group members hashaam yaseen muhammad danish mahmood sharjeel hayat muhammad younis muhammad kashif
TRANSCRIPT
GROUP MEMBERS
• Hashaam Yaseen
• Muhammad Danish Mahmood
• Sharjeel Hayat
• Muhammad Younis
• Muhammad Kashif
WHAT IS BIOGAS?
BIOGAS TYPICALLY REFERS TO A GAS PRODUCED BY THE BREAKDOWN
OF ORGANIC MATTER IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
Biogas is produced by the breakdown of organic waste by bacteria without oxygen (anaerobic digestion or fermentation).
Leftover food from houses, shops, restaurants and factories
Cow, sheep and chicken manure Sewage
Leftover meat and blood from abattoirs
Leftover straw and crops from farming
What types of organic waste could be turned in biogas?
Water, Excreta, Organic Material,
Biodegradable Waste
Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Acetogenesis,
Dehydrogenization, Methanogenesis
MethaneCO2
Amonia
H2S Biogas
Anaerobic Environment
Water with 80-90% less contaminants, Organic Fertilizer
O2
ENERGY+
PRODUCTION
PRACTICALLY PRODUCED AS LANDFILL GAS (LFG)
OR DIGESTED GAS
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
RAW MATERIALMAIZE SILAGE
BIODEGRADABLE WASTES INCLUDING SEWAGE SLUDGE AND FOOD WASTE
COMPOSITION
IN SOME CASES, BIOGAS CONTAINS SILOXANES. THEY ARE FORMED FROM THE ANAEROBIC
DECOMPOSITION OF MATERIALS COMMONLY FOUND IN SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
TYPES OF PROCESSES
MESOPHILIC DIGESTION
THERMOPHILIC DIGESTION
A MESOPHILIC DIGESTION IS A DIGESTION IN MODERATE TEMPERATURE, NEITHER TOO HOT NOR TOO COLD, TYPICALLY BETWEEN 20 AND 45 °C (68 AND 113 °F)
A THERMOPHILIC DIGESTION IS A DIGESTION IN RELATIVELY HIGH TEMPERATURE, BETWEEN 45 AND 122 °C
(113 AND 252 °F)
WORK IN DIGESTER
• Manure mixed with water to create slurry
• Slurry is put into airtight digester
• Anaerobic decomposition
• Methane created and collected
• Effluent produced and removed (1)
BASIC STRUCTURE OF BIOGAS PLANTS
Biogas plants installed by different organizations are:
Drum type Biogas Plant (Constant Pressure basis)
Dome type Biogas Plant (Constant Volume basis)
Two scales of biogas
Large- - scale systemsIndustrial processing
Tank volume: 10,000 m3 and above
Feed material:500 tonnes a day and upwards
GAS ENGINESA GAS ENGINE IS AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
WHICH RUNS ON A GAS FUEL, SUCH AS COAL GAS,PRODUCER GAS, BIOGAS
TECHNICAL DETAILS
DIFFERS FROM PETROL ENGINE IN
A WAY FUEL AND AIR ARE MIXED
GAS ENGINE OFTEN USES A VENTURI
SYSTEM TO INTRODUCE GAS INTO
THE AIR FLOW
HAVE LOW POWER OUTPUT AS
COMPARED TO DIESEL ENGINES
Family size Biogas plant
Gas production 4-5 m3Gas consumption 0.5 m3/head/day (for cooking and lighting)Average family size 8 membersGas consumption/family/day 4.0 m3 Estimated N @ 1.84 % 2.13 kg/day Estimated P @ 1% 1.16 kg/day Estimated K @ 1% 1.16 kg/day Estimated NPK /day/plant 4.45 kg/day
1625 kg/annum/plant
A Step Ahead Family size to Medium Biogas plants for
Small industryElectricity generation
Community useTube well operation
Advantages
BIOGAS COULD POTENTIALLY HELP REDUCE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ONE COW CAN PRODUCE ENOUGH MANURE IN ONE DAY TO GENERATE 3 KILOWATT HOURS OF ELECTRICITY; ONLY 2.4 KILOWATT HOURS OF ELECTRICITY ARE NEEDED TO POWER A SINGLE 100-WATT LIGHT BULB FOR ONE DAY
BY CONVERTING COW MANURE INTO METHANE BIOGAS VIA ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, THE MILLIONS OF CATTLE WOULD BE ABLE TO PRODUCE 100 BILLION KILOWATT HOURS OF ELECTRICITY, ENOUGH TO POWER MILLIONS OF HOMES
BY CONVERTING CATTLE MANURE INTO METHANE BIOGAS INSTEAD OF LETTING IT DECOMPOSE, GLOBAL WARMING GASES COULD BE REDUCED BY 99 MILLION METRIC TONS OR 4%
Disadvantages of Biogas
The process is not very attractive economically (as compared to other biofuels) on a large industrial scale.
It is very difficult to enhance the efficiency of biogas systems.Biogas contains some gases as impurities, which are corrosive to the metal parts of internal combustion engines.
Not feasible to locate at all the locations.
History of Biogas technology in Pakistan
History of Biogas in Pakistan is about 35 years old around 7000 digesters have reportedly been installed across the country.
Technical potential of about 5 million digesters.
Government of Pakistan started comprehensive biogas scheme in 1974 and total 4,137 biogas plants installed up-to 1987. These are Floating drum biogas plants with capacity 5-15 cubic meters gas production per day. Pakistan Centre for Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET)Installed of around 2500 biogas plants till the end of 2008.
History of Biogas technology in Pakistan
2009-2010 Agriculture department (Field Wing) launched a programme “Adaptation of Biogas technology to mitigate the energy crises” to install 750 Nos Family Size Biogas Plants all over the Punjab, this project is in progress.
In District Faisalabad PRSP installed 500 Nos Biogas plants under PDBP (Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme.
Some medium size Biogas plants have been installed in private sector to meet the energy requirements for◦ tube well operation for agriculture purpose,◦ cooking and lighting for domestic purpose, and◦ electricity generation for small industry operation during loadshedding
LEGISLATION AROUND THE WORLDTHE EUROPEAN UNION HAS SOME OF THE STRICTEST LEGISLATION
REGARDING WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LANDFILL SITES CALLED THE LANDFILL DIRECTIVE
THE UNITED STATES LEGISLATES AGAINST LANDFILL GAS AS IT CONTAINS VOCS. THE UNITED STATES CLEAN AIR ACT AND TITLE 40 OF THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR) REQUIRES LANDFILL OWNERS TO
ESTIMATE THE QUANTITY OF NON-METHANE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (NMOCS) EMITTED
COUNTRIES SUCH AS THE UNITED KINGDOM AND GERMANY NOW HAVE LEGISLATION IN FORCE THAT PROVIDES FARMERS WITH LONG-TERM REVENUE
AND ENERGY SECURITY
DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE WORLDUNITED STATES
A POPULAR SOURCE OF ENERGY IN 2003, THE UNITED STATES CONSUMED 147 TRILLION BTU OF ENERGY FROM "LANDFILL GAS", ABOUT 0.6% OF THE TOTAL U.S. NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTIONCOW MANURE IS BEING USED TO POWER AN ETHANOL POWER PLANT. BY SWITCHING TO METHANE BIOGAS, THE ETHANOL POWER PLANT HAS SAVED 1000 BARRELS OF OIL A DAY
UKTHERE ARE AROUND 60 NON-SEWAGE BIOGAS PLANTS IN THE UK. MOST ARE ON-FARM, AND SOME LARGER FACILITIES EXIST OFF-FARM, WHICH ARE TAKING FOOD AND CONSUMER WASTESON 5 OCTOBER 2010, BIOGAS WAS INJECTED INTO THE UK GAS GRID FOR THE FIRST TIME
DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE WORLD CONT.
EUROPECOUNTRIES SUCH AS GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND SWEDEN ARE FAIRLY ADVANCED IN THEIR USE OF BIOGAS ANOTHER CHALLENGE FOR THE FURTHER PROGRESSION OF BIOGAS HAS BEEN NEGATIVE PUBLIC PERCEPTIONIN FEBRUARY 2009, THE EUROPEAN BIOGAS ASSOCIATION (EBA) WAS FOUNDED IN BRUSSELS AS A NON-PROFIT ORGANISATION TO PROMOTE THE DEPLOYMENT OF SUSTAINABLE BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND USE IN EUROPE
CHINATHE CHINESE HAD EXPERIMENTED THE APPLICATIONS OF BIOGAS SINCE 1958AROUND 1970, CHINA HAD INSTALLED 6,000,000 DIGESTERS IN AN EFFORT TO MAKE AGRICULTURE MORE EFFICIENTDURING THE LAST YEARS THE TECHNOLOGY HAS MET HIGH GROWTH RATES
DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE WORLD CONT.
SUBCONTIENT
IN INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH BIOGAS PRODUCED FROM THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MANURE IN SMALL-SCALE DIGESTION FACILITIES IS CALLED GOBAR GAS; IT IS ESTIMATED THAT SUCH FACILITIES EXIST IN OVER 2 MILLION HOUSEHOLDS IN INDIA, 50,000 IN BANGLADESH AND THOUSANDS IN PAKISTANTO CREATE AWARENESS AND ASSOCIATE THE PEOPLE INTERESTED IN BIOGAS, THE INDIAN BIOGAS ASSOCIATION WAS FORMED IN 2010IN PAKISTAN, THE RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMMES NETWORK IS RUNNING THE PAKISTAN DOMESTIC BIOGAS PROGRAMME WHICH HAS INSTALLED OVER 1500 BIOGAS PLANTS AND HAS TRAINED IN EXCESS OF 200 MASONS ON THE TECHNOLOGY AND AIMS TO DEVELOP THE BIOGAS SECTOR IN PAKISTANALSO PAK-ENERGY SOLUTION HAS TAKEN THE MOST INNOVATIVE AND RESPONSIBLE INITIATIVES IN BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS BIOMASS?
BIOMASS IS BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL DERIVED FROM LIVING, OR RECENTLY LIVING ORGANISMS. IT MOST
OFTEN REFERS TO PLANTS OR PLANT-DERIVED MATERIALS WHICH ARE SPECIFICALLY CALLED LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE, BIOMASS CAN EITHER BE USED DIRECTLY VIA COMBUSTION TO
PRODUCE HEAT, OR INDIRECTLY AFTER CONVERTING IT TO VARIOUS FORMS OF BIOFUEL
BIOMASS SOURCESBIOMASS IS ALL BIOLOGICALLY-PRODUCED MATTER BASED IN
CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF BIOFUEL
FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS
SUGARCANE AND CORN STARCH
SUGARS PRESENT IN THESE BIOMASS ARE
FERMENTED TO PRODUCE BIOETHANOL
SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS
AGRICULTURE AND MUNICIPAL WASTE
LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS WHICH IS NOT EDIBLE AND IS A LOW
VALUE WASTE FOR MANY INDUSTRIES
BIOMASS YIELDS (DRY BASIS)
WOODY CROPSCOCONUTS GLIRICIDIA OIL PALM PINE POPLAR
NOT YET IN COMMERCIAL PLANTINGENERGY BEETS ENERGY CANE GIANT MISCANTHUS SWITCHGRASS
COMMON COMMODITY FOOD CROPSALFAFA ALGAE BARLEY GRAINS
CANOLA SEEDS CORN GRAINS JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES OATS POTATOES RYE GRAINS SORGHUM SOYABEANS SUGAR BEETS
SUGAR CANE SUN FLOWERS SWEET POTATOES TRITICALE
WHEAT STAW
BIOMASS CONVERSION PROCESS TO USEFUL ENERGY
THERMAL CONVERSION
HEATBIOMASSCHEMICAL
FORM
CHEMICAL CONVERSION
CHEMICAL REACTIONBIOMASS
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE LIKE
METHANOL
BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
ENZYMES AND BACTERIABIOMASS BIOFUEL
ENVIROMENTAL IMPACTCAUSES AIR POLLUTION
CARBON MONOXIDECARBON
DIOXIDENOXVOCSOTHER
POLLUTANTS
FOREST-BASED BIOMASS HAS RECENTLY COME UNDER FIRE FROM A NUMBER OF
ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, INCLUDING GREENPEACE AND THE
NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL, FOR THE HARMFUL IMPACTS IT CAN HAVE
ON FORESTS AND THE CLIMATE. GREENPEACE RECENTLY RELEASED A
REPORT ENTITLED "FUELLING A BIOMESS“
WHICH OUTLINES THEIR CONCERNS AROUND FOREST-BASED BIOMASS. IN
SOME JURISDICTIONS, FOREST BIOMASS IS INCREASINGLY CONSISTING OF
ELEMENTS ESSENTIAL TO FUNCTIONING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
BIOMASS IN PAKISTAN
THE AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS IN PAKISTAN IS ALSO WIDESPREAD. URBAN AREAS OF PAKISTAN GENERATE OVER 225 000 TONNES OF CROP RESIDUE
GUANGZHOU INSTITUTE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION (GIEC) OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD (UAF) WILL WORK TOGETHER ON A BIOMASS PROJECT TO COPE WITH ENERGY CRISIS AND PROMOTE CLEAN ENERGY IN PAKISTAN
STORA ENSO IS STARTING A JOINT-VENTURE WITH THE LOCAL MARKET LEADER PACKAGES LTD OF BIOMASS ENERGY PLANT IN KASUR.
UNIDO IS PROMOTING BIOMASS GASIFICATION IN PAKISTAN
THE FIRST SSJD BIOMASS PROJECT IS A 10 MW POWER PLANT ON BUILD OPERATE OWN (BOO) TERMS