GROWTH AND SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN ASIA

Han dynasty [206 BCE-220 CE] Han dynasty [206 BCE-220 CE] China’s “classical age”China’s “classical age”

Confucianism became Confucianism became the basis of educational the basis of educational systemsystem

Contemporary with Contemporary with Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Civil Service ExaminationCivil Service Examination

China as a China as a “meritocracy”“meritocracy”

Scholarship was the Scholarship was the way to the top!way to the top!

Initiated in 2Initiated in 2ndnd century century BCE and continued BCE and continued until early 1900s.until early 1900s.

“Cheat shirt”c. 19th C.

Connected to central Asia and Rome Connected to central Asia and Rome over “Silk Roads”over “Silk Roads”

Sericulture

Tang Dynasty [618-907 CE]: Tang Dynasty [618-907 CE]: “Cosmopolitan China”“Cosmopolitan China”

Tang capital at Chang’an Tang capital at Chang’an was a crossroads of the was a crossroads of the worldworld

China was the center of China was the center of “civilization” in Asia—“civilization” in Asia—

Conducted diplomacy Conducted diplomacy through the “tribute system”through the “tribute system”

Chang’anChang’an

In Chang’an there were Buddhist temples,Daoist monasteries,Manichean, Nestorian,Mazdean temples, and eventually Muslim Mosques.

Tang China: a regional powerTang China: a regional power

During the Tang period, During the Tang period, Chinese philosophies, Chinese philosophies, classic texts, ideas about classic texts, ideas about government and city government and city planning spread to planning spread to Japan, Korea, VietnamJapan, Korea, Vietnam

Layout of Nara, Japan, [710-784]

Tang China: the tributary system Tang China: the tributary system

RGH #30

The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E.C.E.

Tang DeclineTang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music,

favorite concubinefavorite concubine 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military

commandercommander Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress

rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyangrebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9 thth century, last century, last

emperor abdicates 907emperor abdicates 907

Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)

Emphasis on administration, Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the artsindustry, education, the arts

Military not emphasizedMilitary not emphasized Direction of first emperor, Direction of first emperor,

Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE)Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE) Former military leaderFormer military leader Made emperor by troopsMade emperor by troops Instituted policy of Instituted policy of

imperial favor for civil imperial favor for civil servants, expanded servants, expanded meritocracymeritocracy

The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

Song WeaknessesSong Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy Size of bureaucracy heavy

drain on economydrain on economy Two peasant rebellions in Two peasant rebellions in

1212thth c. c. Internal inertia prevents Internal inertia prevents

reform of bureaucracyreform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of Civil service leadership of

militarymilitary Lacked military trainingLacked military training Unable to contain nomadic Unable to contain nomadic

attacksattacks Jurchen conquer, force Jurchen conquer, force

Song dynasty to Hangzhou, Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern southern China (Southern Song)Song)

Agricultural Economies of the Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song DynastiesTang and Song Dynasties

Developed Vietnamese Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per yearcrops per year

Technology: iron plows, Technology: iron plows, use of draft animalsuse of draft animals

Soil fertilization, Soil fertilization, improved irrigationimproved irrigation Water wheels, canalsWater wheels, canals

Terrace farmingTerrace farming

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

600CE

1000

Millions

Result of increased Result of increased agricultural productionagricultural production

Effective food Effective food distribution systemdistribution system Transportation networks Transportation networks

built under Tang and built under Tang and Song dynastiesSong dynasties

UrbanizationUrbanization

Chang’an world’s most Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million populous city: 2 million residentsresidents Southern Song capital Southern Song capital

Hangzhou: over 1 Hangzhou: over 1 millionmillion

Patriarchal Social StructuresPatriarchal Social Structures

Increased emphasis on ancestor worshipIncreased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave ritualsElaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased

ancestorsancestors Footbinding gains popularityFootbinding gains popularity

Increased control by male family membersIncreased control by male family members

FootbindingFootbinding

Footbinding “Three Inch Golden Footbinding “Three Inch Golden Lillies”Lillies”

Western example?Western example?

Technology and IndustryTechnology and Industry Porcelain (“Chinaware”)Porcelain (“Chinaware”) Increase of iron production Increase of iron production

due to use of coke, not coal, due to use of coke, not coal, in furnacesin furnaces Agricultural tools, Agricultural tools,

weaponryweaponry Gunpowder invented Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques Earlier printing techniques

refinedrefined Moveable type by mid-11Moveable type by mid-11 thth

centurycentury Yet complex Chinese Yet complex Chinese

ideographs make wood ideographs make wood block technique easierblock technique easier

Naval technologyNaval technology

TeaTea

Emergence of a Market EconomyEmergence of a Market Economy Letters of credit developed Letters of credit developed

to deal with copper coin to deal with copper coin shortagesshortages Promissory notes, checks Promissory notes, checks

also usedalso used Development of Development of

independently produced independently produced paper moneypaper money Not as stable, riots when Not as stable, riots when

not honorednot honored Government claims Government claims

monopoly on money monopoly on money production in 11production in 11thth century century

China and the Hemispheric China and the Hemispheric EconomyEconomy

Increasingly Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of cosmopolitan nature of Chinese citiesChinese cities

Chinese silk opens up Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but trade routes, but increases local demands increases local demands for imported luxury for imported luxury goodsgoods

Connected to central Asia and Rome Connected to central Asia and Rome over “Silk Roads”over “Silk Roads”

Sericulture

Cultural Change in Tang and Cultural Change in Tang and Song ChinaSong China

Declining confidence in Declining confidence in Confucianism after Confucianism after collapse of Han dynastycollapse of Han dynasty

Increasing popularity of Increasing popularity of BuddhismBuddhism

Christianity, Christianity, Manichaeism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam Zoroastrianism, Islam also appearalso appear

Clientele primarily Clientele primarily foreign merchant classforeign merchant class

China and VietnamChina and Vietnam

Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technologytechnology

But ongoing resentment at political But ongoing resentment at political dominationdomination

Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10in 10thth century century

Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)Heian Japan (794-1185 CE) Japanese emperor moves Japanese emperor moves

court to Heian (Kyoto)court to Heian (Kyoto) Yet emperor figurehead, Yet emperor figurehead,

real power in hands of real power in hands of Fujiwara clanFujiwara clan

Pattern in Japanese history: Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power weak emperor, power behind the thronebehind the throne

Helps explain longevity of Helps explain longevity of the institutionthe institution

China and Early JapanChina and Early Japan

Chinese armies never invade JapanChinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administrationImitation of Tang administration

Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710-794 CE)Japan” (710-794 CE)

Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachingsAdoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religionYet retention of Shinto religion

Japanese LiteratureJapanese Literature

Influence of Chinese Influence of Chinese kanjikanji characterscharacters Classic curriculum Classic curriculum

dominated by Chinesedominated by Chinese

Institution of the Institution of the ShogunShogun

Civil war between Taira Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in and Minamoto clans in 1212thth century century

Minamoto leader named Minamoto leader named shogunshogun, 1185 CE, 1185 CE

Ruled from Kamakura, Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyototo continue in Kyoto

Medieval JapanMedieval Japan

Kamakura (1185-1333 Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods(1336-1573 CE) periods

Decentralized power in Decentralized power in hands of warlordshands of warlords

Military authority in Military authority in hands of hands of samuraisamurai

Professional warriorsProfessional warriors

The Spread of Buddhism and The Spread of Buddhism and HinduismHinduism

40º North

Main Themes in South AsiaMain Themes in South Asia

Islam comes to India: Role of merchants, Islam comes to India: Role of merchants, missionaries (Sufis), and the military.missionaries (Sufis), and the military.

Kingdoms in South Asia: CholaKingdoms in South Asia: Chola Cross-cultural trade in the Indian Ocean: India Cross-cultural trade in the Indian Ocean: India

the “Workshop of the World.”the “Workshop of the World.” Indianized states in Southeast Asia: Funan, Indianized states in Southeast Asia: Funan,

Srivijiva, AngkorSrivijiva, Angkor Islam in Southeast Asia: Melaka Islam in Southeast Asia: Melaka

Trading world of Indian OceanBasin, 600-1600 CE

Fine Spice TradeFine Spice Trade

NutmegNutmeg MaceMace ClovesCloves

Trading world of Indian OceanBasin, 600-1600 CE

MalaysiaMalaysia

Malay sailorsMalay sailors Balanced lug sailsBalanced lug sails Monsoon windsMonsoon winds Prototype for Arab Prototype for Arab

lateen sail and European lateen sail and European boatsboats

The Spread of ReligionsThe Spread of Religions