcircumstance of its use. Language use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. Thestylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations,constitute stylistic meanings of words. It is important the intonation and voice-timber(tone of voice) because express emotions

Example:

I would like to drink a soda.

2.3 Affective meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions andattitudes of a language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only incontext.

Example:

I am afraid I can go.The words have emotive values may fall into two categories:

Appreciative or commendatory words of positive to show approval.Example: Admire, charm, love

Pejorative or derogatory words with negative connotations imply disapproval.Example: hate, detest, good for nothing...

2.4 Reflected meaning is communicated through association with another sense of the

same expression. The words have multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of aword forms part of our response to another sense.


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Example:I am homesick. I miss my family (I want to be with my family)Could you please call Miss Ortega (This is a title for women no marry)

2.5 Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires which are thatpart of the word-meaning suggested by the words that go before or come after a word inquestion.

Example

I am pretty tired (too much)She is a pretty princess. (Beautiful)

3 Thematic Meaning is about word order and how affects the meaning.

Example:Today I am going to finish my homework. (Promise)I am going to finish my homework today. (Neutral way)

c. Name four fields related to the semantics studies and describe which one is therelationship.

Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. If we pronounce wrong we can change the real meaning of the word we want to say.

Morphology is the structure of words and the smallest meaning-bearing units and howthey combine into words. The relationship is about how we can change the word withput o move out some letter.

Syntax is the formation of sentences, how words are combined to larger units thanwords, to phrases and sentences. The relationship is because the place where it put theword can change the meaning.

Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language. These sounds are called phonemes. Itis divided into three main branches:

Articulatory phonetics is the study of the way the vocal organs are used toproduce speech sounds.

Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Auditory phonetics is the study of the way people perceive speech sounds.

It helps our skill to communicate because it gives the tips which articulation weused to pronounce.

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Task

a. Use a graphic designer to summarize the types of Creativity.

These word arecreated for evolution

technologyNeologism

The dynamics of linguistic evolutionon historical scale.

Aspect our language competence

The semanticsalertness

ConceptualFuction

Lexical Innovation

Resist the

stereotypingtendency.

Associates with thescientist and prose

writer.

This context theirrational or

counterlogicalcharacter of poetrybecomes explicable

A metaphor is a figure of speech and or phrases thatone word as being or equalto a second object in some

wa .

Types of Creativity

EXAMPLE:Internet, web

EXAMPLE:Pain in my neck.

Something bothersus.

The transfer of meaning thus

accomplished isfigurative andMetaphorical

Make fullinventive use of the infinity of

possibleconfigurations of

meaning.

Applies from theparticularly toliterary prose.

Devices

Paradox is a statement orgroup of statements that

leads to a contradiction or asituation which defies

intuition


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b. Diagram a word map about FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

c. Explain Language as a Substitute for Action.

Languages have different function that can influence the behaviour, attitudes and expressfeelings. Also keep the equilibrium of society. This is why we say that language cansubstitute for action in different way for example physical activity when we speak or writeusing the expressive and directive function it can change the aptitude of people.

This is a important quality of language that bring us the opportunity to communicate orexpress ourselves what we feel, give advice, rules, obligation or action that we want peopledo it.

Didactic orientationsRead carefully pages 47-67 from the textbook the you will find the information you need

Objective To describe the types of Creativity To visualize the Functions of Language

To understand the importance of language


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Criteria Evaluation Types of Creativity identificationUnderstanding about Functions of LanguageHow language can be a mechanism of humans survival

5Learning activity 1.3.

Taska. Write the theory and new examples for each type of Basic Statement.

Basic statements in semantics rarely misuse intuition in the sense of claiming directexplicit knowledge of the rules of language. Instead, they argue from certain kind of observation which they take to be self-evident. There are several types of statementabout meaning.

Types or Basic Statements

Synonymous gives the speaker/writer the possibility to choose the mostappropriate linguistic form for his thoughts.Example:I am homesick is synonymous I am nostalgic .

Entails gives the speaker/writer to tell the true. Example:I am homesick is entails I miss my family

Inconsistent the speaker/writer do not tell the true. Example:I am homesick is inconsistent I do not miss my family

Tautology general true.

Example:I am homesick is tautology I live out with no family or friend gets nostalgic

Contradiction is invariably false. Example:I am homesick is contradiction I fee l great

Positively Presupposes is the true for granted. Example:Are you homesick? is Positively Presupposes You feel good

Negatively Presupposes is false for granted. Example:


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If I were with my family, things would be better? is Negatively Presupposes I have a family

Semantically anomalous is absurd in the sentence Example:

I feel good when I am homesick.

b. With the use of an example explain the components of Meaning

Component of Meaning is how word is dividing into minimal distinctive features.The components are contrast with other components

Example: Car Boat Airplane

Those are medium of transportation by the have different way to function: By air: airplane By water: Boat By land: Car

We can represented these sense is to write a formulaCar: transportation + use landBoat: transportation use landAirplane: transportation use land

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Taska. Design a concept map using components and meaning relations with examples.

Components

Crackers Salt


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b. Identify and give an example of each one of the contrast meanings.(Oppositions)

There are different short of opposites with different meaning relations.

Antonyms denote two opposite extremesExample: Old / new

Girl / boy

Directional opposites related to opposite directions on a common axis.

+ Food

+ Salty + Sweet

+ Food

+ Snack + Snack

Formula: + food + snack + salt Formula: + food + snack - salt

Meaning RelationUniversit

SynonymCollege

AntonymIgnorant

Hyponymy

Higher education + young people + knowledge



Student

Smart

Education System


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Example: Left / rightUp / down

Complementaries denotes one out of the only two possibilities in somedomain of cases.

Example: Father / MotherWake / sleep

Heteronyms more than two alternatives within a given domain. Example: January / March

Eyes / Nose

Converses the same with reversed roles (logical relations only).Example: Give / Receive

Sell / Buy

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