group influence: lecture #7 topics the presence of others interacting with others competing with...

Group Influence:Lecture #7 topics

The presence of others

Interacting with others

Competing with others


Space shuttle Columbia crew


Space shuttle Challenger crew


group:

set of individuals having at least one of the

following characteristics: direct ________ with each other over a period of time joint membership in a ________ (e.g., gender) shared common ________ , ________ , or ________


Triplett (1897):

noticed that cyclists racing against each other were ________ than cyclists racing alone hypothesis: “presence of another person releases

________ instinct, increasing nervous energy & ________ performance”

found that kids wound fishing reels ________ working side by side than working alone

BUT, followup findings were mixed, until…


Zajonc’s solution:

Other people’s presence increases arousal

Increased arousal increases tendency to perform dominant response

EASY TASK:Dominant response =

________ performance

HARD TASK:Dominant response =

________ performance

“________ ________ ”


Derek Jeter Annika Sorenstam


ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS

evaluation apprehension theory:

performance will be ________ / ________ , but

only when in the presence of people ________

your performance


ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS

distraction conflict theory:

distraction while performing creates ________

________, increasing ________


Ringelmann (1880s):

people’s individual productivity dropped when they worked together than when they worked alone was it due to lack of ________ or ________?

lack of ________ Ingham (1974): people pulled a rope 20% harder

when alone than when they thought they were in a group


Latané et al. (1979):

HIGH

LOW1 2 4 6

Group Size

So

un

d P

ress

ure

per

Per

son

Cheering

Clapping


social loafing:

group-produced ________ in ________ input on

tasks where individual contributions are ________ occurs in relay races, collective farms, classroom

projects, etc.


SOCIAL LOAFING CAN BE REDUCED IF:

people think personal performance is ________ the task is ________ to them people expect ________ for poor performance the group is ________ the group is ________


deindividuation:

loss of individuality & normal constraints against

deviant behaviour


CONTRIBUTING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

low accountability: people may deliberately engage in acts that are

normally inhibited (e.g., robbing a bank)

decreased self-awareness: decreased attention to ________ standards of

behaviour & ________ consequences e.g., trick-or-treaters


social identity model of deindividuation:

in deindividuating situations, ________ identity is submerged, ________ identity emerges, & conformity to group ________

effects can be ________ / ________, depending on group norms if norms negative: deindividuation can lead to

________ if norms positive: deindividuation can lead to ________


Johnson & Downing (1979):

HIGH

LOW

KKK robe Nurse's uniform

Sh

ock

in

ten

sity

Participantidentifiable

Participantanonymous


WHY WE BELONG TO GROUPS

increased chance of survival & reproduction

we accomplish things in groups that we can’t accomplish alone

groups offer social ________ & ________, even if the group is low-status it’s nice to be a big fish in a little pond


GROUP POLARIZATION

Are groups more likely to push for risk or caution?

Group decision will reflect the ________

Group decision will be more ________ than ________


group polarization:

group discussion ________ initial leanings of group members

if members initially favour risk, discussion will lead to ________ group decision

if members initially favour caution, discussion will lead to more ________ group decision

e.g., prejudice in high school students


groupthink (Janis, 1982):

excessive tendency to seek ________ among group members

emerges when need for ________ takes priority over getting accurate information


factors leading to groupthink:

high ________ more likely to reject members with deviant opinions

group structure ________ groups directed by a strong leader are

most vulnerable

________ situations urgency can take over motivation to be accurate


preventing groupthink:

avoid ________ consult often with people outside the group

reduce ________ pressure leaders should encourage criticism

establish norm of ________ have a devil’s advocate hold a “second chance” meeting before taking action


an actor stealing a scene from her co-star basketball player hogging the ball from

teammates CEO wants more of her company’s profits person wants to use more than his/ her share of

non-renewable natural resources

mixed motive situations:situations where we have to choose between

________ with others & pursuing our own

________


social dilemma:

situations where making ________ choices

creates the ________ outcome for everyone


the prisoner’s dilemma:

A gets 5 yrs

B gets 5 yrs

Confession(competes with

Prisoner A)

A gets 10 yrs

B gets 0 yrs

A gets 0 yrs

B gets 10 yrs

A gets 1 yr

B gets 1 yr

No confession(cooperates with

Prisoner A)PRISONER B

Confession(competes with Prisoner B)

No confession(cooperates with Prisoner B)

PRISONER A


tit-for-tat:

________ strategy; cooperation elicits cooperation, competition elicits competition

leads to ________ cooperation than other strategies

win-stay, lose-shift:

based on ________ principles continue to compete/ cooperate if payoff is high

(________) shift to opposite action when payoff is low

(________)

group influence: lecture #7 topics the presence of others interacting with others competing with...

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