gs summary chapter 1 4

Institute of Foreign Languages Department of English GS 302

KCS$&$TMK$ $ $$Page$1$

Chapter 1 Population Growth And Changes

Unit 1 : Population Distribution, Structure, And

Implication

1. The world population has been increasing since our forefather roamed the earth’s

surface. The table below indicates the population by its specific years:

Year Population Year Population AD 1 250 Millions 1900 1.6 Billions 1000 300 Millions 1997 5.8 Billions 1500 425 Millions 2000 7 Billions 1800 900 Millions 2020 8.5 Billions

2. The population growth is disturbing for the following reasons:

a. The world population has increased geometrically b. The world is unevenly populated c. There is a disparity in population figures of the continents d. Population varies from continents to continents.

3. Population density refers to the number of people living in a unit are of land. It can

be calculated by the following formula:

!"#$%&'(")!!"#$%&' = !!"#$%&!!"!!"#!$"!"#$!!"!!ℎ!!!"#!

= Number of people per sq. km

4. The population density of an area or country changes periodically as a result of births and deaths, and immigrant and emigrant. Generally speaking, small countries with large population always have a very high population densities

5. Characteristics of the regions:

a. The most densely populated regions: • Intensive farming regions • Heavy industrialized regions • Highly accessible regions

b. The moderately populated area:

• Temperate coastland where farming is well developed • Tropical coastland – good access to port that enables the export of

tropical plantation crops or minerals • Temperate grassland – extensive livestock farming and cereal

cultivation • Tropical savanna – land has been cleared for estate



c. The sparsely populated areas: • The mountainous regions • The arid deserts • The dense tropical forests • The freezing polar regions

6. The factor that influence the distribution and density of population are

a. The physical and natural factors • Relief and drainage – good accessibility and ideal conditions for

farming and settlement. • Climate • Natural vegetation – suitable for animal grazing rather than dense

human inhabitation • Soil • Water supply • Mineral and powers – drill for oil and natural gases, generate

electricity • Natural disasters

b. The human and economic factors:

• Agriculture – people rely on farming (labor-intensive occupation) • Industry – densely populated with large scale manufacturing

industries • Commerce – development of modern port facilities, banking

industries, shopping complex… • Accessibility (road, railway or rivers) • Politics – government’s role to encourage citizen to move to a new

area in order to relieve socioeconomic problems posed by over populations

• Culture and religion – to escape repression or to be able to practice their religion safely.

• Historical

7. Population structure – characteristics of the population and takes into consideration the demographic aspects of population including: a. Natural population increase – the annual growth of population obtained by

subtracting its death rate from its birth rate.

!"# = ! (!"#$%&!!"!!"#$ℎ − !"#$%&!!"!!"#$ℎ)×100 1000 b. Net population increase - the adds in the difference between the natural

population increase and the net migration. Net migration = sum of immigrants – sum of emigrant

c. Infant mortality rate – the number of babies, who die before reaching the age of 1 per 1000 babies born alive within that year.

!"#$"%!!"#$%&'$(!!"#$ = !!"#$%&!!"!!"#$"%!!"#$ℎ!!×!1!!!!"#$%&!!"!!"!#$%!!"#$!!"#$% d. Life expectancy- the average age at which people die



e. Dependency ratio – the number of dependents for livelihood to the number of working population in the country to support them.

!" = ! !"#$%&!!"!!"#"$!"$%&!(0− 14!!"#$%)!"#$%&!!"!!"#$%&'!!"!#$%&'"(!(15− 60!"#$%) !!"

f. Sex ration – the proportion of male over female

8. The stages of demographic transition model: a. High stationary population stage:

• Feature: • High amd fluctuating both birth rate and death rate • Small population growth

• Reasons: • Birthrate:

o Lack of family planning o Desire for more children

• Death rates: o High infant mortality rate o Inadequate medical facilities o Undernourishment o Poor hygiene o Diseases o Famine

b. Early population expanding stage:

• Feature: • Remaining high birth rate • Rapidly falling death rate • Rapid population growth


o Improved medicine o Improved hygiene o Reduce infant mortality rate o Better transportation facilities o Increased food productions

c. Late population expanding stage:

• Feature: • Rapidly falling birthrate • Stable death rate • Slow population growth


o Widespread use of contraceptive o Improved standard of living o Increase mechanization and industrialization (reduced

child labor) o Modern medical facilities



d. Low population fluctuating stage: • Feature:

• Low birth rate • Steady population growth

• Reasons: • Birth rate:

o Enforced prudent family planning o Modern couple marry late o Preferred small family

• Death rate: o Excellent medical facilities o Hygiene environment o Clean water o Modern sewerage system

9. Population$pyramids$are$graphs$ that$show$the$age$structure$of$a$population$

by$age$&$gender.$Population$pyramid$comprises$a. A$vertical$scale$in$the$center$(age$group)$b. A$horizontal$scale$(percentage$or$total$number$of$people)$

$10. Population$pyramids$are$divided$into$3$different$groups$

a. Child$(aged$0G14)$b. Adult$(aged$15G60)$c. The$aged$(aged$60+)$

$11. The$causes$of$population$composition$of$different$countries$to$vary$due$to$the$

differences$of$birth$rate,$death$rate,$annual$growth,$ infant$mortality$rate,$ life$expectancy,$sex$ratio$and$age$group.$

$12. The$4$typical$types$of$population$pyramids$are:$rapid,$slow,$zero$and$negative$

growth.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$



$13. The$characteristics$of$population$pyramids$

a. Developed$country:$• The$narrow$base$of$the$bottom$of$the$pyramid$indicates$a$falling$

birth$rate$and$a$slow$population$growth$• The$ broader$ apex$ at$ the$ top$ of$ the$ pyramid$ indicates$ high$ life$

expectancy,$a$slow$death$rate$and$an$increasing$aged$population$• The$ average$ adult$ make$ up$ the$ majority$ of$ the$ working$

population$• More$ source$ are$ needed$ to$ meet$ the$ need$ of$ young$ adult$

population$in$terms$of$education$and$more$fun$are$needed$to$take$care$medical$expense$and$welfare$of$aged$people.$

$b. Developing$country:$

• Broad$base$and$narrow$top$• The$very$broad$base$of$the$pyramid$suggests$a$large$population$of$

children.$It$indicates$high$birth$rate$and$fast$growing$population$• Narrow$ top$ suggests$ that$ it$has$high$death$ rate,$ low$expectancy$

rate$and$fewer$elderly$folk$in$the$country.$$

14. They$type$of$population$growth:$a. A$ rapid$ growth$ population$ pyramid$ –$ (broad$ base$ and$ narrow$ top)$

indicates$a$large$young$population$and$few$elder$folk$b. A$slow$growth$population$pyramid$–$(narrow$base$and$broad$top)$large$

proportion$of$children$and$increasing$aged$population$c. A$zero$growth$population$pyramid$–$(rectangularGshape)$approximately$

equal$number$of$people$in$all$the$age$group.$d. Negative$ growth$ population$ pyramid$ –$ (narrow$ base$ and$ broad$ top)$

depopulation.$$

15. The$shapes$of$the$population$pyramid$influenced$by$the$migration$factors:$a. Rural$depopulation:$

• Broad$base$depicts$the$large$number$of$children$who$still$remain$in$the$rural$area$even$when$their$parents$and$adult$sibling$have$migrated$to$cities$to$look$for$jobs$or$to$settle$down.$

• Narrow$section$ in$ the$centre$ indicates$ that$most$of$ableGbodied$adult$have$left$the$village$to$work$in$the$city$leaving$only$women$behind.$

• Narrow$top$indicates$high$death$rate,$ low$life$expectancy$and$few$old$folk$in$the$village.$

$b. Rapid$urban$growth:$

• Narrow$ base$ shows$ the$ children$ population$ is$ small$ because$ of$ low$birth$rate$or$high$infant$mortality$rate.$

• Broad$middle$section$of$the$pyramid$shows$that$the$city$has$an$influx$of$immigrants$from$rural$district$

• A$slightly$broader$top$shows$a$high$life$expectancy.$$

16. Factors$which$influence$the$natural$increase$in$population:$a. Cultural$and$religious$factors:$



• Farmers$prefer$more$children$to$have$extra$hand$for$works.$• Having$more$children$mean$more$collective$income$for$the$family$• In$ India,$ the$ family$ of$ the$ bride$ has$ to$ give$ “dowry”$ to$ the$

bridegroom’s$ family.$ Therefore,$ having$ male$ children$ is$something$that$all$parents$look$forward$to.$

• Muslims$are$allowed$to$have$four$wives$• Hindus$and$many$Christian$groups$forbid$birth$control.$

$b. The$standard$of$living:$

• People$ who$ enjoys$ standard$ of$ living$ are$ only$ those$ who$ have$better$education$background.$They$tend$to$have$small$families,$so$they$ could$ enjoy$ the$ benefit.$ They$ marry$ late$ or$ practice$ birth$control.$

• Some$prefers$to$remain$single.$$

c. Government$policies:$• Government$ plays$ an$ important$ role$ in$ controlling$ birth$ rate$

through$measures$ such$ as$ strict$ population$ control$ programme,$late$marriages,$free$sterilization$contraceptive$and$abortion…$

$17. The$ reason$ why$ India’s$ effort$ to$ slow$ down$ its$ population$ has$ met$ little$

success$are:$a. Their$religious$forbid$birth$control$b. Their$population$are$too$large$to$reduce$unless$they$become$a$communist$

just$like$China$c. Illiteracy$of$women$are$still$high.$d. Most$couples$still$believe$in$having$large$families$e. Shortage$of$fund.$$

18. The$consequences$of$countries$having$a$rapidly$increasing$population:$a. Overpopulation$–$ too$many,$great$strain$on$country’s$natural$resources,$

food$supplies,$health$and$medical$care$housing,$transport….$b. Overcrowding$–$density$of$a$place$is$too$high,$congestion$is$unavoidable.$c. Environmental$deterioration:$

• Air$pollution$(smokes$from$vehicles….)$• Water$pollution$(throw$garbage$into$the$river…)$• Noise$pollution$(drilling$construction$sites…)$• Urban$sprawl$(made$way$of$farmland$for$more$high$way,$high$rise$

building…)$d. Unemployment$ –$ insufficient$ jobs$ available$ for$ jobseekers.$ Uneducated$

youth$ are$ unemployed.$Many$do$ several$ kinds$ of$ job$ to$make$ both$ ends$meet.$

e. Slum$and$squatter$–$cannot$afford$high$rental$charges.$Such$places$are$a$health$and$fire$hazard,$breeding$ground$for$gangsterism$and$prostitution.$

$19. Measurement$to$control$rapid$population$growth:$

a. Reduce$the$rate$of$population$growth$• One$child$policy$



• Punishment$$• Leaders$are$required$to$set$an$example$by$adhering$to$the$rule.$• Rewarding$benefits$for$couples$that$pledge$to$have$one$child$such$

as,$ larger$ pension,$ extra$ food$ and$ given$ free$ tuition$ for$ their$children,$$

b. Increasing$food$production:$• Creating$more$farmland,$large$scale$drainage,$making$great$use$of$

marginal$land$for$crop$cultivation$• Making$use$of$the$existence$farmland$by$increasing$its$crop$yield$

with$ extensive$ use$ of$ fertilizer,$ pesticides,$ modern$ scientific$farming$techniques…$$

c. Lowering$ the$ per$ capital$ consumption$ of$ resources$ –$ conserve$whatever$available$non$renewable$resources$that$the$country$has,$recycle$used$material,$modern$techniques$in$energy$saving…$

$d. Migration$

• Transmigration$within$ a$ country$ –$ transferring$ people$ from$ a$congest$part$to$a$sparsely$populated$area$

• International$migration$for$better$living$condition.$$

20. Greying$ population$ happens$ when$ the$ proportion$ of$ the$ people$ in$ the$ age$group$of$over$60$continues$ to$grow.$This$will$ increase$ the$dependency$ratio$and$ put$ a$ great$ stain$ on$ the$working$ population,$ natural$ resources$ and$ the$government$ to$ support$ them.$ In$ order$ to$ tackle$ this$ problem,$ governments$have$to:$a. Raise$retirement$age$b. Facilities$are$needed$by$the$aged$folk$c. Introduce$ greater$ automation$ to$ do$ the$ work$ for$ human$ being$ as$ the$

number$of$worker$dwindle$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$



$Notes:'

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$$


KCS$&$HMK$ $ $$Page$1$


Unit 2 : Migration

1. Migration involves the movement of people from one place to another for the purposes of settlement. Migration can be voluntary or by force.

2. Migrants : People who move from one place to another in the purpose of settlements. Emigrants : People who leave his/her country to reside another. Immigrants: People who come to live in a new places.

3. Types of Migration: a. Rural-Urban Migration: Rural folks of a country move into the city

from the nearby villages for economic or social reasons. b. Internal Migration: Voluntarily movement within the country.

Most of these movement are temporary in nature, but there are also those who seek for a permanent settlement.

c. International Migration: People who have decided to leave their own country to seek permanent residence in another country.

4. The major causes of Rural Urban Migration: a. Push Factors: (rural district)

i. Lack of farmland: There is so little to farm that they to terrace the hill slopes to create extra land to raise more crops. Moreover, farming is seasonal; thus, youth are jobless during some months of the year.

ii. Little job opportunities: There are no factories or offices in rural areas. Most parents prefer their grown up kids to seek employment elsewhere.

iii. Limited income: Farming has always been the least paying pursuit.

iv. Rural poverty: Villages in developing countries mostly have minimum facilities such as hospitals, shopping complexes, government offices…

v. Natural disasters vi. Epidemic and diseases: Because of the polluted water, poor

sanitary systems and health services, people are having epidemics and diseases. They have to walk long distance to seek for medical treatment.

vii. Dislike of Rural Life: Villages make life extremely boring.

b. Pull Factors: (urban district) i. Greater job opportunities: various kind of employment that are

not available in the country. ii. Better medical and health facilities



iii. Higher education available iv. Better social and welfare care v. Hope of wealth: Opportunities of becoming rich could always be

found in the city. A hard working man could earn in a day far more than he can make in a week or month in the village.

vi. Exciting urban life style (recreational attractions, restaurants…)

5. The consequences of Rural Urban Migration

Rural districts • Rural depopulation • Few able-bodied men • Rural farms will be

cultivated by old, women and children.

• Less productive • Widespread of rural poverty

Urban districts • Urbanization will be hasten. • Rapid population growth • Greater urban congestion • Decline health’s standard • Slums and squatters will be

widespread. • Crimes, gansterisms • Unemployment

6. Examples of Internal Migration:

a. Daily commuters: people who travel a long distance daily in their own cars from their homes to their places of work.

b. Seasonal tourists c. Seasonal harvesting: During peak harvest seasons which require more labors,

people travel from their home to worm and stay for a few weeks until the crops are fully harvested.

d. Nomadic pastoralists: Nomads who move over hundreds of kilometers in search of water and pastures. Migration by nomads worldwide has declined, as many countries do not permit them to cross their boundaries. Moreover, part of their routes is now occupied by farmers.

e. Transhumance: The herders and their animals usually move up to the mountains in spring and summer for green pasture, then return back to low-lands and foothills in the winter when snow falls and grass withers.

f. Permanent migration within the country: People move to a new area after having accepted new jobs or after being transferred to another branch by their employers.

g. Transmigration: It is a kind of voluntary resettlement carried out by the government. The aims are to:

i. Relieve population pressure ii. To expedite the economic development.

7. Consequences of Internal Migration:

a. Altering statistically the total population of an area. b. Decrease the congestion of the source region, but increase the number of

people in the receiving region. c. Impact on the once unpopulated or very sparsely populated region, d. Deforestation needs to be done for settlement. e. If not properly done, deforestation may lead to soil erosion. f. Destruction of natural habitats.



g. Immigrants have to make great effort in adjusting life style. h. Immigrants have to build up their new circle of friends i. Experience “Culture Shock” j. Discriminate in jobs, education and other aspects of life, k. Inter-marriage with local folks.

8. International Migrations:

o Takes place when people are not satisfied with their existing way of life, venture into somewhere far or near.

o Come through a sequence of events known as Chain Migration. Even though, they had the intention of returning home when their contracts expired, they found their new work places much better than those in poor villages. Therefore, they went to fetch their families and established their permanent homes there.

o The 2 greatest pressure trigger off much of the world’s past and present international migration come from the population pressure or the economic pressure.

9. The types, motives and consequences of International Migration:

• Hope of wealth: Many migrant risks their lives to go to the country with strange environment in the hope to get rich “quick”

• Search of farmland: Farmers who are unable to make a living in their own country due to scarce farmland, poor soil, pests and diseases, take risk integrated internationally to other parts of the world where land is plentiful.

• Search of employment: They are either unemployed or underemployed in their own countries. Many earn 3-4 times the wages they would get back home. Most countries encourage their people to work overseas.

• Search of religious freedom: In history, many people have been persecuted because of religious belief. They prefer to leave to escape this kind of repression and to find a place where they can freely practice their choice of religion.

• Search of political freedom: They move because they are not satisfied with their governments. Wars may ruin their home and force them to move to a more favorable place.

• Force migration



Notes:


KCS & HMK Page 1


Unit 2 : Migration

1. Migration involves the movement of people from one place to another for the purposes of settlement. Migration can be voluntary or by force.

2. Migrants : People who move from one place to another in the purpose of settlements. Emigrants : People who leave his/her country to reside another. Immigrants: People who come to live in a new places.

3. Types of Migration: a. Rural-Urban Migration: Rural folks of a country move into the city

from the nearby villages for economic or social reasons. b. Internal Migration: Voluntarily movement within the country.

Most of these movement are temporary in nature, but there are also those who seek for a permanent settlement.

c. International Migration: People who have decided to leave their own country to seek permanent residence in another country.

4. The major causes of Rural Urban Migration: a. Push Factors: (rural district)

i. Lack of farmland: There is so little to farm that they to terrace the hill slopes to create extra land to raise more crops. Moreover, farming is seasonal; thus, youth are jobless during some months of the year.

ii. Little job opportunities: There are no factories or offices in rural areas. Most parents prefer their grown up kids to seek employment elsewhere.

iii. Limited income: Farming has always been the least paying pursuit.

iv. Rural poverty: Villages in developing countries mostly have minimum facilities such as hospitals, shopping complexes, government offices…

v. Natural disasters vi. Epidemic and diseases: Because of the polluted water, poor

sanitary systems and health services, people are having epidemics and diseases. They have to walk long distance to seek for medical treatment.

vii. Dislike of Rural Life: Villages make life extremely boring.

b. Pull Factors: (urban district) i. Greater job opportunities: various kind of employment that are

not available in the country. ii. Better medical and health facilities


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iii. Higher education available iv. Better social and welfare care v. Hope of wealth: Opportunities of becoming rich could always be

found in the city. A hard working man could earn in a day far more than he can make in a week or month in the village.

vi. Exciting urban life style (recreational attractions, restaurants…)

5. The consequences of Rural Urban Migration

Rural districts • Rural depopulation • Few able-bodied men • Rural farms will be

cultivated by old, women and children.

• Less productive • Widespread of rural poverty

Urban districts • Urbanization will be hasten. • Rapid population growth • Greater urban congestion • Decline health’s standard • Slums and squatters will be

widespread. • Crimes, gansterisms • Unemployment

6. Examples of Internal Migration:

a. Daily commuters: people who travel a long distance daily in their own cars from their homes to their places of work.

b. Seasonal tourists c. Seasonal harvesting: During peak harvest seasons which require more labors,

people travel from their home to worm and stay for a few weeks until the crops are fully harvested.

d. Nomadic pastoralists: Nomads who move over hundreds of kilometers in search of water and pastures. Migration by nomads worldwide has declined, as many countries do not permit them to cross their boundaries. Moreover, part of their routes is now occupied by farmers.

e. Transhumance: The herders and their animals usually move up to the mountains in spring and summer for green pasture, then return back to low-lands and foothills in the winter when snow falls and grass withers.

f. Permanent migration within the country: People move to a new area after having accepted new jobs or after being transferred to another branch by their employers.

g. Transmigration: It is a kind of voluntary resettlement carried out by the government. The aims are to:

i. Relieve population pressure ii. To expedite the economic development.

7. Consequences of Internal Migration:

a. Altering statistically the total population of an area. b. Decrease the congestion of the source region, but increase the number of

people in the receiving region. c. Impact on the once unpopulated or very sparsely populated region, d. Deforestation needs to be done for settlement. e. If not properly done, deforestation may lead to soil erosion. f. Destruction of natural habitats.


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g. Immigrants have to make great effort in adjusting life style. h. Immigrants have to build up their new circle of friends i. Experience “Culture Shock” j. Discriminate in jobs, education and other aspects of life, k. Inter-marriage with local folks.

8. International Migrations:

o Takes place when people are not satisfied with their existing way of life, venture into somewhere far or near.

o Come through a sequence of events known as Chain Migration. Even though, they had the intention of returning home when their contracts expired, they found their new work places much better than those in poor villages. Therefore, they went to fetch their families and established their permanent homes there.

o The 2 greatest pressure trigger off much of the world’s past and present international migration come from the population pressure or the economic pressure.

9. The types, motives and consequences of International Migration:

• Hope of wealth: Many migrant risks their lives to go to the country with strange environment in the hope to get rich “quick”

• Search of farmland: Farmers who are unable to make a living in their own country due to scarce farmland, poor soil, pests and diseases, take risk integrated internationally to other parts of the world where land is plentiful.

• Search of employment: They are either unemployed or underemployed in their own countries. Many earn 3-4 times the wages they would get back home. Most countries encourage their people to work overseas.

• Search of religious freedom: In history, many people have been persecuted because of religious belief. They prefer to leave to escape this kind of repression and to find a place where they can freely practice their choice of religion.

• Search of political freedom: They move because they are not satisfied with their governments. Wars may ruin their home and force them to move to a more favorable place.

• Force migration


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Notes:


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Chapter 2 Science & Technology

Unit 1&2 : Science & Technology

1. Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with observed facts and the relationship among those facts.

2. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They then work to develop theories that help them order related facts.

3. A theory developed by a scientist cannot be accepted as part of scientific knowledge until it has been verified by the studies of other researchers.

4. Applied science is used to refer to scientific research that concentrates on the development of technology.

5. The importance of science to a. Everyday life:

• Beneficial: • Scientific and technological inventions (airplanes, automobiles,

computers, plastics, television…) • The development of nuclear energy by nuclear physicists. • The development of antibiotics and other new drugs. • The invention of life saving machines (surgical techniques and

equipment’s) • Problems:

• Environmental pollutions and fuel shortages • Weapons of mass destruction • Produce new diseases and allow bacteria to resist drugs • Destroy personal privacy

b. Philosophical thought:

• Greatly affected the way we view ourselves and the world surround us • Gods and spirits • Ancient Greeks were the first people to begin to use systematic

observation and reasoning to analyze natural happening.

6. The branches of science: a. Mathematical and logic are not based on experimental testing. They care

considering as science because they are essential tools in almiost all


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scientific study. Mathematic enables scientist to prepare exact statements of their findings and theories and to make numerical prediction about what will happen. Logic provides the basis for all scientific reasoning.

b. The physical science examines the nature of the universe. They study the structure and properties of nonliving matters, from tiny atom to vast galaxies. The physical science includes: astronomy, chemistry, meteorology, and physics.

c. The life science also called the biological sciences or biology, the study of living organisms. There are 2 main fields: Botany (plants) and Zoology(animals).

d. The social science deals with the individuals, groups and institutions that make up human society. They focus on human relationship and interaction between individuals and their families, religious or ethnic communities…

7. The major branches of mathematics: a. Arithmetics – the study of numbers and of methods of calculating numbers b. Algebra – involves solving equations c. Calculus – solve problems dealing with changing quantities d. Geometry – concerns with the mathematical relationship with lines,

shapes, angles, points, surfaces and solid in space, e. Probability – deals with the likelihood that events may occur f. Statistics – anlyze large amount of numerical information for significant

trends.

8. The 2 types of logics: a. Deductive logic deals with the using of reasons from known scientific

principles or rules to draw a conclusion relating to specific questions. b. Inductive logic requires a scientist to make repeated observations of an

experiment or an event.

9. Geology investigates the composition, structure and history of the earth. The branches of geology include: a. Petrology – the study of rocks b. Mineralogy – the study of minerals c. Seismology – the study of earthquake d. Geochronology – determine the age and history of earth and its parts.

10. The main branches of social sciences include:

a. Anthropology – the origin and development of human cultures and of human physical characteristics.

b. Economics – how people produce goods and services, how they distribute them among themselves, and how they use them.

c. Political science – studies the form of government, political parties, election and other aspects of politics.

d. Psychology – investigation of mental process and behavior e. Sociology – studies the nature, origin and development of human society

and community life.


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11. Technology refers to all the ways people use their inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs and desires. Technology has helped people gain degrees of control over nature and build a civilized way of life. Industrial technology could be defined as the technology that helped bring about our modern technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the development of steam power-driven machines, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods.

12. Science attempt to explain how things happened. Technology is concerned with making things happen. Not all technology is based on science, nor is science necessary to all technology.

13. Technology has also created serious problems. These problem have arisen

mainly because technologies were put to use without considering some possible effects, most of which could not have been anticipated. There are 4 major undesirable effects: a. Environmental pollution (air, water, soil, noise pollution, the use of power

plants and fuel to generate electricity…) b. The depletion of natural resources: The rapid advance of technology

threatens the supply of resources. As power production increases, the supply of fuel decreases.

c. Technological unemployment: resulted from advances in technology. • Mechanization: The replacement of human workers with

machine. • Automation: Self-operating system.

d. The creation of unsatisfying jobs: Workers make only a part of finished products. Therefore, they may lack the feeling of pride in their work. Many factories job demand concentration, Although factor machines are safer today than in the past, many are dangerious if not operated with extreme caution.

14. The challenge of technology:

a. Combating undesirable effects:

Some technology’s undesirable effects are hard to remedy. With the help of automation and mechanization, workers may then face hardships of unemployment. But with the help from industry and government they can be retrained to fill more highly skilled and possibly interesting jobs. Industries can also combat environmental pollution. One way is by developing substitute technologies for those that produce harmful effect. The producer can also increase efforts to develop renewable energy sources, such as solar, water and wind power. In addition, manufacturers can help conserve mineral and timber resources by a process called recycling. Developing a substitute technology can be costly. An industry might need to hire more experts and invest intensively on expensive equipment. Substitute technologies may also have undesirable effects even though scientists and engineers are working to solve these problems.

b. Preventing undesirable effects: Some harmful effects can be prevented. Any large-scale technology

should be tested thoroughly and then evaluated before it is put into use. Such and


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evaluation is called Technology Assessment. The finding of technology assessment is sometime published into detail reports called Environmental Impact Statement. The purpose of this assessment is to discover in advance of all the possible good and bad effects that a new technology may have on society and the environment.

c. Spreading the benefits of technology: The benefits of technology are not evenly distributed. The developing

nations of the world enjoy few of technology benefits. Installing technology effectively requires understanding the way it will affect a country’s economic, political and social values. Without such awareness, the introduction of technology will increase undesirable effects and endanger the quality of life.

Notes:


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Chapter 3 The Environment

Unit 1 : Environmental Pollution

1. Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways that human activity harms the natural environment. Some kind of pollution does not actually dirty the land, air or water, but they reduce the quality of life for people and other living things.

2. Ecosystem is the relationship among all the living and nonliving things in an

environment. Therefore, pollution that seems to affect only one part of the environment may also affect the other parts.

3. Some pollution comes from a specific point or location. Such pollution is called

point source pollution; whereas, pollution that comes from large area is called non point source pollution.

4. The types of pollution:

a. Air pollution is the contamination of air by such substances as fuel exhaust and smoke. The atmosphere consists of nitrogen, oxygen, and smack amount of carbon dioxide and other gases and particulate (tiny particles of liquid and solid matters). Air pollution occurs when industries and vehicles release such large amount of gas and particulates into the air that natural processes can no longer keep the atmosphere balance. There are 2 chief types of air pollution:

i. Outdoor air pollution – results from the burning of fuel to power motor vehicles and heat building, from business and industrial process.

• Smog – brown, hazy mixture of gases and particulates • Ozone – chemical om smog, toxic form of oxygen • Acid rain – rain or other precipitation that is polluted by mainly

sulfuric acid and nitric acid • CFC (Chlorofluorocarbons) – used in refrigerator and air

condition and to make plastic foam insulation • Green house effect – warming that results when earth’s

atmosphere traps the sun’s heat

ii. Indoor air pollution occurs when building with poor design ventilation systems trap pollutants inside (tobacco, smoke, gases from stoves, household chemicals…)

• Radon – decay of uranium in rocks within the earth that could cause lung cancer

b. Water pollution – contamination of water by sewage, toxic chemicals, metals,

oils or other substances. It happens when people put so much waste into a water system.


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c. Soil pollution is the destruction of the earth’s thin layer of healthy, productive

soil, where much of our food is grown. Farmer may over use fertilizers, which then damage their soil’s productivity. Also, the irrigation of soil in dry areas with poor drainage can leave water standing in fields. Eventually, they evaporate and leave salt deposit behind, making soil too salty to grow crops.

d. Solid waste – disposal from homes, offices, stores…

e. Hazardous waste is composed of discarded substances that threaten human

health and the environment. Hazard waste usually comes from hospitals, industries and laboratories. The hazard waste that could harm the health of living organisms are:

• Radiation – invisible pollutant that can contaminate any part of environment usually comes from natural sources such as minerals and sun’s ray or from laboratories, where scientists produce radioactive elements.

• Radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactors and weapons factories

• Pesticides • Heavy metal include mercury and lead • Noise pollution.

5. Greenhouse effect is created by carbon dioxide, methane and other atmospheric

gases, which allow sunlight to reach the earth but prevent heat from leaving the atmosphere. These heat trapping gases are called greenhouse gases. Fuel burning and other humans activities increase greenhouse gases which resulted in increasing temperature worldwide. This increase in temperature is called global warming.

6. In a healthy water system, a cycle of natural processes that turns wastes into useful

or harmless substances begin when organisms called aerobic bacteria use oxygen dissolved in water to digest wastes. This process releases nitrates, phosphates and other nutrients. Algae and aquatic green plants absorb these nutrients. Microscopic animal called zooplankton eat algae, and fish eat zooplankton. Larger fish or other animals, in turn, may eat the fish. Those larger fish produce body waste and eventually die. Bacteria break down dead animals and animal wastes, and the cycle begins again.

7. The process of eutrophication begins when large amount of nutrient flow into the

water system which will then stimulate excessive growth of algae. As more algae grow, more also die. Bacteria in water use oxygen to consume the excess dead algae. The oxygen level of water then drops, causing many aquatics plant and animals to die.

8. Solid waste becomes hazardous waste when it poses significant or potential

threats to public health or the environment. Hazardous waste can be flammable, reactive, corrosive or toxic waste that can cause or greatly contribute to an increase in mortality rate or increase serious illnesses.


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9. The cause and effect of water pollution:

Causes

• Dumping solid wastes and littering by humans into water system

• Business, farms, homes, industries and other sources

• Chemical and oil spills • Improper separation of sewer

waste water from cleaning drinking water

• Increasing of thermal pollution

Effects • Reproductive damage of wildlife

within water ecosystem • Increase the growth of algae • Depletion of oxygen • Skin and health problems

(cancers…)

10. The cause and effect of water pollution:

Causes • Industrial activities - mining

and manufacturing that resulted in industrial waste.

• Agricultural activities • Waste disposal

Effects • Human health • Growth of plants • Decrease soil fertilities • Change in soil structures

11. Noise pollution comes from machines, motor vehicles, airplanes etc. Noise

pollution does not dirty air, but it can cause discomfort, frustration and irritation, and hearing loss to human beings and other animals.


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Notes:


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Unit 2 : More About Pollution

1. Environment makes up of 3 key elements: air, water and land. A major threat to the environment is called pollution. Pollutants can take the form of solid, liquid or gas, excessive heat, unwanted noise or dangerous variation,

2. Nature has provided man with an abundance of clean air, water and land for

millions of years. The way of life was simple, and there were no pollutants until the sophisticated increasing demand of changes in way of life and of economic activities. Forest was cleared to make ways for farms and settlements; mineral and fossil fuels were extracted for industrial; vehicles and transportation were invented to ferry a continuous flow of people and goods to various destinations. Over the years, this has greatly disturbed the water cycle, the food chains, the natural habitats, and the composition of water, air and land.

3. Sources of pollution

• Natural – volcanic eruption • Man-induced – the burning of solid fuels in factories.

4. Sources and effects of air pollution:

Sources

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from factories

• Carbon Monoxide (CO) from transport vehicles

• Sulphur Oxides and Tri Sulphur Oxides from burning fossil fuels

• Nitrogen Oxide • Volatile Organic Compounds-

Methane (CH4), Propane, Benzene • Suspended Particles – dusts, soot,

lead, liquid droplets • Other pollutants

Effects • Human health • Reduce blood’s oxygen carrying

capacity • Headaches, dizziness and nausea • Heart attack and nervous

breakdown • Damage natural vegetation • Interfere with plants’

photosynthesis process • Ozone pollution • High level of acidity and low pH

level harms aquatic life • Without fish, lakes are peril of

losing their capacity for supporting life.

• Discolor, tannish and corrode the exterior paint coating


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5. Haze vs Smog

• Haze – a suspicious minute solid particle of dust, soot and smoke, which obscure the atmosphere near the earth’s surface. This particle is so small that they could not be seen individually, but collectively they may reduce visibility to well below 2 kilometers or less.

o Dry haze – scatters or defects the sun’s ray making dark backgrounds appear bluish and light backgrounds yellowish. When moisture condenses on the particle, a dense haze is produced.

• Smog – a kind of fog often encounter in a smoky industrial countries. Factories discharge large quantities of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides into atmosphere. When the air is till and warm, and the humidity high, the smog may envelop the entire city.

6. The cause of Acid Rain:

• Factories spew forth sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides with the burning of fossil fuels, This pollutants, when combined with water vapour, sunlight and oxygen in the atmosphere, create a “soup” of sulphiroc acid and nitric acid. Sometimes, the hydrogen chloride gases in the atmosphere also react to these pollutants and produce hyrdrochloric acid. When this mixture is washed out of the atmosphere by rain, it falls to the earth as “acid rain”.

• It is estimated that 65% of acid rain is due to sulphuric acid, 30% to nitric acid and 5% to hydrochloric acid.

7. Acid Rain with pH lower than 5.1 produces these harmful effects:

• Damages leaves and kills tress • Contaminates fish • Damages the root of trees • Can impoverish soil • Affects human respiratory system • Corrodes building.

8. When men dumps waste into rivers, lakes and oceans, the water is contaminated.

Small amount of this waste may cause little harm to water, but when large quantities are dumped repeatedly over a period of time, the level of pollution increase. The water becomes polluted. Polluted water looks dirty, smells found and contains harmful germs; and it is unsafe to drink.

9. Sources of water pollution:

• Industrial Waste (factories, toxic chemical..) • Waste Heat – industrial that uses large quantities of water in their cooling process.

This heated water is released into nearby drains and rivers; thus, destroying a stream ecosystem, killing fish and most marine organism.

• Agricultural Waste • Solid Waste • Oil Spillage.


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10. The sounds we hear with our ear causes by the vibrations in air, water, steels…

Sounds can be of different tones. A tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, which only 1 frequency. Musical instrument produces harmonic sound frequency.

11. Any unwanted sound that upsets us in some way is noise. Unwanted sound causes

noise pollution. The sources of noise pollution are: • Vehicles • Construction sites • Factories and workshops • Domestic works (machine uses around the house)

12. Sound has pitches or frequency. Scientists use a unit called decibels (db) to measure the sound pressure, which will in term determine the harmful level of noise. The scale goes from 0-150 db, and even beyond. (fig. 9.9)

12. The effects of noise pollution:

• Hearing loss • A persistence ringing in the ears medically known as “tinnitus” • A sudden noise is very annoying an unpleasant. • Rise in blood pressure, tense muscle and make heart beats faster • Higher cholesterol level • Permanent hearing loss or deafness.

13. There are 3 types of wastes:

• Domestic wastes produce in our home or office. • Agricultural wastes produce in our farms. Eg. Decay plants… • Industrial waste discharged from factories.

14. The toxic waste include:

• Plant and building product • Cleaning products


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• Automotive products • Industrial wastes • Others.

15. In most countries, garbage is still being disposed of in landfills, i.e. being buried in the ground. If it is not scientifically done, burying garbage in sanitary landfills has its hazards. During decomposition, the waste produces methane, a volatile gas and also dioxins, poisons released from burning of chlorinated hydrocarbon waste. These can leak into the soil, killing plants and contaminating underground water. Our next generation will suffer the effects of environmental deterioration, Notes:

Institute of Foreign Languages GS 302 Department of English Lecturer: VMK

Khlork Vichet, Kay Chansotheara, Ok Sophort Page 1


Unit 2 : More About Pollution Q: What are the elements of environment? What is threat to environment called? A: Environment makes up of 3 key elements: air, water and land. A major threat to the

environment is called pollution. Pollutants can take the form of solid, liquid or gas, excessive heat, unwanted noise or dangerous variation,

Q: What are the sources of pollution? A: Sources of pollution include:

• Natural – volcanic eruption • Man-induced – the burning of solid fuels in factories.

Q: What are the sources and effects of air pollution? A: The sources and effects of air pollution are: Sources

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from factories

• Carbon Monoxide (CO) from transport vehicles

• Sulphur Oxides and Tri Sulphur Oxides from burning fossil fuels

• Nitrogen Oxide • Volatile Organic Compounds-

Methane (CH4), Propane, Benzene • Suspended Particles – dusts, soot,

lead, liquid droplets • Other pollutants

Effects • Human health • Reduce blood’s oxygen carrying

capacity • Headaches, dizziness and nausea • Heart attack and nervous

breakdown • Damage natural vegetation • Interfere with plants’

photosynthesis process • Ozone pollution • High level of acidity and low pH

level harms aquatic life • Without fish, lakes are peril of

losing their capacity for supporting life.

• Discolor, tannish and corrode the exterior paint coating



Q: Differentiate between Haze and Smog. A:

• Haze – a suspicious minute solid particle of dust, soot and smoke, which obscure the atmosphere near the earth’s surface. This particle is so small that they could not be seen individually, but collectively they may reduce visibility to well below 2 kilometers or less.

o Dry haze – scatters or defects the sun’s ray making dark backgrounds appear bluish and light backgrounds yellowish. When moisture condenses on the particle, a dense haze is produced.

• Smog – a kind of fog often encounter in a smoky industrial countries. Factories discharge large quantities of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides into atmosphere. When the air is till and warm, and the humidity high, the smog may envelop the entire city.

Q: What is Acid Rain? A: Acid rain refers to rain that has a high percentage of acidity, which affect man, animals

and plants. It becomes the most controversial form of air pollution in the world. pH represents the acidity of substances in the water. pH = 7 à Neutral; pH > 7 à Alkaline; pH <7 à Acidic. Q: Which countries are facing serious acid rain? A: In most industrial areas such as Western Europe or Eastern USA, the pH value is about

4.3, which is 10 times more acid rain than normal precipitation in non-polluted regions. In Japan, Central Europe, and North Atlantic coastland of USA, pH = 3.5, which is 1000 times more acidic.

Q: How is acid rain caused? A: Pollutants, such as sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, burning of fossil fuels, combine

with water vapour, sunlight and oxygen, and then create a diluted ‘soup’ of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Moreover, hydrogen chloride gases react to these pollutants and produce hydrochloric acid. The rain to the earth as ‘acid rain’ washes this mixture. Acid rain occurs to where wind and cloud carry these polluted substances. For example, the acid rain that falls in Norway and Sweden actually travelled across the North Sea thousands of kilometers away from the industrial boilers, smelters and electricity generating plants in Britain.

Q: What are the harmful effects of acid rain? A: The harmful effects of acid rain include:

• It damages leaves and kills trees, especially in coniferous forests. • It contaminates fish and other marine life in lakes and rivers. • It can damage the roof of trees and impoverish the soil by releasing soluble aluminum

ions and excess nitrogen. • It effects the human respiratory system, causing asthma and bronchitis. • It corrodes building, highways, bridges and priceless works of public art such as

statues and monuments.



Q: What is water pollution? • The water is contaminated when men dump waste, such as human and animal excreta,

chemicals, metals, oils and other unwanted items, into the water source. • When large amount of waste is dumped into the water repeatedly over long period, the

level of pollution increases, then the water will become polluted. • The polluted water is unsafe to drink. It is said to kill 25 million people in the

developing countries alone every year, most of them are children.

Q: What are the sources of water pollution? A: The sources of water pollution are:

1. Industrial waste: the industrial waste such as cyanide, mercury, lead, oils, detergents, pesticides, acids and alkalis are the hazard pollutants. Cyanide and mercury are the chemicals that could kill fish and destroy the natural habitat of entire aquatic species.

2. Waste heat: the factories, for example, iron and steel works, use large quantities of water of water in their cooling process. This heated water is released into the water source that raises the temperature of the water.

3. Sewage: dumping the organic waste into the rivers will cause water pollution. When the people bathe in this polluted water and drink the water, water-borne diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid and cholera easily infect them.

4. Agriculture waste: when there is heavy rain, large amount of fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides used to increase the crop yield and farm wastes such as untreated pig and poultry are carried into the nearby water sources and pollute the water.

5. Solid waste: unwanted materials like rusty cans scraps, used tyres, plastic bags, cardboards etc. are often thrown into the nearest streams and pollute the water that kill the fish.

6. Oil spillage: oil tanker collisions, shipwrecks, off-shore drilling rigs, discharge of oil from ships at sea and industries along the coast, all either deliberately or accidentally pollute the water.

Q: What is noise? What are the causes of noise pollution? A: Any unwanted sound that upsets us in some way is noise. Unwanted sound causes

noise pollution. The sources of noise pollution are: • Vehicles • Construction sites • Factories and workshops • Domestic works (machine uses around the house)

Q: How can scientist measure sound pressure?



A: Sound has pitches or frequency. Scientists use a unit called decibels (db) to measure the sound pressure, which will in turn determine the harmful level of noise. The scale goes from 0-150 db, and even beyond. (fig. 9.9)

Q: What are the effects of noise pollution? A: The effects of noise pollution are:

• Hearing loss • A persistence ringing in the ears medically known as “tinnitus” • A sudden noise is very annoying an unpleasant. • Rise in blood pressure, tense muscle and make heart beats faster • Higher cholesterol level • Permanent hearing loss or deafness.

Q: What are the types of wastes? A: The types of wastes are:

• Domestic wastes produce in our home or office. • Agricultural wastes produce in our farms. Eg. Decay plants… • Industrial waste discharged from factories.

Q: What does toxic waste include? A: The toxic waste include:

• Plant and building products • Cleaning products • Automotive products • Industrial wastes and others



Chapter 4 Wildlife Conservation

Unit 1 : Wildlife Conservation Unit 2: Endangered And Extinct Species

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1. Wildlife$conservation$is$the$wise$management$of$natural$environments$for$the$protection$ and$ benefit$ of$ plants$ and$ animals.$ Some$ species$ of$ plants$ and$animals$have$become$extinct$because$of$natural$causes.$However,$ in$modern$times,$ the$ activities$ of$ human$ being$ and$ human$ population$ growth$ have$increased$ the$ danger$ for$ wildlife.$ Therefore,$ some$ species$ have$ declined$greatly$in$numbers$and$others$are$now$extinct.$

$2. Throughout$ the$ history,$ wildlife$ has$ suffered$ because$ of$ human$ beings$ and$

their$activities.$ Increasing$efficient$weapons,$deforestation,$drained$swamps,$and$dammed$river$to$clear$way$for$agriculture$and$industry.$These$activities$have$seriously$harmed$or$destroyed$large$areas$of$plant$and$wildlife$habitats.$

$3. Various$species$had$become$extinct$even$before$people$appear$on$the$earth.$

Beginning$ in$ the$ late$ 1800’s,$ growing$ concern$ for$ the$ world’s$ vanishing$wildlife$ has$ led$ to$ increased$ conservation$ action.$ The$ governments$ of$many$nations$ have$ passed$ protective$ laws$ and$ set$ aside$ national$ parks$ and$ other$reserves$ for$ wildlife.$ However,$ several$ hundred$ species$ of$ animals$ and$thousands$of$species$of$plants$still$face$the$danger$of$extinction.$

$4. Wildlife$is$important$to$people$for$four$main$reasons$

• Beauty$ –$ beautify$ the$ nature.$ People$ believe$ that$ such$ beauty$ enriches$their$ life$ and$ heightens$ the$ enjoyment$ if$ camping$ and$ other$ forms$ of$outdoor$recreation.$

• Economic- value$ –$ the$ study$ of$ wildlife$ provides$ valuable$ knowledge$about$ various$ life$ processes.$ It$ helped$ scientists$ understand$how$human$body$ functions$ and$ why$ people$ behave$ as$ they$ do.$ They$ also$ gained$medical$ knowledge$ and$ discovered$ important$ medical$ products$ by$studying$ wildlife.$ By$ observing$ the$ effect$ of$ environmental$ pollution$ on$wild$animals,$scientists$have$learned$how$pollution$affects$human$life.$

• Survival-value$–$every$wildlife$species$plays$a$role$in$helping$maintain$the$balanced,$ living$ systems$ of$ the$ earth.$ Thus,$ the$ loss$ of$ any$ species$ can$threaten$the$survival$of$all$life,$including$human$beings.$

$5. Wildlife$biologists$use$3$main$classifications$ for$animals$and$plants$ that$ face$

possible$extinction:$• Endangered$ species$ face$ the$ most$ serious$ threat$ of$ extinction$ which$

require$direct$human$protection$for$survival$



• Threatened$ species$ are$ generally$ abundant,$ face$ serious$dangers.$These$dangers$may$ result$ from$ unfavorable$ changes$ in$ the$ environment.$ They$also$ may$ be$ due$ to$ extensive$ hunting,$ fishing,$ and$ trapping$ or$ even$ to$collecting$by$hobbyists.$

• Rare- species$ –$ have$ small$ population.$ They$ live$ in$ protected$environments,$and$their$numbers$are$not$increasing.$

$6. The$method$used$ to$protect$wildlife$depends$on$ the$source$of$ the$danger$ to$

the$species.$Ensuring$that$their$environment$provides$enough$food$water$and$shelter$ can$ help$ much$ wildlife.$ This$ method,$ habitat$ management,$ involves$such$ action$ as$ soil$ conservation,$ good$ forestry$ practices,$ and$ water$management.$$Many$species$of$wildlife$are$threatened$because$people$have$destroyed$their$habitats.$ Some$ swamps$ and$marshes$ have$ been$ drained$ and$ converted$ into$farmland.$Sedimentation,$ toxic$chemicals,$and$insolation$from$wetlands$have$further$degraded$wetland$habitats$that$are$remained.$Poor$farming$practices$also$destroy$land,$or$the$spread$of$cities$or$industries$may$pave$over$former$wildlife$habitats$Pollution$may$poison$the$air,$water$and$plants.$$An$animal$that$are$threatened$by$too$much$hunting$can$be$protected$by$laws$that$forbid$or$regulate$such$killing.$Laws$may$specify$certain$species$may$be$hunted$or$how$many$of$the$species$may$be$killed.$Laws$can$also$protect$plants$endangered$ by$ overWcollection.$ If$ an$ entire$ habitat$ requires$ protection,$ the$area$may$ be$made$ a$ national$ park$ or$wildlife$ refuge.$ Predatory$ that$ kill$ an$endangered$species$must$be$controlled$until$the$danger$animals$increased$in$numbers.$ When$ a$ species$ may$ become$ too$ numerous,$ the$ animal$ may$threaten$ its$ own$ survival$ –$ or$ the$ survival$ of$ other$ species$ –$ by$ eating$ too$much$other$the$food$supply.$This$must$then$be$reduced,$either$by$controlled$hunting$ or$ by$ restoring$ its$ natural$ enemies$where$ they$ become$ scarce.$ If$ a$species$can$no$ longer$survive$ in$ its$natural$environment,$ it$may$be$raised$ in$captivity$ and$ then$ released$ into$ a$ protect$ area.$ A$ species$ threatened$ by$disease$may$be$helped$by$sanitation$measures$in$its$habitats.$Rare$plants$can$be$maintained$in$botanical$gardens,$or$their$seeds$can$be$saved$in$seed$banks$for$future$planting.$

$7. The$table$indicates$the$history$of$Wildlife$Conservation:$

$Dates- Events-

Prehistoric$ $1600’s$&$1700’s$ British$Colonies$passed$laws$to$protect$wildlife.$Late$1800’s$ Many$states$enforced$game%laws.$1903$ Roosevelt$established$Pelican%Island%as$wildlife$refuge.$1890s$ National$forest$system$protected$million$of$acres$of$forests.$1916$ Set$up$National$Park$System$$1900s$ First$Asian$and$South$American$National$Park$1945$ Began$of$International$Cooperation$after$the$birth$of$UN.$1948$ UNESCO$helped$establish$IUCN.$Today$ $



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8. History$of$wildlife$conservation:$• Early- efforts$ –$ the$ first$ wildlife$ conservation$ probably$ occurred$ among$

prehistoric$ people.$ They$may$ have$ limited$ their$ hunting$ to$ preserve$ the$supply$ of$ wild$ animals$ they$ needed$ for$ foods.$ Certain$ forests$ were$protected$for$religious$reasons,$and$others$were$preserved$for$their$value$in$providing$timber$to$build$ships$

• International-cooperation$in$wildlife$conservation$began$on$a$worldwide$scale$ after$ the$ birth$ of$ $ the$ United$Nations$ (UN)$ in$ 1945.$ The$ Food$ and$Agriculture$ Organization$ (FAO)$ and$ the$ United$ Nations$ Educational,$Scientifics$ and$ Cultural$ Organization$ (UNESCO)$ set$ up$ wildlife$conservation$programs.$

• There$ are$more$ than$ 1200$ national$ parks,$ wildlife$ reserves,$ and$ similar$protected$areas$throughout$the$world$today.$

$8.$ In$spite$of$the$many$conservation$efforts,$the$future$remains$uncertain$for$the$

world’s$ wildlife.$ The$ continued$ growth$ of$ the$ human$ population,$ the$distruction$and$disruption$of$wildlife$habitats,$and$the$spread$of$environment$pollution$present$an$increasing$threat$to$the$survival$of$wild$species.$

9. Endangered species are living things threatened with extinction – that is the dying

off of all individuals of their kind. Most biologists consider a species endangered if they expect it to die off completely in less than 20 years without special efforts to protect it. Some species have small populations, but they are not endangered because their population is not decreasing or threatened.

10. The chief reasons that species become endangered include:

• Destruction of habitats poses the greatest threat to the survival of wild species. Most animals and plants are adopted to live and reproduce in a specific environment or habitat and cannot survive when it is destroyed. People damage wildlife habitats when they provide space for settlement, farming and industry. Topical rainforests contain the greatest variety of animal and plant life on earth, and they are being destroyed more rapidly than any other type of wild habitats.

• Wildlife trade includes the capture of animals for pets, zoos, and research and the killing of animals for their fur, hides, tusks, or horns or other body parts. Although some of these animals are now protected but law in the countries where they live, they are still poached.

• Overhunting • Competition with domestic and nonnative animals – Native birds, mammals

and reptiles has become endangered after people introduced domestic animals.

11. Laws and conservation programs are helping to reduce endangerment worldwide. A growing number of animal species have become extinct in the wild and live only in captivity. Some zoos and animal research centers conduct programs that breed animals with the hope of returning their offspring to the wild.



12. Why animals become extinct is not always clear. Many scientists believe that a balance exists in nature, so that the establishment of a new species results in the loss or extinction of an existing species. They found that species tend to live for a certain period of time and then they disappear.

13. Scientist distinguishes several kind of extinction. Some species may become

extinct and leave no descendants. Other species evolve into extinction over many generations, but leave descendant species that may differ only slightly form the parent species. In other cases, great numbers of unrelated species of animals have died out at a certain times. Such episodes of mass extinction have led to the rise of new animal groups that dominated the environment of the earth for millions of years afterward.

14. The causes of extinction often raise an argumentation between scientists. Some

believe that most animal species died out because of changes in their environment, such as cooling climate, the loss of their food source or the destruction of their habitats. Others offer theories related to why dinosaurs disappeared.

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