group 6 basic chemistry of life

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BASIC CH EMISTRY OF LIFE By : Isrofah Ummi Fadhillah (13304241046) Katon Waskito Aji (13304241069) Nilam Cahya Nugraheni (13304241070) Yustina Bangun Restu W (13304242002) Group 6

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Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

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Page 1: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

BASIC CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

By :Isrofah Ummi Fadhillah (13304241046)

Katon Waskito Aji (13304241069)

Nilam Cahya Nugraheni (13304241070)

Yustina Bangun Restu W (13304242002)

Group 6

Page 2: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

SUBTOPICS

• Organic and Inorganic Substances

• Atom and Molecules

• Carbohydrate

• Protein

• Lipids

Page 3: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SUBSTANCES

Page 4: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Organic Substancesa substance that contains carbon combined chemically with at least one other chemical element, excepting carbonates, cyanides, and cyanates.

Examples : lipids, carbohydrate, proteins

Page 5: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Inorganic Substancesa substance that do not contain carbon as the principal element .

Examples : MgCl2, NaOH, HCl, NaCl, etc.

Page 6: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Atoms & Molecules

Page 7: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

•  Atoms •  Molecules–  Atomic number –  Types of bonds

–  Atomic mass

–  Names of parts–  Biologically important atoms

Page 8: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Nature of Atoms

•  Matter has mass and occupies space

•  All matter is composed of atoms

•  Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of biological molecules

Page 9: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Atomic Structure

•  Atoms are composed of:–  Protons

•  Positively charged particles

•  Located in the nucleus

–  Neutrons•  Neutral particles

•  Located in the nucleus

–  Electrons•  Negatively charged particles

•  Found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus

Page 10: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life
Page 11: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Periodic Table of the Elements

Page 12: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

•  Living organisms are made up of mostly 12 elements:

•  Four elements make up 96.3%of human body weight

–  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

•  Organic molecules contain primarily CHON

Page 13: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Chemical Bonds

•  Molecule – two or more atoms held together in a stable association

•  Atoms are held together in molecules by chemical bonds

1.  Ionic

2.  Covalent

3.  Hydrogen

Page 14: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Ionic bonds

•  Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions

•  Gain or loss of electrons forms ions–  Na atom loses an electron to become Na+

–  Cl atom gains an electron to become Cl–

–  Opposite charges attract so that Na+ and Cl–

remain associated as an ionic compound

Page 15: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life
Page 16: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Covalent bonds

•  Form when atoms share 2 or more electrons

•  Strength of covalent bond depends on the number of shared electrons

11

Page 17: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

12

Page 18: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

CARBOHYDRATE

Page 19: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of ENERGY

Plants use carbohydrates for structure (CELLULOSE) include sugars and complex carbohydrates

(starches) contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen (the hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen)

Page 20: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

all have the formula C6H12O6 all have a single ring structure

(glucose is an example)

Page 21: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life
Page 22: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Disaccharides (double sugars)

all have the formula C12H22O11 sucrose (table sugar) is an example

Page 23: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life
Page 24: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Polysaccharides

Formed of three or more simple sugar units Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver &

muscles Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell

walls Starches - used as energy storage

Page 25: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life
Page 26: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Dehydration Synthesis

Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide +

water C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O

Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water They are the stored extra sugars known as starch

How are complex carbohydrates

formed and broken down?

Page 27: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Hydrolysis

Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits (also called chemical digestion) ex. disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide +

monosaccharide C12H22O11 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Page 28: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

PROTEIN

Page 29: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Protein adalah sekelompok senyawa organik yang hampir keseluruhannya terdiri atas karbon, hydrogen, oksigen, dan nitrogen

Menurut pakar kimia Belanda, G.J. Mulder pada tahun 1939 : “Proteios= “yang pertama”, “yang paling utama”

Protein memegang peranan yang sangat penting pada organisme, yaitu dalam struktur, fungsi, dan reproduksi.

Page 30: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Protein biasanya merupakan suatu polimer yang tersusun atas banyak monomer yang dikenal sebagai asam amino

Struktur asam amino :

Page 31: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Asam amino adalah molekul organik yang memiliki gugus karboksil dan gugus amino yang mana pada bagian pusat asam amino terdapat suatu atom karbon asimetrik Pada keempat pasangannya yang berbeda itu adalah gugus amino, gugus karboksil, atom hidrogen, dan berbagai gugus yang disimbolkan dengan huruf R. Gugus R disebut juga sebagai Rantai samping yang berbeda dengan gugus amino

Page 32: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Peranan protein

sebagai katalisator, pendukung, cadangan, sistem imun, alat gerak, sistem transpor, dan respon kimiawi.

Protein-protein tersebut merupakan hasil ekspresi dari informasi genetik masing-masing suatu organisme tak terkecuali pada bakteri (Campbell et al., 2009; Lehninger et al., 2004).

Protein dan gen memiliki hubungan yang sangat dekat dimana kode genetik berupa DNA dienkripsi dalam bentuk kromosom yang selanjutnya kode genetik tersebut ditranslasikan menjadi protein melalui serangkain mekanisme yang melibatkan RNA dan ribosom (Vo-Dinh, 2005).

Page 33: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Protein yang hanya mengandung asam amino saja.

Ada 3 macam yaitu asam amino essensial, asam amino non esensial, asam amino semi esensial.

Kelompok protein sederhana

Page 34: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Asam amino yang harus diperoleh tubuh dari makanan sehari-hari karena tubuh tidak dapat mensintesis.

Terdiri dari arginin, histidin, isoleusin, leusin, lisin, metionin, fenil alanin, treonin, triptopan, valin.

Asam amino esensial

Page 35: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Asam amino yang diperlukan tubuh dan dapat disintesis oleh tubuh dalam jumlah cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tubuh terhadap asam amino tersebut.

Alanin, asparagin, aspartat, sistein, glutamat, glutamin, glisin, prolin, serin, tirosin, hidroksiprolin, hidroksilisin

Asam amino non esensial

Page 36: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Asam amino yang dapat disintesa tubuh tetapi kecepatan sintesa tidak mencukupi untuk mendukung tumbuh kembang anak yang termasuk asam amino semi esensial ini adalah arginin dan histidin

Asam amino semi esensial

Page 37: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Struktur primer

Struktur sekunder

Struktur tersier

Struktur kuartener

STRUKTUR PROTEIN

Page 38: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

merupakan struktur yang sederhana dengan urutan-urutan asam amino yang tersusun secara linear yang mirip seperti tatanan huruf dalam sebuah kata dan tidak terjadi percabangan rantai

Struktur primer

Page 39: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

merupakan kombinasi antara struktur primer yang linear distabilkan oleh ikatan hidrogen antara gugus =CO dan =NH di sepanjang tulang belakang polipeptida. Salah satu contoh struktur sekunder adalah -α heliks dan -β pleated

.

Struktur sekunder

Page 40: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Struktur tersier dari suatu protein adalah lapisan yang tumpang tindih di atas pola struktur sekunder yang terdiri atas pemutarbalikan tak beraturan dari ikatan antara rantai samping (gugus R) berbagai asam amino

Struktur tersier

Page 41: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Struktur kuarterner adalah gambaran dari pengaturan sub-unit atau promoter protein dalam ruang. Struktur ini memiliki dua atau lebih dari sub-unit protein dengan struktur tersier yang akan membentuk protein kompleks yang fungsional.

Struktur kuarterner

Page 42: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Level dari struktur protein

Page 43: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

LIPIDS

Page 44: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

What are Lipids ?????

Lipids are mollecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure

and function of living cells.

Page 45: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

What do lipids consist of ????

When metabolized, lipids are oxidized to release large

amounts of energy and thus are useful to living organisms.

Page 46: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Where do lipids come from ????

Lipids are mollecules that can be extracted from plants and animal

using nonpolar solvents (ether, choroform, and acetone). Fat belong

this group as do other steroids, pospholipids forming cell membrane

components, etc

Page 47: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Some examples of Lipids ........

Fats and Oils

Steroids Phospolipids

Waxes

Page 48: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Fats and OilsAre made from two kinds of mollecules : glycerol and three fatty acid.

Fats are mostly from animal sources and oils are mostly from plant sources.

Page 49: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Waxes.....

Page 50: Group 6 Basic Chemistry of Life

Steroids....the general structure of cholesterol.