growth and development. principles of growth & development n occur in an orderly sequence n...
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Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development
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Principles of Growth & Principles of Growth & DevelopmentDevelopment occur in an orderly sequenceoccur in an orderly sequence occur continuously but rates vary- growth occur continuously but rates vary- growth
spurtsspurts highly individualized rate from child to highly individualized rate from child to
childchild vary @ different ages for specific vary @ different ages for specific
structuresstructures process involving the process involving the whole childwhole child
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Growth patterns
Cephalocaudal Proximo-distal Prehensile
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Periods of greatest growthPeriods of greatest growth
fetusfetus birthbirth infancyinfancy pubertypuberty
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Factors that Influence Growth Factors that Influence Growth and Developmentand Development GeneticsGenetics EnvironmentEnvironment CultureCulture NutritionNutrition Health StatusHealth Status FamilyFamily
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Genetic influences on growth Genetic influences on growth and developmentand development pattern, rate, rhythm and extent:pattern, rate, rhythm and extent:
governed by genes interplaying with environmentgoverned by genes interplaying with environment intrauterine life extremely important in growth and intrauterine life extremely important in growth and
healthy development of the childhealthy development of the child
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Understanding the genetic link
Genes defined Chromosome Autosomes Sex Chromosomes In 2000: Genome project : one of the
most imp single findings of mankind
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Genetic screeningGenetic screening
Done during the 1st trimester of pregnancyDone during the 1st trimester of pregnancy Methods:Methods:
blood studies from parents check carrier statusblood studies from parents check carrier status measure level of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in mother’s blood measure level of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in mother’s blood
for incomplete development of brain or spinal cord: for incomplete development of brain or spinal cord: suggestive of neural tube defect (spina bifida)suggestive of neural tube defect (spina bifida)
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genetic screening, cont.genetic screening, cont.
later in pregnancy:later in pregnancy: amniocentesis: @ l2-l6 weeksamniocentesis: @ l2-l6 weeks chorionic villa sampling: @ l0-11 weekschorionic villa sampling: @ l0-11 weeks
role of the genetic counselorrole of the genetic counselor
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Examples of environmental Examples of environmental influences on a childinfluences on a child family compositionfamily composition family position in societyfamily position in society family socioeconomic statusfamily socioeconomic status knowledge of the familyknowledge of the family availability of healthy diets availability of healthy diets housinghousing diseases present in family and childdiseases present in family and child
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Cultural influencesCultural influences
Must be considered when assessing growth and Must be considered when assessing growth and developmentdevelopment
Customs vs. work demands from different culturesCustoms vs. work demands from different cultures
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Nutritional influencesNutritional influences
Begins during the prenatal periodBegins during the prenatal period LBW/preterm can result from poor LBW/preterm can result from poor
prenatal nutritionprenatal nutrition Socio-economics may impact growthSocio-economics may impact growth
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Health status of the childHealth status of the child
Certain diseases may affect g & dCertain diseases may affect g & d Endocrine and cardiac status included Endocrine and cardiac status included
herehere
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Family relationships and the impact on Family relationships and the impact on child growth and developmentchild growth and development
Critical in growth and development, esp. Critical in growth and development, esp. emotional growthemotional growth
Intellectual growth must be included Intellectual growth must be included here as wellhere as well
Chronic illness can be combated with a Chronic illness can be combated with a loving environment and close family loving environment and close family relationshipsrelationships
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Growth and development:measures Charts Baseline over time Xrays Teeth Height, wt, FOC Length of bones
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Intellectual DevelopmentIntellectual Development
review material on Piagetreview material on Piaget AssimilationAssimilation AccommodationAccommodation Reflect on the process of habituation Reflect on the process of habituation
and its possible role as a predictor of and its possible role as a predictor of intelligenceintelligence
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Growth of EmotionsGrowth of Emotions
Emotion definedEmotion defined All emotions contain:All emotions contain:
feelingsfeelings impulsesimpulses physiological responsesphysiological responses reactions (internal and external)reactions (internal and external)
Subjective data:Subjective data: Objective data:Objective data:
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Emotions, cont.Emotions, cont.
Love:Love: includes persons who help them meet their includes persons who help them meet their
needs, share their pleasure and needs, share their pleasure and achievementsachievements
when the child when the child receives lovereceives love, he can , he can give give lovelove
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Emotions, cont.Emotions, cont.
Fear:Fear: exhibited by crying, running, or hidingexhibited by crying, running, or hiding fear can diminish; do not laugh-give love fear can diminish; do not laugh-give love
and help them feel safeand help them feel safe
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Anger, cont.Anger, cont.
Ways in which anger may be displayed:Ways in which anger may be displayed: shoutingshouting screamingscreaming acts of disobedienceacts of disobedience temper tantrumstemper tantrums act out when….act out when…. act better when….act better when….
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JealousyJealousy
A combination of anger, fear, and loveA combination of anger, fear, and love A child A child 1st1st loves something, counts it as loves something, counts it as
his own and his own and 2nd2nd perceives that it has perceives that it has been taken away or interfered withbeen taken away or interfered with
The loss may be real or perceived, ie., The loss may be real or perceived, ie., sibling rivalrysibling rivalry
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Emotions, summarizedEmotions, summarized
Emotions will come out one way or Emotions will come out one way or anotheranother
How can the nurse help the child How can the nurse help the child respond constructively to these respond constructively to these feelings?feelings?
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Types of play
Solitary Parallel Associative Cooperative Onlooker
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Stages of playStages of play
Practice playPractice play Symbolic playSymbolic play GamesGames
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Functions of PlayFunctions of Play
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development Cognitive Development Cognitive Development Emotional DevelopmentEmotional Development Social DevelopmentSocial Development Moral DevelopmentMoral Development
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Dental needs of the child
Deciduous teeth (primary teeth) begin to be lost around age 6
Early childhood caries (ECC) By age 2, full set of teeth
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Discipline styles that work in the Discipline styles that work in the healthcare settinghealthcare setting CLEARCLEAR
C: C: L:L: E:E: A:A: R:R: