growth development and behavior 1218304464526583 9
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GROWTH, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND
BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
GROWTH, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND
BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
Newborn ( neonatal) period: begins at birth and include the 1st month of life.
Physical examination: term newborn
• Average weights: 3.4 kg (7 ½ lb)
• Average length: 50cm (20 in)• head circumference: 35 cm
(14 in)
•Hearing is well developed
Behavioral state:• Quite sleep• Active sleep• Drowsy • Alert• Fussy• Crying
• Behavioral state determines an infant’s muscle tone, spontaneous movement, electroencephalogram pattern and response to stimuli.
Developmental milestones in the
first 2 yr of life
Gross motor:• Hold head steady
while sitting• Pulls to sit, with no
head lag• Brings hands
together in midline• Sits without support• Rolls back to
stomach• Walks alone• Runs
• 2 mos
• 3mos
• 3mos• 6mos• 6.5mos• 12mos• 16m0s
Fine motor:• grasps rattle• Reaches for object• Palmar grasp done• Transfers object
from hand to hand• Thumb-finger grasp
• 3.5mos• 4mos• 4mos• 5.5mos
• 8mos
Communication and language:
• Smiles in response to face, voice
• Monosyllabic babble• Inhibits to NO• Follows one-step command w/
gesture• Follows one-step command w/o
gesture• Say mama or dada• Points to object• Speaks first real word• Speaks 4-6 words• Speaks 10-15 words• Speaks 2 word sentences
• 1.5mos• 6mos• 7mos• 7mos
• 10mos
• 10mos• 10mos• 12mos• 15mos• 18mos• 19mos
cognitive:• Stares momentarily
at spot where object disappeared
• Stares at own hand• Uncovers toys• Egocentric symbolic
play • Uses stick to reach
toy• Pretend plays with
doll
• 2mos
• 4mos• 8mos• 12mos
• 17mos• 17mos
The first year of life• Age 0-2 months:
– Tremendous growth– Effective feeding routines– Predictable sleep-wake cycle
Physical development:• Weight decrease 10% below
birthweight in the first week as a result of excretion of excess extravascular fluid and limited intake.
• Infant regain or exceed birth weight by 2 weeks of age and should grow at approx 30 gms/day during the first month.
• Period of fastest postnatal growth.• Smiling occurs involuntarily.• Recognition memory.• Sleep and wakefulness are evenly
distributed throughout the 24hr day• Learning also occurs.
Cognitive development:
• Infants habituate to the familiar, attending less and less to repeated stimuli and increasing their attention when the stimulus changes.
• Infant can differentiate among patterns, colors and consonants.
• Recognize facial expression
Emotional development:
• Dependent on the environment to meet his or her need.
Age 2-6 month:• Voluntary social smile.• Increasing eye contact
Physical development:• Between 3 and 4 months of age, the
rate of growth slows to approx 20gm/day.
• By 4 month, birth weight is doubled.• Grasp reflex• Roll over• Regular sleep wake cycle
Cognitive development:
• Qualitative change• 4 months of age infants are
described as hatching socially• Explore their own bodies• Sense of self – first stage of
personality development
Emotional development and communication:
• Distinct facial expressions• Initiating games, increases social
development.
Ages 6-12 months• Shows advances in cognitive
understanding and communicative competence.
• Develop will and intentions
Physical development:• Growth slows more• By the first bday, birth weight has
tripled, length has increased by 50%, and head circumference has increased by 10cm.
• Sit unsupported (6-7mos)• Pivot while sitting (9-10mos)• Thumb finger grasp (8-9mos)• Neat finger grasp by 12 mos• Pulling to stand by 8mos• Walk by 1yr
• Motor achievements correlate with increasing myelinization and cerebellar growth.
• Tooth eruption occurs, usually starting with the mandibular central incisors
• Tooth development reflects skeletal maturation and bone age.
Cognitive development:
• At first everything goes into the mouth.
• A major milestone is the achievement at about 9 mos. Of object permanence (constancy)
Emotional development:
• Stranger anxiety• Poor weight gain• Tantrums
Communication:7mos adept of non verbal
communication9mos aware of the emotions8 and 10mos babbling takesSocial interactionFirst true word
The second year• Age 12-18mos:
– Physical development:• Growth rate slows further in the 2nd yr of
life• Appetite decline• Increase in head circumference of 2cm
over the yr.
Cognitive development:
• Exploration of the environment increases and mobility
• Playthings• Imitation of parents and older
children• Symbolic play
Emotional development:
• Predominant mood changes• Tantrum
Linguistic development:
• Infants speak their first words• Respond appropriately to several
simple statement• Points to major body parts and
uses 4-6 words spontaneously and correctly
Age 18-24 months:• Physical development:
– Height and weight increase at a steady rate, w/ gain of 5in and 5lb.
– By 24mos, children are about ½ of their ultimate adult height.
– Head growth slows slightly– 90% of adult head circumference is
achieved by age 2 yrs.
Cognitive development:
• Object permanence is firmly established
• Cause and effect are better understood
Emotional development:
• Separation anxiety• Self-conscious awareness
Linguistic development:
• Most dramatic development• Childs vocabulary balloons, the
beginning of grammar• Understand 2-step commands