growth and yield behavior of mungbean...

GROWTH AND YIELD BEHAVIOR OF MUNGBEANGENOTYPE (PHASEOLUS RADIATUS L) UNDER DIFFERENTDATES OF SOWING AND EFFECT ON SOIL HEALTH

Mahavir Singh, N.S. Rana, Satya Prakash, Adesh Singh and B.P. Dhyani

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut-250110 (Uttar Pradesh)E-mail: [email protected]

Mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) contains about25 per cent protein of high digestibility and quality. Indiais the major producer and consumer of mungbean inthe world, occupying about 3.1 m ha area with the annualproduction of 1.1 mt.(2008-09). Being a leguminouscrop, mungbean fixes about 30-40 kg N/ha in normalconditions of soil and environment. Development ofshort duration determinate growth habit and photo-

ABSTRACTField experiment conducted during kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Universityof Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (UP) to study growth and yield behavior of Mungbean (Phoseolusradiatus) genotypes to dates of sowing revealed that among the genotypes, Pant mung-2 gave the maximumseed yield (1182 and 1178 kg/ha) followed by PDM 54 (1125 and 1137 kg/ha) and K 851 (1068 and 1070kg/ha) during 2004 and 2005, respectively. As far sowing time is concerned 25 June was the best date ofsowing resulted into a seed yield of 1244 and 1253 kg/ha during 2004 and 2005, respectively. A delay of20 and 40 days in sowing reduced the seed yield by 8.4, 8.8 and 20.3, 21.0 % during 2004 and 2005,respectively. The highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was also noticed in PM2 andJune 25 sown crop as compared to rest of the treatments. Nodule number and their dry weights, primaryroot length and total dry matter also followed the similar trend as the total NPK uptake.The crop tookhighest days to attend flowering, podding and maturity when sown on June 25, however, among genotypesPM2 took the maximum duration to attaining maturity and K-851 the shortest duration during both theseasons.

Key Words : Mungbean, genotypes, dates of sowing, soil health.

insenstive varieties has further offered excellentopportunity of mungbean cultivation during kharifseason. The potential of genotypes can be reduced byproviding suitable agro-environmental conditions fortheir growth and development. Planting time is the oneof the most important non-monetary inputs affecting thegrowth due to change in the environmental conditionsduring growth period. Mungbean being a pulse crop, is

RESEARCH AND EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY

Agriways 2 (1) : 28-34 (2014)

RESEARCH ARTICLE

ISSN: 2321-8614

29

comparatively more sensitive to weather aberrationsparticularly soil moisture regimes, temperature andphotoperiod. Early sowing may subject flowering andpod development stage to rains led to poor grain fillingand even sprouting of grains in pods whereas, delayedsowing may expose the crop to low temperatureconditions again influencing the flower initiation and poddevelopment. The performance of crop cultivars isalways variable depending upon the climatic conditionsprevailing during the various growth phases. The presentstudy was therefore conducted to evaluate threemungbean cultivars under different planting dates.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA field study was conducted for 2 consecutive

years (2004 to 2005) at SVBPUA & T Modipuram,Meerut (2904’N and 770 46’ E, 237 m above mean sealevel). The climate of Modipuram is semi- arid sub-tropical, characterized by very hot summers and coldwinters. The average annual rainfall is 863 mm, 75 to80 % of which is received through the south westmonsoon during July- September The soil was sandyloam (64.1% sand, 18.3 % silt and 17.6 % clay) intexture (Typic ustochrept) with adequate internaldrainage, and was low in organic matter ( 0.26% organiccarbon) and available N ( 166.9 kg N/ha), medium inavailable P (27.1 kg P

2O

5 /ha) and available K ( 200.0

kg K2O/ha) and slightly alkaline in soil reaction (pH 7.4

) with an electrical conductivity of 0.024 dS/m. Therewere 9 treatment combinations having 3 genotypes, viz.Pant mung-2, PDM 54 and K-851 and 3 dates ofsowing, viz June 25, July15 and August 4 laid out infactorial randomized block design with 3 replications.The fertilizers were applied @ 20 kg N 50 kg P

2O

5

and 25 kg K2O/ha through DAP and MOP, just before

the sowing of crop, treatment wise in the rows perverselywith the help of pora below the seed at 5 cm depth.The gross plot size was 5.0 m x 4.5 m and the net plotsize was 4.0 m x 2.7 m. The crop was sown 45 cmapart manually and the plant to plant spacing maintainedat a distance of 10 cm by thinning done at 15 days aftersowing. Other agronomic management practices werefollowed as par the standard recommendations. The

concentrations of various nutrients like N, P and K inseeds and stover of the plants were estimated bymethods described as Prasad et al. (2006). The nutrientuptake was determined by multiplying the concentrationswith their respective dry matter yield. The rainfallreceived during the crop period was 71.0 mm and 111.5mm in 2004 and 2005, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONGrowth

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that allthe growth parameters varied significantly with plantingdates and genotype during both the years exceptemergence count which did not show any variation dueto both planting date as well as genotypes during boththe years The plant population at harvest decreasedsignificantly with each delaying in the planting date fromJune 25 to August 4 during both the years. Amonggenotypes PM 2 had maximum plants 483000 and475000/ ha) at harvesting and statistically superior overPDM 54 (459000 and 455000) and K 851 (438000and 436000) during 2004 and 2005, respectively.Though the differences between PDM 54 and K 851were also significant. Crop sown on June 25 resultedinto significantly taller (88.0 and 87.3 cm) plants, highesttrifoliate (41.6 and 41.5), branches /plant (6.2 and 6.4)and total dry matter at harvest (13.7 and 12.9g/ plant )as compared to July 15 and August sown crop during2004 and 2005, respectively. Further delaying in thecrop from June 25 significantly reduced the total drymatter content at harvest being lowest in August 4 sowncrop (10.3 and 10.1 g/plant). Among the genotypesPM 2 recorded the highest values of growth parameterswhich were significantly superior over PDM 54 andK851. The lowest values were obtained from K-851in respect of all the growth parameters. The dry matteraccumulation per plant in PM 2 which was statisticallyat par with PDM 54 was significantly higher than K851 during both the years. The highest dry matter perplant in PM 2 was mainly due the better plant stand atharvest and the more number of trifoliate, branches aswell as the plant height.

GROWTH AND YIELD BEHAVIOR OF MUNGBEAN GENOTYPE (PHASEOLUS RADIATES L) UNDER DIFFERENT DATES OF SOWING AND EFFECT ON SOIL HEALTH

30

Development studiesThe significant variation was observed due to

change in sowing time and genotypes (Table 2). Thecrop took highest days for flowering, podding, andmaturity when sown on June 25, delaying in sowing afterJune 25 will reduce the number of days taken toflowering, podding and maturity significantly. Thoughthe crop sown on July15 and August 4 took almostsimilar days for flowering and podding during both theyears except for podding during 2005. Amonggenotypes PM-2 took the largest duration (81.8 and81.9 days) and K 851 the shortest ( 77.7 and 78.1days ) to attain maturity. Although, all the genotypes

varied significantly among each other in respect of daystaken to flowering, podding and maturity during boththe years.

Root studyThe data presented in Table 3 revealed that the

number as well as dry weight of nodule, primary rootlength and root dry weight varied significantly withsowing dates and genotypes. The highest number anddry weight of nodules, length of roots and their dryweight was recorded when crop was sown on June 25whereas August 4 sown crop resulted in significantlylower number and dry weight of nodules than rest of

Table 1 : Growth parameters as influenced by date of sowing and genotypes

Emergencecount(%)

Plantpopulation at

harvest(000plant/ha)

Plant height(cm)

Number of(trifoliate)leaves per

plant

Number ofbranches per

plant

Dry matteraccumulation(g) per plant

Treatments

2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005June 25 512 517 483 477 88.0 87.3 41.6 41.5 6.2 6.4 13.7 12.9July 15 487 488 462 458 86.9 87.1 37.5 37.6 6.1 6.1 12.0 11.3August 4 470 465 435 432 82.7 82.9 36.8 37.1 5.6 5.7 10.3 10.1SEm± 6 7 5 5 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3C.D.(P=0.05) NS NS 15 15 1.4 2.2 0.7 1.3 0.3 0.3 1.1 1.1GenotypesPant Mung-2 518 514 483 475 90.1 98.3 39.6 39.7 6.4 6.6 12.4 12.2PDM -54 487 490 459 455 85.0 84.9 38.8 38.5 5.9 6.1 11.9 11.3K-851 465 467 438 436 82.5 83.0 39.6 37.9 5.6 5.6 10.7 10.4SEm± 6 7 5 5 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3C.D.(P=0.05) NS NS 15 15 1.4 2.2 0.7 1.3 0.3 0.3 1.1 1.1

Table: 2 Days taken to flowering, podding and maturity as influenced by date of sowing and genotypesNumber of days taken to

FloweringNumber of days taken to

PoddingNumber of days taken to

MaturityTreatments2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005

June 25 48.5 48.7 51.8 50.9 81.7 81.3

July 15 46.3 46.3 49.0 48.5 81.1 79.8

August 4 45.7 45.6 48.7 47.2 78.9 79.1

SEm± 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5C.D.(P=0.05) 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.5Genotypes

Pant Mung-2 49.6 49.6 52.5 51.7 81.8 81.9

PDM -54 46.5 46.6 49.5 48.1 80.0 80.3

K-851 44.4 44.4 47.5 46.8 77.7 78.1

SEm± 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5

C.D.(P=0.05) 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.5

MAHAVIR SINGH, N.S. RANA, SATYA PRAKASH, ADESH SINGH AND B.P. DHYANI

31

the sowing dates and primary root length during boththe years. Whereas each delay in the sowing dates fromJune 25 to August 4 resulted into significantly lower dryweight of roots/plant during both the years. Amonggenotype PM 2 resulted into significantly higher numberof nodules and their dry weight during both the yearsand primary root length in 2005 with root dry weight in2004 than PDM 54 and K 851 though the lowest valueswere recorded in K 851 during both the years.

Yield and yield attributesSowing dates and genotypes markedly affect

the yield and yield attributes in both the years (Table 4).Highest grain yield per plant and per ha and straw yieldwas recorded when crop planted on June 25 whichwas significantly reduced with each delaying in sowingupto August 4. The reduction in grain yield per ha andstraw yield was to the tune of 8.4, 20.3, 8.9, 21.0, and10.0, 19.9, 11.0, 20.6 % during 2004 and 2005respectively. The highest grain yield (1244 and 1253kg/ha) in June 25 sown crop was mainly due to themore number of pods/plant, number of grains/pod and1000-grain weight during both the years. The reductionin the yield due to delay in sowing might be attributed to

Table 3: Nodules (number and dry weight), root length and dry weight as influenced by date of sowing and genotypesNumber of

nodules/plantDry weight ofnodules(mg)

Primary rootlength(cm)

Dry weight ofroot/plant (g)

Treatments 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005June 25 32.5 33.8 30.9 30.6 14.6 14.4 0.37 0.38

July 15 32.3 31.4 29.2 28.8 14.4 14.2 0.33 0.32

August 4 31.6 29.0 27.5 28.6 12.9 12.7 0.30 0.31

SEm± 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.01 0.01C.D.(P=0.05) NS 2.3 1.5 NS 1.0 1.2 0.02 0.02Genotypes

Pant Mung-2 34.7 34.2 31.6 31.7 13.3 15.2 0.35 0.36

PDM -54 31.8 31.6 29.3 29.2 14.5 13.9 0.34 0.34

K-851 29.9 28.4 26.7 27.0 14.1 12.1 0.32 0.32

SEm± 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.01 0.01

C.D.(P=0.05) 2.7 2.3 1.5 1.7 NS 1.29 0.02 0.03

Table 4 : Yield attributes, grain yield and straw yield as influenced by date of sowing and genotypesNumber ofpods/plant

Number ofgrains/pod

1000-grainwt. (g)

Grain yield/plant(g)

Grainyield(kg/ha)

Straw yield (kg/ha)

Treatments 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005June 25 19.2 19.9 11.3 11.4 40.3 41.3 5.2 5.7 1244 1253 2863 2613

July 15 17.8 18.0 10.9 11.0 38.9 40.1 4.8 4.9 1140 1142 2577 2325

August 4 15.5 16.4 10.1 10.1 36.5 37.0 4.4 4.2 991 990 2293 2076

SEm± 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 26 21 51 46

C.D.(P=0.05) 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.4 79 64 155 139

Genotypes

Pant Mung-2 19.6 19.9 11.9 12.1 41.4 41.6 5.3 5.4 1182 1178 2696 2408

PDM -54 17.2 17.4 10.5 10.6 38.5 38.9 4.6 4.7 1125 1137 2543 2382

K-851 16.9 17.0 9.7 9.8 38.9 37.9 4.3 4.5 1068 1070 2494 2223

SEm± 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 26 21 51 46

C.D.(P=0.05) 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.4 79 64 155 139


32

less flowering and pod setting on account of unfavorabletemperatures accompanied by rains coinciding withflowering and pod setting stage of the late sown crop.Singh and Singh (2000) and Chaudhary et. al. (1994)have also represented marked reduction in grain yieldof mungbean due to delay in sowing beyond June. Thecrop sown on June 25 produced the maximum pods/plant, grains/pod and 1000 grain weight closelyfollowed by that sown on July 15. Both the sowing dateswere significantly better than August 4 sowing dateduring both the years. The higher number of pods/plantgrains/pod and 1000 grain weight in June 25 and July15 sown crop might be due to favorable environmentat the time of fruiting and maturity. Similar results havealso been reported by Ali (1981).

Among varieties, PM 2 gave the highest grain aswell as straw yield, closely followed by PDM 54 butstatistically superior over K 851 during both the year inrespect of grain yield PM 2 and PDM 54 out yieldedover K 851 by 114 and 57, 108 and 67 kg/ha during2004 and 2005 respectively. The highest yield in PM 2was mainly attributed to the more number of pods/plant,grain/pod and 1000 grain weight as compared to othervarieties, being minimum values in K 851, indicating thatthe PM-2 is more suitable as kharif crop in partitioningthe net assimilates towards reproductive plant parts. Inboth the years, PM 2 produced significantly more numberof pods/plant, grains/pod, 1000-grain weight and grainyield /plant as compared to PDM 54 and K-851, beingat par except grain yield /plant during 2004.

NPK uptakeThe data presented in Table 5 clearly indicated that

the uptake of N,P and K by grains, straw as well astotal produce of mungbean was significantly higher underJune 25 sown crop as compared to remaining sowingdates during both the years. Though the differencesbetween July 15 and August 4 sown crop were alsosignificant during both the years. Since uptake is aproduct of nutrient concentration and yield hence, higheryield (grain+ straw) under June 25 sown crop mighthave increased the total N,P and K uptake. Thesefindings were similar to that of Singh and Singh (2000).


33

Table: 6 Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in grains and straw as influenced by date of sowing and genotypesNitrogen(%) Phosphorus(%) Potassium(%) Nitrogen(%) Phosphorus(%) Potassium(%)

Grains StrawTreatments2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005

June 25 3.66 3.67 0.48 0.496 0.502 0.28 1.52 1.52 0.46 0.28 1.86 1.87July 15 3.61 3.62 0.46 0.486 0.463 0.28 1.44 1.45 0.44 0.27 1.84 1.84August 4 3.3 3.34 0.43 0.452 0.443 0.26 1.42 1.43 0.42 0.25 1.68 1.7SEm± 0.06 0.047 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.05 0.05 0.0008 0.0009 0.004 0.004C.D.(P=0.05) 0.28 0.14 0.017 0.016 0.026 0.023 NS NS NS NS 0.013 0.012GenotypesPant Mung-2 3.65 3.65 0.51 0.511 0.49 0.29 1.56 1.57 0.49 0.29 1.93 1.92PDM -54 3.52 3.55 0.47 0.477 0.467 0.27 1.45 1.45 0.44 0.26 1.79 1.83K-851 3.4 3.42 0.4 0.445 0.5 0.25 1.37 1.38 0.39 0.25 1.56 1.67SEm± 0.06 0.047 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.05 0.05 0.0008 0.0009 0.004 0.004C.D.(P=0.05) NS 0.14 0.017 0.016 0.026 0.023 NS NS 0.002 NS NS NS

The N,P and K content in grains and K content instraw varied significantly (Table 6) with dates ofsowing, being highest in June 25 sown crop duringboth the years. Whereas the N and P content in strawdid not differ significantly due to varying sowing dates.Among genotypes, PM 2 recorded significantly higherN, P and K uptake (grains, straw and total) ascompared to other varieties during both the yearswhereas, PDM 54 and K 851 were at par. HigherNPK uptake by PM 2 in grain and total producemight be due to more grain yield and better diversionof NPK towards economic sink ie. grain. Theconcentration of N,P and K in grains as well as strawwere also more (Table 6) in PM 2 as compared torest of the genotypes which also directly correlatedwith the total uptake of nutrients. Variable responseof mungbean varieties to NPK uptake was alsoreported by Kumar et al. (2007).

CONCLUSIONIt was concluded from the present investigation

that mungbean genotype Pant Mung 2 sown on June25 performed better under semi arid conditions of NorthIndia. Further delaying can markedly affect the yieldadversely

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