growing a bigger pumpkin by increasing cell division · • acc = 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division
Matthew DeBacco
http://www.navitar.com/images/bf2.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pQ6W-Osuwus/Uk17vKIQGCI/AAAAAAAAS_E/v7LJGQTA9JY/s320/How+big+could+your+pumpkin+grow.jpg
![Page 2: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
About “Mad Scientist” Matt D.
• Masters in Agronomy from University of Connecticut • Thesis on Organic Suppression of Powdery Mildew on cucurbit & Assessing
decomposition of fiber pots
• Worked for UConn Extension Service with their Nutrient Management Program and as their in field diagnostician for Vegetable Growers
http://assets.sbnation.com/assets/2459443/UConnHusky-Logo.jpg
![Page 3: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
About Mad Scientist Matt D. • Growing pumpkins for last 15 years
• Growing pumpkins continuously for the last 2,100+ days
• Two time and current CT State Record Holder @ 1,766.5 pounds
![Page 4: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Making the best of a ‘bad’ situation
• 2012 my patch was infected with Mosaic Virus
http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/44014000/jpg/_44014297_gloc.jpg
Cucumber Mosaic Virus
![Page 5: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus
Matt DeBacco’s patch 2012 http://fatalii.net/chile/kuvat/kirvasika3532532.jpg
![Page 6: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What the Virus in my patch taught me
• Pumpkin cells after 20 days post pollination are no longer actively dividing.
• All younger pumpkins (under 20 days) developed viral mosaic patterns and the one older pumpkin in the patch never showed visual symptoms even though the entire plant was severely infected
http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Viral-replication.gif http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/images/8mitosiscropped.jpg
![Page 7: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
This lead to two years of research into the scientific literature
• Mostly it lead to dead ends
http://sellingsimplified.com/main/wp-content/uploads/Dead-End-Good-Ways-To-Make-Money1.jpg
http://superscholar.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/dead-end-jobs.jpg
https://aidanmkeith.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/piles.jpg
![Page 8: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
https://media.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/p/5/005/072/2df/3a5ec55.jpg
![Page 9: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Then there was a break through
http://m5.paperblog.com/i/44/446427/light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-L-jCwdtR.jpeg
http://images.wisegeek.com/military-jet.jpg
![Page 10: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
https://prajimahe.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/eureka-i-found-it.jpg http://www.raymondstevenson.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/needle-in-a-haystack.jpg
![Page 11: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Two Key Articles
Tomato Fruit Growth
…
Integrating Cell Division, Cell Growth and
Endoreduplication by Experimentation and
Modelling
• 145 pg Doctor Thesis by
• Julienne Fanwoua
• Early Application of Ethrel Extends Tomato Fruit Cell Division and
Increases Fruit Size and Yield with Ripening
Delay
Atta-Aly, M.A., G.S. Riad, Z.S. El-Lacheene, and A.S. El-Beltagy. 1999. Early application of ethrel extends tomato fruit cell division and increases fruit size and yield with ripening delay. J. Plant Growth Regulat.18:15–24.
![Page 12: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Cell division, cell growth, and cell endoreduplication are three fundamental cellular processes responsible for fruit growth
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/images/8mitosiscropped.jpg http://www.biw.kuleuven.be/biosyst/mebios/OT2012_MAP/WP1
http://revivechurch.org/revivechurchorg/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/what-i-learned-11.png
![Page 13: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
http://plantsinaction.science.uq.edu.au/book/export/html/70
![Page 14: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cell cycle
http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/genetics/vgec/diagrams/22-Cell-cycle.gif
![Page 15: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mitosis
http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/genetics/vgec/diagrams/38%20mitotis%20phases.jpg
![Page 16: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mitosis
http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_dna_graphik_26.png
![Page 17: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cell Growth = Cell Expansion
• Same number of cells, but each cell is increasing in size (swelling)
http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/512/151/2530862/2530862_gb-2008-9-7-226-1.png
![Page 18: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cell Expansion • Contributes by far the most to fruit growth
http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/N4I1B
![Page 19: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cell Expansion (alone)
• Can increase cell size up to 11,000 fold (of initial volume)
![Page 20: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Endoreduplication
• The replication of DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle without the subsequent completion of mitosis and/or cytokinesis.
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/Endoreplication.html
![Page 21: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Endoreduplication compared to Mitosis
![Page 22: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Endoreduplication- Does not need reorganization and patterning of the tissue.
http://www.rv-orchidworks.com/orchidtalk/content/172-scientific-behind-how-orchid-flowers-keep-growing-even-after-buds-open.html
![Page 23: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Endoreduplication
![Page 24: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Grand Gala apples, at right, undergo endoreduplication, which causes cells to grow larger than in the regular Gala apples, at left.
(Purdue University photo/Peter Hirst)
http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/research/2010/100630HirstGala.html
Regular Gala
apples
*Grand Gala apples undergo
endoreduplication
![Page 25: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Endoreduplication Benefits
1. Allows an organ to enlarge in size even when it has lost the capacity for multiplication.
2. Does not need reorganization and patterning of the tissue.
3. Is much more energy efficient.
– It involves much less protein synthesis and energy expenditure on the part of the cells.
4. The resulting cells are polyploidy – (Study on chickpeas does not show a decrease in seed yield)
![Page 26: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fruit Size is determined by…
• Number of cells and
• Size of individual cells
http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/health_tools/fat_fighting_foods_slideshow/webmd_rf_photo_of_grapes_and_raisins.jpg http://images.calorieking.com.au/branding/dc/runtime/portionsense/140.jpg
https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/45655451/disp/bbaa72c9b1867efdfd1e3504eb55f657.jpg
![Page 27: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cell Division Mitosis
• *Genetic variation in final fruit size (large vs small
fruited melons) was mainly accounted for by variation in final pericarp cell number caused by differences in cell division duration
http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=2685393_1471-2229-9-49-6&req=4 Figure 6: Pericarp growth following anthesis.
![Page 28: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Final Pericarp Mass
• The duration of cell division had the largest influence on final cell number and final pericarp mass.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg/2000px-Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg.png http://www.fruitsinfo.com/images/fruit3.gif
![Page 29: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Limited Time for Cell Division
• Duration of cell division after anthesis ranges from 1-2 weeks in cucurbits and tomatoes
– Age at which cells cannot divide = 16 days
• Under normal conditions
http://rbcweb.shopfactory.com/contents/media/limited_time.gif http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DxHXoZ70QWw/TfaPndvpj5I/AAAAAAAAAOQ/GcFuJjwxTtw/s1600/16DaysLogo-1.png
http://static.flickr.com/50/159047357_4cba94d98f.jpg
![Page 30: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Summary
• *There is great importance of cell division in the variation of final fruit size.
http://www.leadingmenonly.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/What-Matters-Most-Important.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V-hSF9LKAVE/TzYhENKokKI/AAAAAAAAAGk/8YGbf4xjdHc/s1600/Elodea.jpg
http://www.mbg.com.my/MBG/images/stories/promotion/mango-size01.jpg
![Page 31: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
So….. Now what
• How can I apply this knowledge?
http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/282640/file-1146954527-jpg/thumbnail.jpg https://cdn.empowernetwork.com/user_images/post/2013/02/01/c/7d/d038/540_293_resize_20130201_c7dd03893e28d07fb03906a4421b74d1_jpg.jpg
http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--HyceRyTr--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18uyj7qd47anujpg.jpg
![Page 32: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Plant Hormones Influence Cell Signaling
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/enger/student/olc/art_quizzes/genbiomedia/0486.jpg
![Page 33: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Why not Gibberellic acid (GA)?
http://www.extension.org/sites/default/files/w/e/e1/GA_cluster.jpg
http://5e.plantphys.net/images/ch20/wt2002b_s.jpg
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/442065/350wm/C0118720-Effect_of_Gibberellic_Acid_on_Cabbage-SPL.jpg
![Page 34: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ethylene • Often thought of as just a ripening hormone…
http://labs.bio.unc.edu/Kieber/Figures/Ethylene.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ethylene-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png/160px-Ethylene-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/A2qoQgrkE_U/hqdefault.jpg
![Page 35: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Why Ethylene and not Gibberellin? -Direction of cell growth is influenced by effects on cellulose microfibril orientation. -Giberrellins lead to growth mainly to the longitudinal direction (elongation) -Ethylene promotes a more random orientation and growth in all three dimensions (swelling)
(Based on Raven et al. 1992)
http://plantsinaction.science.uq.edu.au/edition1/?q=figure_view/290
![Page 36: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Timing is Very Important • Applying the same
product at different stages of plant development result in very different outcomes
http://img.pandawhale.com/post-8936-Woman-at-beach-Perfect-timing-N0Ig.jpeg http://www.macforensicslab.com/ProductsAndServices/images/icon_Timing.jpg
![Page 37: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Ethylene = Ripening*
• *When applied later in development
http://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/92/web/2014/11/Engineered-Bacteria-Ripen-Fruit-Belching/_jcr_content/articlebody/subpar/articlemedia_0.img.jpg/1416932919785.jpg
http://ripening-fruit.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/tomato_ripening_cherries_big.121132938_std.jpg
http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/bjpp/v17n3/a02fig01.jpg
http://www.californiaavocado.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ripen-avocado-in-bag.png
![Page 38: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ethylene = Causes plants to only produce female flowers (when applied at the 1-5 leaf stage)
• For cucumbers apply 250 to 500 ppm when plants have 1,3 and 5 leaves
• Induces gynoecious female line for hybrid seed production
http://www.harvesttotable.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Cucumber-flower1.jpg
![Page 39: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
*Anthesis*
• Anthesis = the period of blooming in flowers
http://www.bigpumpkins.com/DiaryImages/2014/Lrg/219464.jpg
https://media.licdn.com/media/p/6/005/00f/151/07d5b5d.png
![Page 40: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Early Ethrel Application Extends Tomato Fruit Cell Division and Increase Fruit Size and Yield with Ripening Delay
• This document provides specific materials and methods
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/dms/ucp/books/jacket/978/02/26/31/9780226316567.jpeg
http://images.sciencedaily.com/2008/06/080628065632-large.jpg
http://www.candocareersolutions.ca/marketing-plan.jpg
![Page 41: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ethrel® Application Extends Tomato Fruit
Cell Division
• Flowers were sprayed in the early morning two days after anthesis with 100ppm Ethrel®
– Tomato fruits produce their highest ethylene level at the stage of fruit set (2 days after anthesis)
http://www.bigpumpkins.com/Diary/DiaryViewOne.asp?eid=221669 http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/48-Hours_mystery.png
![Page 42: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Ethrel® Application Extends Tomato Fruit Cell Division
• 100ppm applied two days after anthesis
• Cell Division was extended up to 16-18 days
– 10-12 days = just water (control)
http://wid.wisc.edu/content/uploads/2012/09/cells-web-550x367.jpg
![Page 43: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ethrel® Application Increase Fruit Size and Yield with Ripening Delay
• Weight was significantly increased by 8% to 34%
– and ripened 10 days later than the (water) control.
http://bonnieplants.com/wp-content/uploads/bonnie-original-tomato.jpg http://i.bnet.com/blogs/srqpix.jpg
![Page 44: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Trial #2
• When same treatment was applied to the entire plant one week after flowers anthesis of the 1st cluster yield was increased by 15%
http://grandpacliff.com/Plants/Img-Plants/plant-whole-pt.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/6d/7d/c8/6d7dc84c3366eeb29fd59e283d7ab0e2.jpg
![Page 45: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Terms Defined
• ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-
amino acid in which a three-membered cyclopropane ring is fused to the C(alpha)-atom of the amino acid.
• ACC plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene. It is synthesized by the enzyme ACC synthase from methionine and converted to ethylene by ACC oxidase
• AOA = Aminooxyacetic acid • Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) can also inhibit 1-aminocyclopropane-1-
carboxylate synthase preventing ethylene synthesis, which can increase the vase life of cut flowers.
http://defined.com/themes/site_themes/defined/default_site/img/defined-logo.png
![Page 48: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
So what does this all mean?
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/tg-intea14complexity-dung-beetles-talerevd-140227093950-phpapp01/95/the-dungbeetles-tale-systemsthinking-complexity-and-the-realworld-18-638.jpg?cb=1393964982
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Mosaicr_seagull.jpg
![Page 49: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Directions are Simple (supporting science complex)
• Apply 100ppm of Ethrel® 2 days after pollination
*directly to the fruit*
http://www.keepcalmandposters.com/posters/2413221.png http://biznology.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/artworks-000058593031-9xetyb-original.jpg
![Page 50: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Warning very small tolerance of error • To much = negative effects (deformities, no seeds…)
• To little = not effective
https://beatingcowdens.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/tightrope3.png http://www.ajharmon.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/warning-banner.png
http://recoveryhealthcare.me/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/goldilocks1.png http://files.growingproduce.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SquashVirusB-for-web.jpg
![Page 51: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Ethrel® (Ethephon)
• Ethrel (2, chloroethyl phosphonic acid) is an ethylene releasing substance
• Aqueous solution of ethrel is stable below pH 3.5
• Above pH 3.5 the hydrolysis of ethrel begins with the release of free ethylene along with chloride and phosphate ions
• Ethrel, can enter into the fruits cells
http://www.cropscience.bayer.ca/~/media/Bayer%20CropScience/Country-Canada-Internet/Products/Ethrel/Ethrel.ashx
![Page 52: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
What should happen after Ethrel® application
• Cell Division should be extended up to 16-18 days
• End of season weight can increase by 15% (range of 8-34%)
• The pumpkin should ripen 10 days later
Pumpkin Weight (lbs) 15% increase
100 115
500 575
1000 1150
1500 1725
1650 1897.5
1900 2185
2009 2310
2323.7 2672
![Page 53: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What about Cytokinins?
• Increase fruit size (in apples) by increasing number of cell layers
– not cell expansion
• Play an important role in determining the eventual cell number of the fruit
http://education-portal.com/cimages/multimages/16/Key_Concept.png http://www.efoodsdirect.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/a/p/apples2.jpg
![Page 54: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Ethylene and Cytokinins
• Ethylene production was stimulated by submicromolar concentrations of cytokinins in seedlings
http://www.barnaor.com/images/NewsImages/strips.jpg
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/content/cat_010/f37018.jpg
![Page 55: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Site of application is important
• Localized applications of cytokinins to tomatoes is known to increase…
• Sink strength
• Fruit size and
• Fruit dry matter at harvest
– How? By enabling them to attract photoassimilates and nutrients from foliage
https://media.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/p/7/005/092/256/3a950e9.jpg
![Page 56: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Source : Sink Relationship
http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/73624/fpls-05-00011-HTML/image_m/fpls-05-00011-g001.jpg http://cnx.org/resources/cd8839949717d6b04f4fade2e6b0f7cf/Figure_30_05_07.jpg
![Page 57: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Tank mix of Ethrel® + Cytokinin
• One study looking at apples and thinning related to applying both of these
• Note applied at different times in this study
https://lh6.ggpht.com/R9iSRrVH1sfVzJoZJRhFD6bIYIsG1JMmPg4Uxw_mILIjW5993qrg98-BctWdVdO8Hr4=w300
http://nwdistrict.ifas.ufl.edu/phag/files/2012/08/Sprayer-for-Web.jpg
![Page 58: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Cytokinins are partially miscible in water -Slightly soluble in hot water
-Soluble in dilute acid
• Ethrel is an acid that could aid in the incorporation of cytokinis to water for even application to fruit
http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/solut/solut-images/miscibility.png http://www.uiowa.edu/~c004131a/f8_18.gif
![Page 59: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Now the cost…
http://www.rollonfriday.com/Portals/0/Images/cost_benefit.jpg http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/cost-benefit-analysis-concept-19026200.jpg
![Page 60: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Estimated cost of Ethrel®
• About $1.00 per application • Easy procedure
– (It is like someone circled Waldo)
•*Mix only the amount of spray you expect to use each day.
•*Do not allow mixed solution to stand overnight.
http://www.microlit.com/images_2/lilpet.png http://www.globescientific.com/media/Images/110573B.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/United_States_one_dollar_bill,_obverse.jpg
![Page 61: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Cytokinins are more difficult
• Often need to be stored at very low temperatures and require special “Cold shipping”
• About $5.00 per application
– *So, when you see them online the odds are you are not getting a properly stored product
http://www.nortechlabs.com/images/cold-shipping-supplies-index.jpg http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/01/06/article-2534477-1A74C4E100000578-311_470x532.jpg
http://blog.sendblaster.com/wp-content/uploads/ebay-amazon.png http://sadhillnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/five-dollar-bill-this-coupon-good-for-one-gallon-of-gas-sad-hill-news1.jpg
![Page 62: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Conclusion
• Ethrel has the potential to be very effective
• Cytokinins may be well worth their special requirements – *There are different cytokinins so it is important to select the “best” match
• Cost to benefit ratio is the greatest that I have seen
• If you are growing giant tomatoes this is worth a look
![Page 63: Growing a Bigger Pumpkin by Increasing Cell Division · • ACC = 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid • 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic alpha-](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050307/5f6f2752d51d3a3a5364439a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
• Contains plant hormones known to increase cell division
• Duration of cell division has the greatest influence on final mass.
• Must be applied 2 days post pollination
• Requires only one application
• Get yours today!
http://howtomodel.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Order-Now.png