guatemala’s maya biosphere reservelucc.zrc-sazu.si/.../carr-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Space, Place, Population and Tropical
Deforestation: Latin America and
Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve
IGU-LUCC Meeting, Prague, June 27, 2010 David Lopez-Carr Department of Geography University of California, Santa Barbara Thank you: Social Science Research Council, National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, NASA, Fulbright-Hays Foundation, The Rand Corporation, The University of California, The Mellon Foundation, The Richardson Foundation, Defensores de la Naturaleza, and The Nature Conservancy, Laurel Suter
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Outline
1. Current Projects 2. Global Population and LUCC Trends 3. Population and LUCC in Latin America 4. Space, Place, Population and LUCC: A Case Study from Guatemala
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Current Projects
Population, Urbanization, Biofuels, and Tropical Deforestation/LUCC Guatemala (with E. Castellanos, L. Suter; NSF GRS; NIH K01) Ecuador (with JHU, UNC-CPC; NIH R03) Central and South America (with M. Aide, CIESIN, et al; NSF Biocomplexity Award)
Rural, Urban, and International Migration Remittances, Population Change, and Environmental Impacts in Guatemala (NSF, UC-Pacific Rim, and NASA ESSF with J. Davis) and in Ecuador (with A. Barbieri, R. Bilsborrow et al; NASA & NIH R01)
Fertility and Maternal and Child Health Ecuador (with W. Pan and colleagues at JHU and UNC-CPC; NIH R03) Guatemala (with K. Grace); NIH K01
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Human Impacts and Adaptation in Marine Protected Areas Mesoamerican Reef (Mellon Foundation), Moorea, Polynesia and S. California (with H. Lenihan; NSF LTER)
Integrated Population, Health, and Environment (PHE) in Global Ecological Hot Spots– sub-Saharan Africa and S. Asia (with WWF and USAID)
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Petén, Guatemala (with USAID). Kenya and Nepal next?
Human Dimensions of Climate Change Brazil Monsoons and Changes in Population, Health, and Land Use
Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: Integrating remote-sensing and spatial data with socio-economic and demographic data to improve our understanding of the most important geographical processes facing humankind.
Most publications available online at: www.geog.ucsb.edu/~carr
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Urbanization World Population: Average Annual Increase For Each Decade, 1750-2100 (projected) Source: "World
Population in Transition", Population Bulletin, by Thomas W. Merrick and PRB
0
20
40
60
80
100
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
Iincr
ease
(m
illio
ns)
Developing Regions
Developed Regions
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What do these maps mean?
8,000 YEARS AGO
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Population and Environmental
Change in Latin America
• 519 million people in 2000 (UN, 2001)
• 30 year doubling time, 1970-2000. 1 billion by 2100?
• Declining fertility, Rural out-migration (2% annually) and Urbanization, but… • Rapid forest clearing
• Major impact of rural-rural migrants and pasture expansion
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Central America: Forest Cover
Source: FAO, 2003
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South America: Forest Cover
Source: FAO, 2003
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Central America: Poverty
Deforestation
1961-2001 • 59% rural population increase (19 million)
• 34%. rural population density increase. • 15% deforestation (13 million ha.)
• Great temporal and geographic variation
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Central America: Pasture and Arable & Permanently Cropped Land as a Percent of Total Land
12.9% 13.1% 15.2%
34.9% 36.7%38.9%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1961 1981 2001
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South America: Amazonian
Poverty Deforestation AND
Globalization Deforestation
1961-2001 • 62 million decrease in rural population (-6%)
• rural population density nearly halved
• 6% deforestation (12% weighted).
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South America: Pasture and Arable & Permanently Cropped Land as a Percent of Total Land
4.6% 8.4% 7.7%
23.9%26.3% 30.3%
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%
1961 1981 2001
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Macro-Scale demographic, political-economic, social, and ecological dynamics
Urban or
International
Destinations
Rural
Destination Agricultural
Extensification
Agricultural
Intensification
Return to Top of Chart
Migration Fertility
regulation
Off-farm Labor
Household
Responses
Local Variation
Land Management
Other response??
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crops forest
FARM UNOCCUPIED FOREST
SURROUNDING FARMS
The significance of rural migration to agricultural expansion
•Internal (place) versus external (space) forest frontiers.
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Deforestation: Population, Space, and Place Question 1
What are the Proximate Determinants
of Agricultural Expansion in the Maya Biosphere Reserve?
0 200 Miles
N
EW
S
Sierra de LacandónNational Park
Maya Biosphere Reserve
Guatemala
Petén
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Land for People (% of Land in Forest)
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…for People without Land (Population Density)
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The SLNP boasts the richest biodiversity in the Maya
Biosphere Reserve.
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The Naranjo Road in 1987
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The SLNP suffers some of the highest rates of population
growth and agricultural expansion in the MBR
0 20 Miles
N
EW
S
Roads Forest Forest Cleared < 1990 Forest Cleared > 1990 Water
U. Maine Spatial Analysis Lab
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2005 2007 2007
Deforestation: 2005-2007
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Roads collapse space
2002
1999
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Phase 1: 1998
a. Interviews with
community leaders
in 28 communities
responsible for
LUCC in the SLNP.
b. Surveys with 279
men and 220
women from 9
communities.
Question 1: Research Methods
1998 and 2009 surveys
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Household sample 1998
Eight communities – Out of 28 communities total
• Borders and interior of park
– Clustered probability sample
247 households – 30% of households per community – OR minimum 30 households in larger
communities
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Survey instruments 1998 and 2009 – Primarily short fixed format questions – Demographic, political-economic, socio-
economic, geographic, and environmental factors
Updated and adapted in 2009 – Land sale – Out-migration from household
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Communities revisited 2009
Two distinct samples discussed here – Sample 1: Revisit 247 households
interviewed in 1998 • Follow-up on movements and land sales
– Sample 2: Random selection of current residents
• Compare current population to 1998 population
Laurel Suter, AAG 2010
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2009 Household Samples 1 & 2
Sample 1: household or relative/friend of 1998 interviewee
Sample 2: current household Acceptance rate: > 99% Not discussed here: Sample 3, current owners of
1998 land parcel
Sample 1: Follow up 1998
Households (indicates total number interviewed in 1998)
Sample 2: Randomly selected
households244 (247) 278
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Interview team Petenero students and NGO workers Q’eqchi translators Logistics coordinated with local NGO
1998 2009
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Piles of Surveys! Hecho en Guatemala
Laurel Suter, AAG 2010
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Simplified Multi-level Equation
yij ij j ija X u e
Household level random effect
Community level random effect
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Población y Uso de la Tierra en el Parque Nacional de LacandónCuestionario de hogar - Para Jefes de Hogar
Nombre:
Comunidad:
Encuestador:
Seccion I: La familia y la casaQué edad tienen? Ud._______ Su esposa (o pareja)__________
En que año se casaron (se unieron)?______
Ha vivido casado o unido con otra mujer antes?01 - SI 02 - NO [salte a la siguiente pregunta]
Cúantos hijos tuvo Ud. antes de vivir con su actual mujer?______
Cúantas personas viven en la casa actualmente? [indique hombre “H” o mujer “M”]
edad hijos/as Hijos que estánestudiando
hermanos/as padres tios/as Suegros/as cuñados/as otros,especifique
0-56-1212-1818-4950 o más
A qué trabajo le dedica más tiempo?01 - agricultor 02 - extractor de recursos boscosos 03 - negociante 04 - otro, explique
Quién maneja los ingresos de la familia? 01 - el hombre 02 - la mujer 03 - los dos
Su religión es: 01 - Católica 02 - Evangélica 03 - Ninguna 04 - Otra, especifique
Cuando era niño, su mamá le hablaba en qué idioma?01 Español 02 Q’eqchi 03 Otro, especifique__________
Y ahora, Ud. habla qué idioma en casa?01 Español 02 Q’eqchi 03 Otro, especifique__________
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Población y Uso de la Tierra en el Parque Nacional de LacandónCuestionario de hogar - Para Jefes de Hogar (Q’eqchí)
La K’ab’á:
K’aleb’aal;
Laa K’ab’á Laat laj Isihom Esil:
Jun Raqal: Li Junkab’al ut li ochoch.
Jarub’chihab’ wankaawe? La Sun aatin jarub’ ahihab’ wankre
Li chihab’ xex Sumla wi’ Maraj li xelaq’wi’ erib’)?_____
01 – He’ He’ 02 – Inka’
`jarubi la Kok’al laat naq maji’ nakat wan rik’in li tz’aqal?______
Ani nach’eok relix tuminal lijunkab’al? 01 – li winq 02 – li Ixq 03 – Sa’
wiib’al.
La Paab’aal: 01 - Katoolk 02 - Wanjeel 03 - Manjun 04 - juna, chik
Naq toj kac’inot chaq K’achi aat’ b’aal nakat’ raatinalui?
01 Kaxlan chi’ 02 Q’eqchi 03 Otro,especifique__________
ut najwak?01 laa’at K’aru 02 la waatina’b’aal 03 nakat aatinak Sá la
wochoch__________
Ma xat hulak ? Sá Rochóchil li tzolok
Toj K’a chi Raqalil xa tzolok?___________
Ma nakat yaab’asinkru hu ut Manakat Tz’iib’ak? 01 – He’ He’ 02 –
Inka’
Ma tawaj naq eb’la Kok’al te’ tzoloq? 01 – He’ He’ 02 – Inka’
[ Wi’ tsume hehe’ “| toj k’a chi Raqalil? a ) toj b’ar truuq b’
bar nuchal la si’ ? 01 sa’li kioche Sa’ lin K’anjelab’aal 02 sá lin parseel 03 sálin
alk’al Reliwochoch’ 04 Sá K’iche?)
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1. Demographics factorsHousehold size + 0.3
2. Political-economic factorsNo land title ? -7.4Cooperative - -11.3
3. Socioeconomic FactorsHousehold socio-economic characteristicsMaya vs. Ladino ? 3.4Educational level of HH Head - 0.1Off-farm labor - -3.0
Farm and Farming CharacteristicsSize of total holdings + 0.3Distance to road - -0.5Duration on the Farm + 0.2Additional agricultural fields + 4.5Velvet Bean and/or herbicides - 1.4
3. Ecological FactorsFertile Soil ? 1.2
4. Community-Level FactorsCommunity Population + 2.9
P values: < or = .01 < or = .10
Two-Level Multivariate Regression
Estimated
Predictors Cleared Land
Expected
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Forest, 19.2Fallow, 7.1
Maize, 4.9
Frijol, 0.4
Pasture, 1.3
Other, 1.0Abandoned, 0.5
1998:Average Land Use in Hectares. Farm Size = 34 ha.
Land Use Change 1998-2009
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2008: Average Land Use in HectaresFarm Size = 49 ha.
Other crops 1.1
Abandoned 1.0
Pasture, 10.9
Frijol, 1.0
Maize, 6.1Forest, 12.8
Fallow, 23.6
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Land use intensity: Agricultural inputs
1998 2009Purchased fertilizers 7% 20%
Pesticides 2% 31%
Herbicides 42% 83%Velvet bean (green manure) 37% 10%
Use of Agricultural Inputs*
*significant at p < 0.01
Laurel Suter, AAG 2010
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Succession of land parcels
CommunityNot land owners^
Land "owners"
% who sold none
% who sold some
% who sold everything
Retalteco 45% 55% 39% 28% 33%Poza Azul 13% 88% 43% 0% 57%La Lucha 9% 91% 60% 0% 40%Lagunitas 18% 82% 56% 7% 37%Nueva Jerusalén II 8% 92% 61% 0% 39%Kilómetro 107 21% 79% 48% 3% 48%Kilómetro 75 24% 76% 25% 31% 44%Manantial 48% 52% 29% 0% 71%Grand Total % 24% 76% 48% 7% 45%Grand total # 58 186 89 13 84^ Includes amendments made to 1998 data w hen collecting data in 2009
Of the 244 interviewees from 1998
Of the total number of 1998 land "owners"
Laurel Suter, AAG 2010
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Cumulative land transactions: 1998-2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
Cum
ulat
ive
land
tran
sact
ions
Laurel Suter, AAG 2010
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Motives for land transactions
Buy land elsewhere
Leave location / relocated
Medical needs
Inherit / end of
life
Finance trip to USA
Invest else-where
Pay debt
Conflict over land Other
Un-known Total
Total 14 19 27 14 6 4 6 8 8 7 113% Total 12% 17% 24% 12% 5% 4% 5% 7% 7% 6% 100%
Laurel Suter, AAG 2010
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Demographic Factors: People came from elsewhere
• 10% Annual Growth mid 1990s
Larger Communities More Agricultural Expansion.
• 8 Births per Woman
Larger Households More Agricultural Expansion.
LUCC
Drivers
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Ecological Factors: Spacious Space
• Forest abundance = Expansive swidden and avoidance of farming steep slopes
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Political-economic Factors:
Proximity = More Contact Peten’s Capital, Flores: Home of 30+ NGOs
Squatter Settlement in the SLNP
Land Title
More Ag. Expansion.
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Place and Space: Maya & Maize vs. Ladino & Cattle
•25% Maya
Maya Farmers More Extensive Farming. But…
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• Processes in distant places - skewed land distribution, demographic Pressures, poverty, war - lead to LUCC in another place
Population, Space, and Place Question 2 Where did the SLNP colonists come from and why from there?
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Concentration of landholdings: 2003
Percentage of farms
Per
cent
age
of to
tal l
and
INE 2004 Agricultural Census
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Macro-Scale demographic, political-economic, social, and ecological dynamics
Urban or International Destinations
Rural Destination
Agricultural Extensification
Agricultural Intensification
Return to Top of Chart
Migration Fertility regulation
Off-farm Labor
Household Responses
Local Variation
Land Management
Population, Space, and Place 2: Migration to the SLNP
Other response??
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Departamentos of Guatemala and Migration Origin Municipios
Morales
Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
Nueva Concepción
Original map source: http://www.inguat.net/redtp/map/indexe.html
Jutiapa
Gualan
Los Amates
San Luis
Dolores
Sierra de Lacandón National Park
Cobán
Mazatenango
Retalhuleu
El Asintal
Santa Cruz Mulúa
San Martín Zapotitlán
Iztapa
San Miguel Duenas Municipios in red are the three case studies explained in greater detail.
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Origin Areas Migration Data
Percent of adults permanently out-migrating from 1989 to 1999 Approximate %
Men 10%
Women 10%
Principal Destinations Primary employment
Guatemala City Factory or service worker 35%
Peten Acquire land for farming 35%
USA Factory, service, or agricultural worker 10%
Other Plantation laborer 10%
Principal pushes/pulls
Work 35%
Land 30%
Improve living standard/education 20%
Natural disasters/Env. Degradation 10%
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Two Municipios: Fixed vs. Shrinking Space
Nueva Concepción
Original map source: http://www.inguat.net/redtp/map/indexe.html
Sierra de Lacandón National Park
Morales
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Two reasons why place matters
Pacific Coast: Nueva Concepción
Southeastern Coastal Plains: Morales
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Sunset or Sunrise over the MBR
and Latin America’s Forests?
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A donde vamos?
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El fin
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The End
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Park limits
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Predictive model of land sales Logistic regression
– Logit link Binary response of a land transaction
vs. none Any or all land To non-offspring only Function of variables previously
discussed N = 186
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Model results
Data from 1998 survey period β Standard errorCattle yes/no* -0.752 0.456Off farm work yes/no** 0.484 0.319Amount of land in 1998 -0.004 0.005Years residence as of 1998 0.014 0.028Agricultural inputs yes/no -0.181 0.365Credit yes/no 0.008 0.649Household size 0.03 0.053Age of household head -0.01 0.013Ethnicity non-Q'eqchi Mayan (compared to Ladino)* -1.019 0.57Ethnicity Q'eqchi Mayan 0.284 0.465* p < 0.05** p < 0.06
Did a 1998 household “sell” all or part of their land?
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Assumption of independence violated
Community LadinoQ'eqchi Mayan
Non-Q'eqchi Mayan Total Ladino
Q'eqchi Mayan
Non-Q'eqchi Mayan Total
Grand Total
Retalteco 5 2 7 9 2 11 18Poza Azul 2 7 9 4 8 12 21La Lucha 12 2 14 3 3 6 20Lagunitas 12 2 2 16 10 1 11 27Nueva Jerusalén II 13 1 6 20 10 3 13 33Kilómetro 107 16 2 18 15 1 16 34Kilómetro 75 1 1 2 4 9 1 2 12 16Manantial 7 7 10 10 17Grand Total 68 11 16 95 70 16 5 91 186
No sale to non-offspring Sale to non-offspring
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Multiphasic Theory revisited
Four responses – Tenurial – distribution of land – Extensification – out-migration – New technologies of land use –
intensification – Demographic – fertility reduction
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Future work: Multiphasic additions Out-Migration
Males Females Total% HH w/ out-migrants -- -- 58%Average 1.1 1.0 2.2Standard deviation 1.6 1.4 2.6Max 9 6 12
Number of adult out-migrants from parental households
N = 224
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Destinations for adult out-migrants
Same town
Nearby Frontier
Santa Elena or
nearOther Peten
Other Guatemala
Guatemala City USA
Other foreign
Un-known Total
Male 39% 9% 6% 7% 4% 4% 24% 4% 3% 245Female 41% 12% 9% 13% 9% 4% 8% 3% 2% 236M & F # 191 51 35 47 32 19 78 17 11 481Total 40% 11% 7% 10% 7% 4% 16% 4% 2% 100%
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Changes in land use intensity Land use 1998 & 2008
05
10152025303540
Total Pasture Maize Beans Other Forest Fallow
Land Use
Hec
tare
s o
f la
nd
1998
2008
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Land transactions
Community
Sum of households who sold all or a
portion of their parcel
Total number of land
transactions
Number of transactions which result in splitting
original parcel
Avg # recipients per land
transaction (std dev)^
Retalteco 11 13 7 1.9 (2.7)Poza Azul 12 14 2 1.5 (1)La Lucha 8 13 5 1.6 (0.9)Lagunitas 12 15 5 1.3 (0.5)Nueva Jerusalén II 13 14 1 1.1 (0.5)Kilómetro 107 17 17 1 1.3 (0.5)Kilómetro 75 12 15 8 1.3 (0.9)Manantial 12 12 0 1.1 (0.3)Grand total # 97 113 29 1.4 (1.1)