group disscusion

8/2/2019 Group Disscusion

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1. Definition of ideal, actual and hidden curriculum

Hidden curriculum, are curriculum that occurred from anything that affects, while

actual or ideal curriculum in progress. Hidden curriculum can not easily to identify.

Ideal curriculum are curriculum which is expected or aspired that contain in the

curriculum book

Actual curriculum are curriculum which is accomplished in teaching and learning

process. So the correlation of actual, hidden and ideal curriculum can be represent in

diagram below :

It means that actual curriculum must be same or at least close to the ideal curriculum.

Although it is hard to be same as ideal curriculum. Then while the actual curriculum or

ideal curriculum occurs another aspect also influence the policy of ideal or actual

curriculum what is it call hidden curriculum. The aspect can be influence by teacher,

school staff or student itself.

2. The differences among teaching, learning, and instruction.

a) Teaching

- Teaching - the profession of a teacher;

-

Teaching - the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart

knowledge or skill; So, those can be concluded that teaching is a method of

transferring knowledge.

b) Learning

Learning - the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge;

Learning is an activity done by individual in order to change his/her ability. By

learning, people can do more new things than before. It can stimulate someone to be

more creative.

c) Instruction

- Instruction - a message describing how something is to be done;

- Instruction - the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart

knowledge or skill;

- Instruction - the profession of a teacher;

Simply, it can be said that instruction is an effort done by a teacher or educator to

stimulate the students to learn.

3. Definition of evaluation, assesment, measurement and test

Actual

curriculum

Ideal

curriculumHidden curriculum occurred


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Evaluation :

According to the evaluation of word sense language derived from English,

which means the assessment or evaluation assessment (John M. Echols and Hassan

Shadily: 1983). According to Stufflebeam, et al (1971) defines evaluation as "The

process of delineating, obtaining, and Provide useful information for decisionalternatives judging". This means that evaluation is a process of describing, acquire,

and present information that is useful to formulate an alternative decision.

Evaluation is an activity measure and assess. It measure more quantitative, while the

rate is more qualitative.

Viviane and Gilbert de Lansheere (1984) states that evaluation is the process of

determining whether the material and learning methods are in accordance with the

expected goals. Determination can be done one of them by way of giving the test to

the learner. It seen there that the reference test is the purpose of learning.

Assessment :

According Suharsimi Arikunto: appraisal is to take a decision on something well, and

quantitative assessment

According Mahrens: appraisal is a professional deliberation or process that allows

one to make some considerations about the value of something

So it might be stated as application of a variety of ways and use various

assessment tools to obtain information about the extent to which learners learning

outcomes or achievement of competence (the ability of the circuit) learners.

Assessment of answering questions about how well the results or learningachievement assess. Result of participant can be either the value of qualitative

(narrative statement in words) and the value of quantitative (numeric). Measurements

related to the process of finding or determination of the quantitative value.

Measurement:

Process of giving a number or businesses obtain a numerical description of the degree

to which a learner has achieved certain characteristics. Or process of the numbers or

labels to the units of analysis to represent the attributes of the concept. This process

should be quite understandable though such people do not understand the definition.

This is because we often make the measurement. Test:

Literally the word "test" is derived from the ancient French language word: test which

means the plates to set aside precious metals, in the Indonesian language translated by

the test, which means the test or experiment.

In terms of the term, according to Anne Anastasi, the test is a measuring device that

has an objective standard that can be used widely, and can actually be used and

compare the state of psychic or individual behavior. Meanwhile, according to F.L.

Geodenough, test is a series of tasks assigned to individuals or groups of individualswith the intent to compare skills between one another.


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From the above understanding, it is understood that the test is a way that can be used

or the procedures that can be achieved within the framework of measurement and

assessment that can formed by administration tasks, or series of tasks that can be

generated value that can symbolize achievement.

Conclusion:

The test is a tool that contains a series of tasks to be done or the questions to be answered by

learners to measure an aspect of behavior.

Measurement is a process or activity to determine the quantity of "something".

Assessment is a process or systematic and continuous activity to gather information about the

process and learning outcomes of learners in order to make decisions based on the criteria of

certain considerations.

Evaluation is a systematic and ongoing process to determine the quality (value and meaning)

of something, based on the considerations and criteria specified in the framework of decision

making.

Between-assessment evaluation, measurement and tests have a close relationship and where

evaluation is more comprehensive assessment that includes measurement, while the test is

one tool (instrument) measurements. Measurement is more limiting on the picture and

quantitative (numbers) about the learning progress of students, while the evaluation and more

qualitative assessment. Assessment decisions are based not only on the measurement results,

but can also be based on observations and interviews.

The scale of measurement is an agreement that is used as a reference for determining the

length of the short interval in measuring instruments, so that the measuring instrument when

used in research will yield quantitative data.

There are four types of measurement scales are often used, namely: nominal scale, ordinal

scale, interval scale and ratio scale.

4. instructional approach, method, strategy, technique, model and tactic.

Instructional approach

Instructional approach can be defined as point of departure or the perspective towards

instructional process that refers to the opinion about the common process. According it

approach, there are two types instruction, those are: (1) student centered approach and (2)

teacher centered approach

Instructional Method

Instructional method can be defined as the way that used to implements the plans that have

been arranged in the real and simple to reach the instructional goal. There are several

methods that can be used to implement the instructional strategy, those are: (1) speech; (2)

demonstration; (3) discussion; (4) simulation; (5) laboratory; (6) field experience; (7)


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brainstorming; (8) debate; (9) symposium, and so on. In other hand, method is the procedure

that focused on the goal.

Instructional Strategy

Instructional strategy is an instructional activity that must be done by teacher and student in

order to reach the goal of instruction effective and efficiently. According to J. R David,

WinaSenjaya (2008) stated that instructional strategy contains meaning of planning, it means

that the strategy basically still conceptual in terms of decisions which will be taken in the

implementation of instruction. According to its strategy, instructions can be categorized into

two parts, those are: (1) exposition-discovery learning and (2) group individual learning

(Rowntree in WinaSenjaya, 2008). Review from its way of presenting and its way of

processing, instructional strategy can be distinguished between inductive instructional

strategy and deductive instructional strategy.

Instructional Model

Basically Instructional model is a form of learning which typically presented by teacher. Inother words, instructional model is a cover of approach, method, and instructional technique.

Regarding to instructional model, Bruce Joyce and Marsha Weil (DediSupriawan and A.

Benyamin Surasega, 1990) stated four groups of instructional model, those are: (1) social

interaction model; (2) Information processing model; (3) personal-humanistic model; and (4)

behavior modification model.

Instructional Technique

Instructional technique can be defined as the way of someone to implements a method

specifically. For example, using speech method in the classroom with a huge number of

students needs certain technique, which is different with speech method for limited students.

In this point, teachers could change their technique although still in the same method.

Instructional Tactic

Instructional tactic is a style of someone in implementing method or certain instructional

technique that is individual. For example, there are two people who use speech method, but

their tactic of speech probably different. In its presentation, one teacher tend to has the high

sense of humor, while another does not have sense of humor, but more using electronic

device because he/she more capable in using that device. In style of instruction each unique

and typical character will appear, corresponding to capability, experience, and the teacher

characteristics. In this tactic, instruction will become knowledge and also an art.

.


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