guðni a. jóhannesson – plenary session
TRANSCRIPT
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OrkustofnunThe National Energy Authority
Prof. Dr. Gudni A JóhannessonDirector General
GEORG 25. Nov 2016
Role and Opportunities of Geothermal in Smart Energy Systems
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1
Originally by Cullen & Allwood 2010
Global Primary Energy Use 2006
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Definition of Exergy and Energy Quality
Heat reservoir
Mechanical work - ExergyHeat flow
Anergy
Environment
Quality of energy at T1
(Max exergy output)/energy
Exergy destroying processes
Electricity or fuels converted directly to heat
Mixing of water at different temperatures
Friction losses in fluid flow
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Quality of energy• Quality of energy is the proportion of the
stored energy that can be used to generate work.
T0
Tr Qr
Work
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Exergy X for a heat source depending on temperature
T0
Tr Qr m cHitastig varmageymis HlutfalloC K hágildisorku
500 773,15 0,43400 673,15 0,38300 573,15 0,33250 523,15 0,29200 473,15 0,25150 423,15 0,20100 373,15 0,15
80 353,15 0,1260 333,15 0,1040 313,15 0,0720 293,15 0,03
0 273,15
Viðmiðunarhitastig 273,15
W
Temperature Proportion exergy
Ref temperature
Electricity and fossil fuelsQuality factor 0,9 – 1,0
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How Smart is Smart
• What is our perspective– The electricity producer – maximum revenues– The consumer – adequate service for a
minimum cost– Global climate change – minimum emissions
• Smart Stupid grids• Smart energy systems • Good energy quality management EQM
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Energy Quality ManagementCommunity Level
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Global EQM Potential
Total Primary energy use
475 TWhHeating 233 TWH
Saving potential by Energy Quality Management
150 TWh?
Total coal burning127 TWh
2006 values
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The
Lind
al D
iagr
am
http://www.therockymountaingoat.com/2014/02/valemount-may-get-geothermal-workshop/
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Geothermal Heat 2014
28.1 PJ in total
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The Deep Drilling Project
>500 OC250 OC
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Heat pump – highest theoretical COP
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
Nothitastig 35 CNothitastig 55 C
0TTT
r
r
Source temperature OC
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Heat pumps – measured COP
Fig. 1: Values of COP for brine/water heat pumps (as used typically in geothermal heat pump systems), measured in the Heat Pump Test Centre
Toess (extract from http://www.wpz.ch/)
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The Price for Exergy• Reykjavik Energy – marginal cost
– Electricity including distribution• Energy price 13,79 kr/kWh• Exergy price 13,79 kr/kWh
– Hot water• Price 131,45 kr/m3 DT=(80-40) K • 46,4 kWst Reservoir quality at 80 C = 0,12• Exergy price = 2,83 kr/kWh/0,12 = 23,6 kr/kWh
• Heat pump alternative – equalized marginal cost• Relative COP = 0,58 x COPtheoretical
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The Role of District Heating and Cooling
H. Lund et al. / Energy 68 (2014) 1e11
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Supplied energy for district heating in Sweden, TWh
Oil
Biofuels, waste, peat
Heatpumps
Waste heat
Natural gas
Coal
Electricity
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Increased market penetration• Integration into the total energy system• Increased penetration of district heating
and cooling networks• New generation of networks - prosumers• Industries• Biocultures• Absorptive and adsorptive cooling• Improved public acceptance• Deposition of gasses with reinjection
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Future concepts?
• The HC-radiator
80OC
40OC
Heating
Cooling
No mechanical heating or cooling
Ambient outside air
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Future Concept - Villa NOPOLI?
• Village with no powerlines• District heating system with mixture of
water and ethanol• Ethanol is evaporated and condensed on
house level for small electricity generation, cooking and afternoon toddy.
• Combined with local generation with wind or solar. (TESLA Powerwall?)
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Thank you