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Biogas in the NetherlandsFrom a Innovation System perspective

Name: Student number Leiden Started IE in: Background:

Sanne de Groot 1190431 sep 2011 Architecture

Mike van Paassen 1197622 sep 2011 Chemical Engineering

Aram Tardast 1174959 feb 2012 Social and behavioural sciences

Jaap van der Veen 0702447 sep 2011 Chemistry

Jan-Willem Versluis 0564559 sep 2011 Chemistry


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Table of Content

Abstract

Table of contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Relevance

1.2 Topic description

1.3 Bounding the topic

1.4 Problem definition

1.5 Research questions

1.6 Report structure

2 Context

2.1 Technology description

2.2 Technological Map

2.3 The anaerobic digestion and electricity production technology:

2.4 Stakeholders

2.5 Socio- technical history of biogas development

2.6 Method selection

2.7 Choice of methodology

3 Theory of methodological framework

3.1 Multi Level Perspective

3.2 Functions of Innovation Systems

3.3 Backcasting

4 Multi Level Perspective applied on biogas

5 FIS applied on biogas

6 Backcasting applied on biogas


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6.1 phase 1

6.2 phase 2

6.3 phase 3

6.4 phase 4

6.5 phase 5

7 Conclusions


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Chapter 1 Introduction

1. Introduction1.1 Relevance of the topicThe essential role and dependence of energy within our society forces us to continuously search for

energy (re)sources. Since fossil fuels are being depleted, sustainable alternatives are becoming popular

(WRR, 2008). Unfortunately, the complete worldwide energy supply cannot be substituted by

alternatives at once, creating our current dependency on fossil fuels. To ensure a sufficient energy

supply in the future, a transition from fossil fuel -based production towards a more sustainable- based

production of energy resources is needed.

Thus, a current problem area which is the agriculture in the Netherlands because it is becoming more

and more intensive and leading to more waste which is an issue that is worth taking a closer look at. For

instance a large excess in manure and an increase of greenhouse gas emissions, is a problem, but onesolution for this problem is using the waste to produce biogas.

1.2 Topic description

Biogas is a product of the anaerobic digestion, a process that decomposes organic matter like manure,

crops or food waste to produce biogas and other byproducts, in other words by converting agricultural

waste (biomass) in anaerobic conditions into gas. The gas can be combusted to produce electricity or

combined heat and power (CHP), cleaned and upgraded to pipeline quality gas for injection into existing

natural gas systems or cleaned to create compressed natural gas for vehicle fuels. Potential renewable

energy in the Netherlands from anaerobic digestion of the 1.5 million tons available organic waste and

4.5 million tons of animal manure is 125 million m3 natural gas equivalent or a saving of 4 PJ (Escobar

and Heikil, 1999). Besides this economic opportunity, there is also environmental gain, because

methane is converted into carbon dioxide, which has a lower global warming potential. The heat

produced, can be used for other means, for instance for heating the digesting process.

1.3 Bounding the topic

However, there are also problems with this technology. It has to compete with the fossil fuel based

electricity generation and other RES sources, because the electricity and heat produced needs to be

economically feasible. Next, it needs to compete with other technologies that use agricultural waste,

they compete for the same resource. The focus in this report is on biogas production from 2000 until

now in the Netherlands. To see what motors of change and back holders of change exist in the

production by looking at some realized and halted projects that will be analyzed to draw conclusions

from. The future developments will be analysed with a future vision for 2050. Agricultural waste is

focused on as the source for biogas production. Stakeholders involved in the biogas niche, relevant

regimes and landscape will be included in the research by using the multilevel perspective framework

and Function of innovation systems analysis to gain insight in the biogas innovations as background for

the research and then by looking at the past and the current situation of biogas(present), backcasting


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1.6 Structure of the Report

The outline of this report is as follows. The report consists of 7 chapters; the six chapters coming up

describe what work is done and why it is performed. Chapter 2 contains an explanation of the

technology used for biogas processing, technologies that are using biogas or involved in biogas

production, the stakeholders involved, a socio-technical history of biogas and a methodology section in

which the chosen frameworks will be introduced. These frameworks will be worked-out in further detail

in chapter 3; Theory. In chapter 4 an analysis on the biogas regime will be performed by using a multi-

level perspective. Subsequently in chapter 5 the FIS framework will be applied followed by the

application of back-casting in chapter 6. Finally conclusions will be drawn in chapter 7 and a section in

which the results are discussed will be provided.

7 ConclusionThe focus of our research were the past, present and future socio-technical innovations in anaerobic

digestion applications from agricultural waste in the Netherlands. Problems in the energy sector are

fueling the search for alternative energy sources. In the Netherlands the large amount of agricultural

waste and especially manure sparked a lot of interest in biogas. To make anaerobic digestion help to

reduce the non-renewable resource use and current agricultural problems the frameworks of multi level

perspective, Functions of Innovation Systems (FIS) and backcasting have been used.

In order to gain insight in the biogas innovations of the last ten years the Functions of Innovation

Systems (FIS) has been used. The FIS framework has proven useful in our case to structure the complex

system with clearer boundaries. The distinction within functions in different indicators has further

helped to structure the information. This has led to a clearer image of the motors of change and back

holders of change. The motors of change are currently function 7. Support of advocacy coalitions,

function 6. Guidance of the search, function 5. Mobilization of resources 1. Entrepreneurial activities,function 2. Knowledge development, function 3. Knowledge diffusion. Entrepreneurial activities have

increased to meet manure surplus reduction regulations even though they have not always turned out

to be profitable. Anaerobic digestion technology has developed knowledge with the support of advocacy

coalitions. Publication of positive results has resulted in knowledge diffusion. Support of advocacy

coalitions has resulted in platforms that bring together stakeholders that are important for the

renewable energy innovation system. Energy transition platforms have been developed to gather

important stakeholders in the biogas infrastructure to collaborate and set visions in the future of biogas.

European policies have guided the search of Dutch policies on manure surplus reduction and renewable

energy for 2020. Mobilization of resources is still an important function because biogas production still

depends on subsidies to be cost effective.


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Back holders of the innovation system are Market formation, indicators counteract resistance and not in

my back yard in the function Support of advocacy coalitions and indicator biomass feedstock in the

function mobilization of resources. Market formation is currently not an important motor of change

because there is no willingness to pay for biogas. Biogas is currently more expensive to produce than

natural gas and consumers are in general not aware of the environmental benefits. Recent

developments have decreased the role of mobilization of resources with subsidies being reduced and

biomass feedstock getting scarce. Policy to limit the amount of manure surplus until 2004 has restricted

the use of biomass feedstock for co-digestion. Since then policy has become less strict and has made

anaerobic digestion more profitable. However there is a competition for biomass feedstock as the

supply is limited. As a result the prices for feedstock have increased. This has resulted in lower

profitability of biogas production. Insecurity of government policy and the lack of a long term vision has

not led to the desired scale of implementation of anaerobic digestion. Furthermore the lock in effect of

the energy regime is a back holder of the development of innovation that threatens their current

practices.

Backcasting is a useful framework to raise awareness to develop towards a certain direction. What

should happen is not necessarily what will happen because of many uncertainties. Backcasting was used

in order to make recommendations about the future of biogas. What has to be done by the government

is to define a clear common objective related to biogas production and additionally some accountable

targets. This latter is currently one of the main issues. Potential of biogas production from agricultural

wastes is limited by the amount of available waste flows as indicated in chapter 7.2.3. The challenge is

to realize the potential of biogas production to reach a more sustainable state in the agricultural and

energy regimes. It is the government who has responsibility to some major terms and conditions. In the

end it is the market that should take initiative suggested by the government. Market formation with the

indicator of demand from energy consumers and awareness to take away the not in my back yard

phenomenon will be necessary for the implementation of the anaerobic digestion technology. The

government is coping with many objectives and interests, a cause for the fact that no rigid choices

seems to be made. Therefore the effective potential of biogas needs to be clear, especially since the

required biomass feedstock is also available to other energy production processes. Further research is

encouraged on the integration of biogas infrastructures with other industrial streams.


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