Group IV project

Done by…Niraj MerchantVasudha AgarwalSiddhartha RajgarhiaAnchit NayyarAarisha ShahSanjay BhatiaAditya KhoslaPranav Bajoria

Topic AreaThe change in rural traditions due to modernization with

special emphasis onThe various uses of the faeces of Bovine species and their

transformation with the establishment of the reliance refinery in Jamnagar

Cow dung used to cool houses

Aim:

Comparing and contrasting the building material used in small-scale housing present in farming communities present in Jamnagar in terms of temperature

Materials UsedCement SamplesCow Dung SamplesWeight Scale (± 0.01 grams)Digital Thermometer(± 0.01 o C) BeakersStirrersSpatulas

A Mud House coated with Cow Dung

ResultsThe outside(sun) temperature range as measured

ranges :35.2 - 35.7 o C

The temperature measured inside the cement house:32.4 o C

The temperature measured inside the house coated with cow dung : 31.3 o C

AnalysisLooking from the data mentioned above we can easily conclude that

the temperature in the cow dung house was much less than the temperature measured inside the cement house.

The cement house was able to keep the insides around 3.1 degrees cooler than the outside atmospheric temperature which is a very significant amount

However, the cow dung on the cow dung house was able to keep the house 4.2 degrees cooler than the outside atmospheric temperature.

According to the data presented, the cow dung house was 1.1 degree cooler than the cement house – a very significant difference.

Methods Used – 2

To measure specific heat capacity, equal masses of samples of cow dung samples were used.

Their solutions were then poured into beakers and placed above Bunsen Burner.

Due to the lack of technological difficulties only a relative specific heat capacity can be determined

ResultsApparatus Used 50 grams of each material100 grams of water

Initial Temperature of Cow Dung Solution: 34.45Initial Temperature of Cement Solution: 31.90Terminal Temperature of Cow Dung Solution: 36.27Terminal Temperature of Cement Solution: 34.2

Changes in Temperature: 1) Cow Dung Solution: 1.82 C 2) Cement Solution: 2.30 C

AnalysisSpecific Heat Capacity of a Substance is the amount of

energy required to raise the mass of one kilogram of a substance by one degrees Celsius.

The greater the specific heat capacity of a substance, the lesser its increase in temperature.

Thus, the substance with a greater increase would have the lesser specific heat capacity.

The Formula Formula of Energy Supplied:Q = mass * specific heat capacity * change in temperature

Since the beakers were kept above the Bunsen Burner for the same amount of time:

Equation for cement = Equation for Cow Dung m * c1 * ∆ T1 = m * c2 * ∆ T2

Since ∆ T1 > ∆ T2

Then c1 < c2

Proving it to be a worse method for heat insulation

ConclusionCow dung provides as a useful insulator in

comparison to its rather rigid alternative, cementAlthough cement is more durable and proves useful

under conditions of harsh weather, mud huts provide a cooler environment.

The temperature difference between cement houses and mud houses is not significant enough to warrant the use of dung to reinforce the walls

Evaluation

•With Better Equipment in the labs, we could have used a calorimeter to determine a better value for specific heat capacity

Cow Dung as a fertilizer

Aim of ResearchTo qualitatively analyze the feasibility of cow dung as a

fertilizer by identifying the free radicals present in its solution

HypothesisExcessive amounts of Ammonium and Nitrate ions will be

found in the samples in the cow dung.

MethodCollection of samplesDissolution of cow dungCalibration of selective electrodesTesting the radicals using loggerproSedimentation

ResultsThe concentration of the nitrate (NO3

-) radical exceeded the maximum range of the sensor

The concentration of the Ammonium (NH4+) ion was also

extremely highThe Calcium sensor had an error in calibration and hence

this concentration could not be measured

When allowed to settle large amounts of insoluble inorganic matter were found in the cow dung

AnalysisThe presence of:

Nitrosofying bacteriaNitrifying Bacteria

Lead to the presence of Ammonium and Nitrate ions.

EvaluationThe introduction of Cement housing has lead to an

increased crop yield as this resource (cow dung) can now be put to an alternative use.

However the presence of some Sulphide (S2-) ions will cause the soil to become acidic.

Harmful effects of cow dung

Introduction Effects of cow dung on human health in terms of :-1. As a coating of the houses2. As a domestic fuel

HypothesisDry cow dung will contain certain micro-organisms such

as fungiWhen cow dung is used as a cooking fuel it has

detrimental effects on human health

Method Collecting cow dung Slide preparation Observation using :-1. Microscope2. Magnifying glass

Results and Evaluation

Unclear results due to low magnification of microscope provided

Shortage of resources and timeIdeal solution to cultivate bacteria and fungi using agar

Widespread use of cow dung as cooking gas Due to the population explosion Fuel shortages results in the burning of Gobar as fuel 2 cows for every Indian Extensive availability and religious significance of cows 75% of cow dung is used as fuel for cooking

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55.65% of cow dung is methane

Multinational investmentsReliance refinery set-up in 1998Since then 70% of villagers have switched to LPG fuelThe surplus used as manure will increase crop yield