Growth of Growth of Medieval SocietyMedieval Society

1050-1350AD1050-1350AD

Trade and CommerceTrade and Commerce

European economies (before 1200) European economies (before 1200) suffered because of:suffered because of: Lack of strong governmentLack of strong government Poor transportation and lack of roadsPoor transportation and lack of roads Tolls (money to travel) being charged by Tolls (money to travel) being charged by

nobles on roads nobles on roads Banking/Finance was weak because of:Banking/Finance was weak because of:

BarterBarter: trading goods for goods and : trading goods for goods and without moneywithout money

Heavy church taxes limited personal profitHeavy church taxes limited personal profit

The Crusades and TradeThe Crusades and Trade New products were introduced into Europe during and New products were introduced into Europe during and

after the Crusades such as silk, spices, fursafter the Crusades such as silk, spices, furs New cities of trade arose:New cities of trade arose:

GenoaGenoa VeniceVenice MilanMilan FlorenceFlorence PisaPisa

Southern trade was more sea oriented and specialized in Southern trade was more sea oriented and specialized in luxury itemsluxury items North specialized in ordinary itemNorth specialized in ordinary item

Both northern and southern trade helped travel and Both northern and southern trade helped travel and economies developeconomies develop (Better ships = more exploration) (more exploration = new (Better ships = more exploration) (more exploration = new

goods) (new goods = more money)goods) (new goods = more money) This helped finance/banking with more money in the economyThis helped finance/banking with more money in the economy

Population GrowthPopulation Growth Population in towns/villages grew after the CrusadesPopulation in towns/villages grew after the Crusades

This helped the economyThis helped the economy Manufacturing grew as more people meant more goods neededManufacturing grew as more people meant more goods needed

Serfs could now find jobs outside of the manor (they could get paid Serfs could now find jobs outside of the manor (they could get paid with money)with money)

Products were now sold and not barteredProducts were now sold and not bartered Manor land was divided upManor land was divided up

Oldest son got the land and the others went out and started new Oldest son got the land and the others went out and started new liveslives

Towns replaced manorsTowns replaced manors People moved outside of manor walls giving rise to townsPeople moved outside of manor walls giving rise to towns

Growth of leagues occurredGrowth of leagues occurred LeagueLeague: organization promoting trade and securing protection: organization promoting trade and securing protection By 1300, people wanted to govern themselves By 1300, people wanted to govern themselves

Formed allies: Formed allies: allyally: another city that acts as a trade partner and : another city that acts as a trade partner and protectorprotector

Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League: league in northern Europe made up of at least 50 : league in northern Europe made up of at least 50 cities to offer protection and promote trade in the cities to offer protection and promote trade in the BalticBaltic and and North SeaNorth Sea regionsregions

Formation of GuildsFormation of Guilds GuildGuild: association of people in the same craft who set : association of people in the same craft who set

rules to uphold standards and protect membersrules to uphold standards and protect members Controlled business in medieval EuropeControlled business in medieval Europe Modern equivalent is a Modern equivalent is a unionunion (example: PSEA) (example: PSEA) MasonsMasons: fraternal (male) organization that gets its origin : fraternal (male) organization that gets its origin

from guildsfrom guilds Types of Guilds:Types of Guilds:

Craft GuildCraft Guild: made up of male/female artisans who PRODUCE : made up of male/female artisans who PRODUCE products for tradeproducts for trade

Merchant GuildMerchant Guild: controlled the SELLING of products: controlled the SELLING of products Role of Guilds:Role of Guilds:

Regulated business and helped people learn to tradeRegulated business and helped people learn to trade How?How?

ApprenticeApprentice: people learn to trade by studying a master: people learn to trade by studying a master JourneymanJourneyman: once they learn the trade, they go out and practice it: once they learn the trade, they go out and practice it Master ArtisanMaster Artisan: last step as person who mastered the trade and : last step as person who mastered the trade and

became successful in businessbecame successful in business

Guild ProtectionGuild Protection Guilds served as policing forcesGuilds served as policing forces Some protection came in the form of benefitsSome protection came in the form of benefits

Old age benefits (like retirement)Old age benefits (like retirement) Fire/Theft benefits (like insurance)Fire/Theft benefits (like insurance) Hospitals were built to help peopleHospitals were built to help people

Problem:Problem: The benefits were directed at menThe benefits were directed at men

What did women do?What did women do? Women were considered “inferior” to meWomen were considered “inferior” to me Church said God was in “man’s image”, not woman’sChurch said God was in “man’s image”, not woman’s

St. Thomas AquinasSt. Thomas Aquinas: theologian (one who studies : theologian (one who studies religion) said that everyone was in God’s imagereligion) said that everyone was in God’s image

Role of WomenRole of Women

Most worked at home or in the fieldsMost worked at home or in the fields They got paid less than men for the same jobThey got paid less than men for the same job Women could NEVER become a Master Women could NEVER become a Master

ArtisanArtisan Most women were not educated and never Most women were not educated and never

learned to read/writelearned to read/write Chivalry improved the treatment/respect for Chivalry improved the treatment/respect for

womenwomen Women were kept lower in society until the Women were kept lower in society until the

early to mid 1900searly to mid 1900s

Medieval Learning and Medieval Learning and CultureCulture

The Middle Ages saw the advancement of:The Middle Ages saw the advancement of: EducationEducation PhilosophyPhilosophy LiteratureLiterature Art/ArchitectureArt/Architecture

Medieval universities became centers for study, teaching, Medieval universities became centers for study, teaching, and researchand research Education was centered around the ChurchEducation was centered around the Church

Why?Why? Priests/bishops knew how to read/write so they acted like teachersPriests/bishops knew how to read/write so they acted like teachers Monks kept records and wrote booksMonks kept records and wrote books The desire for education grew and famous universities came about:The desire for education grew and famous universities came about:

LondonLondon ParisParis SalernoSalerno PaduaPadua SalamancaSalamanca BolognaBologna

Student LifeStudent Life Very different than today…How?Very different than today…How?

Students made the rulesStudents made the rules Students hired the teachersStudents hired the teachers Students paid teachers to did a better job more Students paid teachers to did a better job more

moneymoney Students could leave lectures if they were too boringStudents could leave lectures if they were too boring

Problems?Problems? Scarcity of books…most teachers read from their Scarcity of books…most teachers read from their

bookbook Books were handwritten and very expensive Books were handwritten and very expensive Some decorative books cost over $100 (back then)Some decorative books cost over $100 (back then) BUT…some books were passed on from generation to BUT…some books were passed on from generation to

generationgeneration

Scientific KnowledgeScientific Knowledge

Knowledge in the Middle Ages was Knowledge in the Middle Ages was adopted from the Greeksadopted from the Greeks Roger BaconRoger Bacon: used experiments to test : used experiments to test

theories in chemistrytheories in chemistry Medicine still did reflect ideas of Medicine still did reflect ideas of alchemyalchemy: :

science and magic mixedscience and magic mixed As science advanced, there more emphasis As science advanced, there more emphasis

on experimentation/observation than on on experimentation/observation than on magicmagic

Theories started being proven/disprovedTheories started being proven/disproved New inventions helped (ex. Clock, Mirror, Arabic New inventions helped (ex. Clock, Mirror, Arabic

Numerals (1,2,3…))Numerals (1,2,3…))

Medieval Literature and Medieval Literature and Art/ArchitectureArt/Architecture

Many epics were written:Many epics were written: Beowulf Beowulf (struggle of good vs. evil)(struggle of good vs. evil) King Arthur and the Knights of the Round TableKing Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table Song of RolandSong of Roland (about Charlemagne’s best military leader) (about Charlemagne’s best military leader)

Who told them?Who told them? TroubadoursTroubadours: poets/musicians who traveled from castle to castle (ex. : poets/musicians who traveled from castle to castle (ex.

of story told: Robin Hood)of story told: Robin Hood) Not all were about heroes:Not all were about heroes:

FablesFables: stories that taught a lesson (like a Biblical parable): stories that taught a lesson (like a Biblical parable) Church had its own form of entertainment:Church had its own form of entertainment:

Used drama to emphasize a point:Used drama to emphasize a point: Mystery PlaysMystery Plays: stories from the Bible with no explanation: stories from the Bible with no explanation Miracle PlaysMiracle Plays: based on events not found in the Bible: based on events not found in the Bible Morality PlaysMorality Plays: based on good vs. evil (God vs. Satan): based on good vs. evil (God vs. Satan)

Medieval Art/Architecture expressed faithMedieval Art/Architecture expressed faith CathedralCathedral: (large church) was the most true expression of faith and : (large church) was the most true expression of faith and

greatest medieval artgreatest medieval art Whole communities worked on cathedral constructionWhole communities worked on cathedral construction

Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture and Musicand Music

Gothic Architecture:Gothic Architecture: Developed in the late 1200sDeveloped in the late 1200s Some examples:Some examples:

Köln Cathedral (Cologne, Germany)Köln Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) Notre Dame de Paris (Paris, France)Notre Dame de Paris (Paris, France) York Minster Cathedral (London, England)York Minster Cathedral (London, England) Chartes Cathedral (France)Chartes Cathedral (France) St. Patrick’s Cathedral (New York City, New York, US)St. Patrick’s Cathedral (New York City, New York, US)

All have tall spires, pointed arches and All have tall spires, pointed arches and flying buttressesflying buttresses: support : support systemsystem

These cathedrals have tall roofs and thin wallsThese cathedrals have tall roofs and thin walls Sculptures inside were sculptures of Mary/JesusSculptures inside were sculptures of Mary/Jesus Outside, 3D relief sculptures were Outside, 3D relief sculptures were GargoylesGargoyles: evil looking creatures to : evil looking creatures to

ward off evilward off evil Art/Music:Art/Music:

Gained realismGained realism GiottoGiotto (1276-1337): used light/shadow for realism (1276-1337): used light/shadow for realism Gregorian ChantGregorian Chant: new music that took use of the great sound : new music that took use of the great sound

capabilities of the cathedrals – developed into modern capabilities of the cathedrals – developed into modern hymnshymns

Medieval Philosophy Medieval Philosophy

ScholasticismScholasticism: study of faith through reason: study of faith through reason Used things like geometry to prove Used things like geometry to prove

theories/principlestheories/principles Peter AbelardPeter Abelard: wrote : wrote Sic et NonSic et Non (Yes and No) (Yes and No)

about how the Bible could be interpreted in about how the Bible could be interpreted in many waysmany ways The Church disliked him for writing thisThe Church disliked him for writing this

Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas: wrote : wrote Summa TheologicaSumma Theologica which gave logical proof of God and the which gave logical proof of God and the authority of the Churchauthority of the Church He is considered the greatest scholastic philosopherHe is considered the greatest scholastic philosopher

Scholastic PhilosophersScholastic Philosophers