guanabara bay and the climate change

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G UANABARA BAY AND THE CLIMATE CHANGE Aspásia Camargo

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Page 1: Guanabara bay and the climate change

GUANABARA BAY AND

THE CLIMATE CHANGE

Aspásia Camargo

Page 2: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The environmental-

political map:

The South Atlantic Ocean and Guanabara Bay

• Guanabara bay is the 2nd

largest bay in brazil.

• It’s a brazilian and rio dejaneiro’s landscape andenvironmental icon.

• It’s a highly polluted hydricbody , due to the lack ofsewage and solid wastetreatment

• The bay is part of the southatlantic ocean- critical sealevel elevation zone.

Page 3: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Critical point in the heart of the Metropolitan Area- 12million residents;

IPCC’S inventory: forecast of sea level elevation by 60cm (23.5 inches), with an increase of 2 ºC (3.6 ºF) until2100;

(INPE-IPP): high vulnerabilty in the lower areas -Baixada Fluminense - Duque de Caxias

URGENT NEED OF AN ADAPTATION PLAN

Social and environmental vulnerabilities of

the Coastal Area:

Page 4: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Guanabara Bay and its influence over the

Metropolitan Region

7 municipalities/cities on its

shores: Rio de Janeiro, Duque

de Caxias, Magé, Guapimirim e

Itaboraí, São Gonçalo e Niterói;

6 more municipalities in the

contributing drainage basins

area: Nova Iguaçu; Belford-

Roxo, Petrópolis, Rio Bonito;

Teresópolis; Cachoeira de

Macacu;

16 municipalities in the

Metropolitan Region, with a

population of 12 million

residents.

Page 5: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Physiologic and hydrological aspects

Total area: 380 km; perimeter 131 km;

3 MILLION M3

Depth: 3m at the bottom of the bay- Duque de Caxias; 8,3 mat Rio-Niterói Bridge; 17 m at the Barra Access Channel;

Home to more than 80 islands;

Nice calm water beaches and fine sands;

Hydrographical area composed by 5 drainage basins(29 subbasins);

An estuary formed by 45 rivers and channels;

Page 6: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The hydrographical basin sustains

Guanabara bay

Page 7: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The bay’s regeneration and

climate change:

governance for the sustainable development

To protect the municipalities population around the bay (carlos nobre

from IPCC and instituto pereira passos).

The same study shows that another critical area is the baixada

fluminense, subject to floods from the contributing drainage basins.

Guanabara bay depollution and regeneration plan includes the

drainage basins and its contributing rivers.

In the reverse direction, the water loss from guanabara bay and its

contributing rivers raises the area’s temperature, evaporation and

droughts. We have lost 10 rivers. The aggradation and deforestation

processes are in fast course.

Page 8: Guanabara bay and the climate change

A bay in agony

10 rivers disappeared! Many landfills decreased the bay’s total

area.

83 km2 of mangroves, but only 15 km2 are preserved. Less than

20%! Source: Nema/UERJ

In the 1980s, about 500 dolphins used to live in the bay.

Nowadays, there are only 40 remaining!

From the 40 beaches in the bay, 37 of them presented a water

quality considered “poor” or “very poor”".

Guanabara Bay lost its value as a source of leisure and quality of

life.

Page 9: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The mangroves map

Source: Nema/UERJ

Page 10: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The mangroves and the coastal

area protection

The mangroves are great “carbon kidnappers”,

proportionally larger - in terms of surface area - than the

Amazon rainforest ( Source: professor Mário Luiz Gomes

Soares - Núcleo de Estudos de Manguezais, UERJ);

Natural nursery for many species, mangroves are

vulnerable to rising sea levels;

At Guanabara Bay, the most threatened areas are: Ilha do

Governador, Fundão, Jequiá, Duque de Caxias, Reduc

and the rivers Suruí and Iriri.

Page 11: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Threatened Fauna and Flora

Garça branca grande – Ardea albaBiguá – Phalacrocorax brasilianus

Peixe espada- Trichiurus lepturus

Page 12: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Affected and endangered species

Socozinho – Butorides striataSaracura – Aramides saracura

Guaxinim – Procyon cancryvorus Frango d`água – Gallinula chloropus

Page 13: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Guiana dolphin

(Sotalia guianensis)

Obs: the Guiana Dolphin is in

Rio de Janeiro’s state flag.

Page 14: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The bay in agony:

sewage,

aggradation and

garbage

Page 15: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Accumulation of garbage

and sewage

Accumulation of sewage

Page 16: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Causes of aggradation

The deforestation of rivers' riparian forests and

Guanabara Bay’s surroundings.

Page 17: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Pollution of the bay

due to oil activity

Page 18: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Garbage, the bay’s, health’s and environment’s enemy,

and responsible for more than 10% of GHG emissions.

The sport of sailing among garbage Floating objects

Page 19: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Deforestation and climate change

Source: SOS Mata Atlântica

Page 20: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The bay and the

metropolitan area

The challenge of

governance: cooperation

Floating solid waste

Page 21: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Sewage launch

Industrial pollution

Page 22: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Lack of sanitationthe main enemy

The State of Rio de Janeiro treats a little more than 1/3 of

all the sewage being produced.

Each second, 14 thousand liters of sewage IN NATURA are

dumped untreated into Guanabara Bay.

Page 23: Guanabara bay and the climate change

P.S. % of sewage treatment refers to collection

Page 24: Guanabara bay and the climate change

ETES built... but

unused!* ETES= sewage treatment plants

Page 25: Guanabara bay and the climate change

RIO 92’S LEGACY

Guanabara Bay’s depollution program

(PDBG)

Greatest work of the State of Rio de Janeiro in 20

years - six consecutive governments

1994 –2005- initial budget of US$ 793 million ( 1,7

billion reais) and the actual budget was revised to

US$ 1,17 billion ( 2,5 billion reais) - 48% more

Budget participation: BID - Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento - US$ 350 mi

JIBIC (Banco De Cooperaçao Japonesa) - US$ 287,9 mi

Governo Do Estado/Cedae - US$531,4 mi

Page 26: Guanabara bay and the climate change

PDBG’s Goals

SanitationSewage and water-supply postponed from 2000 to 2008 andnothing done yet;

Gradually recover the Bay’s water quality and the rivers thatflow into it;

Macrodrainage - US$ 11 milllion;

Solid waste- US$ 13 milion – 87% of the budget alreadyspent;

Environmental programs - institutional strengthening;

Help restore ecosystems present in the surroundings ofGuanabara Bay through an environmental educationprogram of $ 18 million;

Digital mapping;

Treat 47% of the daily sewage dumped into GuanabaraBay until 1999.

Page 27: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The Bad PracticesHow To Explain This Failure?

Lack of planning, objectives and institutional capacity to undertakeworks;

Mistaken goals- it wasn’t a depollution program. It was a poorlyplanned sanitation program- which summed up to disjointed works.

Goals of depolluting 47% of the bay not achieved. Only 14% was depolluted.

Failures and delays on the financial execution of projects; Half of thecounterpart was worn in interest and penalties

Losses of US$ 259,8 million for interest payments, with $ 218 million back intoBID’s safes- the late fees. TOTAL LOSS for BID: $ 568 million;

Disjointed and incongruous works- Sewage treatment plants (ETEs) with noconnection to networks and driftwood’s collectors;

Lack of continuity. The program was officially extended seven times – andremain still unfinished.

Page 28: Guanabara bay and the climate change

ETEs SituationThe ETEs opened without full operation:

ETE Alegria: works with 60% load, designed to receive

5,000 l / s. It accomplishes secondary treatment.

ETE São Gonçalo: Built in 1998 and even now still

doesn’t receive sewage, due to lack of collecting

networks that connects to the system. Projected to

receive 1.500l/s. It only accomplishes primary

treatment.

ETE Pavuna: Projected to receive 1.500 l /s. Its current

treatment capacity is 200 l/s. It accomplishes

secondary treatment.

Page 29: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The new depollution program

PSAM- Programa de Saneamento Ambiental dos

Municípios do Entorno da Baía de GuanabaraEnvironmental Sanitation Program of Municipalities Surrounding Guanabara Bay

NEW PHASE- (2012- 2016)

PSAM is also financed with BID resources amounting to US$

451,98 million;

US$ 330,00 from the State of Rio de Janeiro;

For the first time, it’s being scheduled an Integrated action

with the surrounding municipalities

Page 30: Guanabara bay and the climate change

PSAM And Its Goals

Sanitize 80% of Guanabara Bay until 2016 - fulfilling one of

the commitments made to the International Olympic

Committee (IOC) to carry the Olympic Games of Rio de

Janeiro.

Total investment: R$ 1,5 billion until 2016

BID - US$ 452 million

State of Rio de Janeiro- R$ 330 million

Page 31: Guanabara bay and the climate change

PSAM main interventions

1 - Works and equipment for collection and treatment ofsewage: interceptors, collectors, pumping stations andcollection networks in municipalities in the area covered bythe program.

2 - Operational Improvement and Institutional Strengthening

to support CEDAE for the adequacy to the parametersrequired by the Law of Sanitation (LSB) certification of itsenvironmental management processes, developing strategiesfor the utilization of sludge from sewage treatment plants(ETEs), and plans to reduce water losses;

support to improve the regulation of sanitation services in theState of Rio de Janeiro and;

Support to the Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), tooptimize its ability to manage projects and water qualitymonitoring in Guanabara Bay

Page 32: Guanabara bay and the climate change

3 - Sustainability of Municipal Public Policies forSanitation, in the financing of actions to support

municipalities in the area covered by the

Program, in the preparation of Municipal and

Regional Plans of Sanitation (orientation of Law

11.445 / 2007) and modernization of its fiscal

management, in the increase of the capacity to

raise funds aimed at developing investment

projects in the sanitation sector.

Page 33: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Impacts And Potential

Page 34: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The good Practices

Governance for Guanabara Bay (PSAM)

Governor’s and secretaries leadership- the integrated cross vision of thesustainable development to accelerate depollution;

The strategic planning ( with executive and basic projects); and theintegration to the government’s policies;

Creation of a metropolitan agency that promotes:

Goals and information system monitored regularly to reduce pollution and promote the regeneration;

Partnerships with the municipalities and metropolitan cities in the surroundings of the bay - and the federal government;

Participatory process with emphasis to the scientific community, the corporate sector, the specialized technicians and civilian leaders and organizations -volunteering;

A consistent policy of sanitation, collecting and recycling of solid waste;

A regulatory agency, that produces information for the sustentainabledevelopment of the bay

Page 35: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Institutional sustainability

Governance and Sustainable development

Apply the principle of transversality, promoting integration of

economic, social and environmental dimensions, to revert the

negative expectations over the bay.

Economical use of urban space and surroundings that with the

cleaning and sanitation, would bring considerable gains in

tourism, real estate valuation of land and reduction of health care

costs;

Socio-environmental investment with sanitation - around 27.7

billion dollars in ten years, would bring economic benefits and

return 60.2 billion dollars in 30 years;

In a decade the economic returns outweigh the social costs of

universalization.

Page 36: Guanabara bay and the climate change

The social dimension of sustainable

development

The biggest social challenge to clean up the bay is a land

use policy that discourages the illegal occupation around

the margins of rivers and the bay, and a policy of urban

mobility (housing and transportation) that facilitates the

occupation and urban circulation - compatible with

environmental preservation.

Encourage green and sustainable cities in the Metropolitan

Region of Rio de Janeiro, with better distribution of its

population.

Page 37: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Environmental Governance and the

OLYMPIC PROMISE

The goal is to clean up 80% of the waters of the bay until the2016 Olympics with an estimated R$ 354 million budget.

The governance consists of three basic principles:

1 - Treat a specific area in a systematic and exhaustive wayfor visible and controllable environmental results. As PSAMhas been doing, but we can also do that in Botafogo Bayand the entrance to the bay.

2 - Treat the water bodies in its unity and ecological integrityaround a basin, so that the results of depollution areperennial. You need to reverse historical trends. And theecosystems need to be protected in its complex integrity.

Page 38: Guanabara bay and the climate change

3 - You need to consider and act on externalities - economic

and social

Besides the action of PSAM in the Baixada municipalities and

East of the Bay, the Olympic priority should be cleaning up

the entrance to Guanabara Bay - where the Olympic sailing

competitions will be held.

Currently, Botafogo Bay is a highly polluting source in

sanitation, with three rivers - the Banana Podre, the Berquó

and the Carioca bringing sewage, which are not collected

nor treated from three communities: Santa Marta (5,000

people) the Tabajaras e Cabritos (3500) and the Community

of Benjamin Constant (460).

Niterói is reducing pollution - across the Bay. Rio de Janeiro

can do the same until 2016.

Page 39: Guanabara bay and the climate change

Attributes to be retrieved

The landscape and

the environment

The landscape and the

environment