group 6 basic chemistry of life
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Group 6 Basic Chemistry of LifeTRANSCRIPT
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BASIC CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
By :Isrofah Ummi Fadhillah (13304241046)
Katon Waskito Aji (13304241069)
Nilam Cahya Nugraheni (13304241070)
Yustina Bangun Restu W (13304242002)
Group 6
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SUBTOPICS
• Organic and Inorganic Substances
• Atom and Molecules
• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Lipids
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ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
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Organic Substancesa substance that contains carbon combined chemically with at least one other chemical element, excepting carbonates, cyanides, and cyanates.
Examples : lipids, carbohydrate, proteins
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Inorganic Substancesa substance that do not contain carbon as the principal element .
Examples : MgCl2, NaOH, HCl, NaCl, etc.
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Atoms & Molecules
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• Atoms • Molecules– Atomic number – Types of bonds
– Atomic mass
– Names of parts– Biologically important atoms
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Nature of Atoms
• Matter has mass and occupies space
• All matter is composed of atoms
• Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of biological molecules
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Atomic Structure
• Atoms are composed of:– Protons
• Positively charged particles
• Located in the nucleus
– Neutrons• Neutral particles
• Located in the nucleus
– Electrons• Negatively charged particles
• Found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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• Living organisms are made up of mostly 12 elements:
• Four elements make up 96.3%of human body weight
– Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
• Organic molecules contain primarily CHON
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Chemical Bonds
• Molecule – two or more atoms held together in a stable association
• Atoms are held together in molecules by chemical bonds
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Hydrogen
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Ionic bonds
• Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions
• Gain or loss of electrons forms ions– Na atom loses an electron to become Na+
– Cl atom gains an electron to become Cl–
– Opposite charges attract so that Na+ and Cl–
remain associated as an ionic compound
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Covalent bonds
• Form when atoms share 2 or more electrons
• Strength of covalent bond depends on the number of shared electrons
11
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12
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CARBOHYDRATE
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Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of ENERGY
Plants use carbohydrates for structure (CELLULOSE) include sugars and complex carbohydrates
(starches) contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen (the hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen)
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Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
all have the formula C6H12O6 all have a single ring structure
(glucose is an example)
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Disaccharides (double sugars)
all have the formula C12H22O11 sucrose (table sugar) is an example
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Polysaccharides
Formed of three or more simple sugar units Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver &
muscles Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell
walls Starches - used as energy storage
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Dehydration Synthesis
Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide +
water C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O
Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water They are the stored extra sugars known as starch
How are complex carbohydrates
formed and broken down?
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Hydrolysis
Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits (also called chemical digestion) ex. disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide +
monosaccharide C12H22O11 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
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PROTEIN
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Protein adalah sekelompok senyawa organik yang hampir keseluruhannya terdiri atas karbon, hydrogen, oksigen, dan nitrogen
Menurut pakar kimia Belanda, G.J. Mulder pada tahun 1939 : “Proteios= “yang pertama”, “yang paling utama”
Protein memegang peranan yang sangat penting pada organisme, yaitu dalam struktur, fungsi, dan reproduksi.
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Protein biasanya merupakan suatu polimer yang tersusun atas banyak monomer yang dikenal sebagai asam amino
Struktur asam amino :
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Asam amino adalah molekul organik yang memiliki gugus karboksil dan gugus amino yang mana pada bagian pusat asam amino terdapat suatu atom karbon asimetrik Pada keempat pasangannya yang berbeda itu adalah gugus amino, gugus karboksil, atom hidrogen, dan berbagai gugus yang disimbolkan dengan huruf R. Gugus R disebut juga sebagai Rantai samping yang berbeda dengan gugus amino
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Peranan protein
sebagai katalisator, pendukung, cadangan, sistem imun, alat gerak, sistem transpor, dan respon kimiawi.
Protein-protein tersebut merupakan hasil ekspresi dari informasi genetik masing-masing suatu organisme tak terkecuali pada bakteri (Campbell et al., 2009; Lehninger et al., 2004).
Protein dan gen memiliki hubungan yang sangat dekat dimana kode genetik berupa DNA dienkripsi dalam bentuk kromosom yang selanjutnya kode genetik tersebut ditranslasikan menjadi protein melalui serangkain mekanisme yang melibatkan RNA dan ribosom (Vo-Dinh, 2005).
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Protein yang hanya mengandung asam amino saja.
Ada 3 macam yaitu asam amino essensial, asam amino non esensial, asam amino semi esensial.
Kelompok protein sederhana
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Asam amino yang harus diperoleh tubuh dari makanan sehari-hari karena tubuh tidak dapat mensintesis.
Terdiri dari arginin, histidin, isoleusin, leusin, lisin, metionin, fenil alanin, treonin, triptopan, valin.
Asam amino esensial
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Asam amino yang diperlukan tubuh dan dapat disintesis oleh tubuh dalam jumlah cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tubuh terhadap asam amino tersebut.
Alanin, asparagin, aspartat, sistein, glutamat, glutamin, glisin, prolin, serin, tirosin, hidroksiprolin, hidroksilisin
Asam amino non esensial
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Asam amino yang dapat disintesa tubuh tetapi kecepatan sintesa tidak mencukupi untuk mendukung tumbuh kembang anak yang termasuk asam amino semi esensial ini adalah arginin dan histidin
Asam amino semi esensial
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Struktur primer
Struktur sekunder
Struktur tersier
Struktur kuartener
STRUKTUR PROTEIN
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merupakan struktur yang sederhana dengan urutan-urutan asam amino yang tersusun secara linear yang mirip seperti tatanan huruf dalam sebuah kata dan tidak terjadi percabangan rantai
Struktur primer
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merupakan kombinasi antara struktur primer yang linear distabilkan oleh ikatan hidrogen antara gugus =CO dan =NH di sepanjang tulang belakang polipeptida. Salah satu contoh struktur sekunder adalah -α heliks dan -β pleated
.
Struktur sekunder
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Struktur tersier dari suatu protein adalah lapisan yang tumpang tindih di atas pola struktur sekunder yang terdiri atas pemutarbalikan tak beraturan dari ikatan antara rantai samping (gugus R) berbagai asam amino
Struktur tersier
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Struktur kuarterner adalah gambaran dari pengaturan sub-unit atau promoter protein dalam ruang. Struktur ini memiliki dua atau lebih dari sub-unit protein dengan struktur tersier yang akan membentuk protein kompleks yang fungsional.
Struktur kuarterner
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Level dari struktur protein
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LIPIDS
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What are Lipids ?????
Lipids are mollecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure
and function of living cells.
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What do lipids consist of ????
When metabolized, lipids are oxidized to release large
amounts of energy and thus are useful to living organisms.
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Where do lipids come from ????
Lipids are mollecules that can be extracted from plants and animal
using nonpolar solvents (ether, choroform, and acetone). Fat belong
this group as do other steroids, pospholipids forming cell membrane
components, etc
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Some examples of Lipids ........
Fats and Oils
Steroids Phospolipids
Waxes
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Fats and OilsAre made from two kinds of mollecules : glycerol and three fatty acid.
Fats are mostly from animal sources and oils are mostly from plant sources.
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Waxes.....
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Steroids....the general structure of cholesterol.