group 2 cast in place
DESCRIPTION
Construction materials and testingTRANSCRIPT
CAST-IN PLACE CONCRETE
GROUP 2
Topics Preparing concrete
Transportation, handling, and placing of concrete
Finishing concrete
Curing concrete
Formworks
Concrete reinforcing materials
What is Cast-in-place concrete?
Cast-in-place concrete walls are made with ready-mix concrete placed into removable forms erected on site.
It is a concrete that is transported in an unhardened state, primarily as ready-mix, and placed in forms.
Cast-in-place concrete is a common type of building material for commercial structures and residential homes alike.
Most foundations and slabs-on-ground
Walls, beams, columns, floors, roofs
Large portions of bridges, pavements, and other infrastructure.
Uses
If not enough cement is used, then the result is called ''sandcrete'' and the pad will eventually fall apart.
Ingredients of Concrete
ADVANTAGES
Strength
Insulation
Versatility
DISADVANTAGES
Time
Labor Requirements
Advantages and Disadvantages
Preparing Concrete
Cabacungan, Noreen Anne
Components Cement
Sand
Gravel
Water
Excessive impurities in mixing water not only may affect setting time and concrete strength, but can also cause efflorescence, staining, corrosion of reinforcement, volume instability, and reduced durability.
Concrete mixture specifications usually set limits on chlorides, sulfates, alkalis, and solids in mixing water unless tests can be performed to determine the effect the impurity has on the final concrete.
The quality of the paste determines the character of the concrete. The strength of the paste, in turn, depends on the ratio of water to cement.
High-quality concrete is produced by lowering the water-cement ratio as much as possible without sacrificing the workability of fresh concrete, allowing it to be properly placed, consolidated, and cured.
Soon after the aggregates, water, and the cement are combined, the mixture starts to harden.
Once the concrete is thoroughly mixed and workable it should be placed in forms before the mixture becomes too stiff.
Transporting and Handling Concrete
Catalan, Angelinne
Wheelbarrows and Buggies Used for: Short flat hauls on all types of onsite concrete construction
Advantages: Versatile—ideal inside and on jobsites with changing placing conditions.
Versatile power buggy can move all types of concrete over short distances
Belt Conveyor Used for: Conveying concrete horizontally or higher/lower level.
Advantages: Adjustable reach, traveling diverter, variable speed.
The conveyor belt is an efficient, portable method of handling concrete. A drop chute prevents concrete from segregating as it leaves the belt; a scraper prevents loss of
mortar. Conveyor belts can be operated in series and on extendable booms of hydraulic cranes.
Truck Mounted Conveyors
Used for: Conveying concrete horizontally or higher/lower level.
Advantages: Conveyer arrives with concrete. Adjustable reach and variable speed.
A conveyor belt mounted on a truck mixer places concrete up to about 12 meters (40 feet) without the need for additional handling equipment.
Crane and Buckets Used for: Work above ground level.
Advantages: Can handle concrete, reinforcing steel, formwork, and sundry items.
The tower crane and bucket can easily handle concrete for tall-building construction.
Screw Spreaders Used for: Spreading concrete over large flat areas.
Advantages: Concrete can be quickly spread over a wide area to a uniform depth.
The screw spreader quickly spreads concrete over a wide area to a uniform depth. Screw spreaders are used primarily in pavement construction.
Finishing ConcreteCelino, Cesar
What is finishing? Operation of creating a concrete surface of a desired texture, smoothness
and durability
Can be functional or decorative
Step 1: Pouring the Concrete. After thoroughly mixing the concrete pour it into the forms slightly
overfilling them.
Then take a straight board (a 2x4 piece of lumber works great as long as it isn’t bowed) and simply level off the concrete.
Using a board that is longer than your pour is wide and using a sawing motion work back and forth until the concrete is level.
You really need someone on the other side to help with this part.
This is called “screeding” if you are trying to learn new words with which to impress your friends.
Step 2: Smooth the Concrete Surface If you haven’t done this before or only done it a few times you are likely to
make two mistakes; troweling too soon and troweling too much.
This can lead to a weakened surface, tiny cracks and a white dusty surface.
Then with a wooden trowel or magnesium float if you want to get fancy, smooth off the surface. This step is simply to put a relatively smooth surface on the concrete. Keep an eye on the concrete. The first thing you will notice is that some bleed water will come to the surface. This is a good thing. Allow all of the water to disappear before you do anything else. This can take 20 minutes or 4 hours depending on the temperature, humidity and how hard the wind is blowing.
After the bleed water is all gone you can get out your steel finishing trowel and put on the final touches. You will notice the steel trowel is not perfectly flat. That is done so that when you trowel you will be more prone to lift the leading edge slightly avoiding digging into the concrete.
Step 3: Use a Broom to Finish the Surface Texture of the Concrete
Once you are finished with the trowel, simply take a soft broom and gently drag it across the surface.
Always pull the broom (never push) and always go in the same direction. Just one pass should do the trick.
Broom finish is preferable because it makes the surface slightly rougher.
This is very helpful for those occasions when your sidewalk is wet.
Step 4: Cure the Concrete You need to “cure” the concrete. If the concrete isn’t kept moist for a few
days it may crack. The problem is that the surface will dry out while the bottom is still wet causing tension which basically tears the concrete apart.
There are several ways to cure concrete. The easiest is to simply spray it very lightly with a hose. You can cover it with a wet cloth such as burlap (don’t let the burlap dry out). Or you can use chemical curing agents such as Sakrete Cure `N Seal.
The question of how long to do this and how often is a tough one because it depends on temperature, humidity and air flow. The hotter and dryer and windier it is the more you will have to re apply water.
Why finish concrete? Makes concrete attractive and serviceable
Warehouse or industrial floors need to be flat and level.
Exterior slabs must be sloped to carry away water and must provide a texture that will not be slippery when wet
Curing ConcreteCheong, Janine
Curing
-process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete during hydration
-process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range
Reasons of Concrete Curing
a. Concrete strength gain
b. Improved durability of concrete
c. Enhanced serviceability
d. Improved microstructure
Methods to Cure Concrete
1. Water curing - preventing the moisture loss from the concrete surface by continuously wetting the exposed surface of concrete.
a) Ponding – a ‘dam’ or ‘dike’ is erected around the edge of the slab and water is then added to create a shallow pond.
b) Sprinkling, Fogging, and Mist Curing
Using a fine spray or fog of water can be an efficient method of supplying additional moisture for curing and, during hot weather, helps to reduce the temperature of the concrete.
c) Wet coverings
Water absorbent fabrics such as hessian, burlaps, cotton mats, rugs etc. may be used to maintain water on the concrete surface by completely covering the surface immediately after the concrete has set.
2. Impermeable Membrane Curing
Minimizing moisture loss from the concrete surface by covering it with an impermeable membrane.
a) Formwork - Leaving formwork in place is often an efficient and cost-effective method of curing concrete, particularly during its early stages. In very hot dry weather, it may be desirable to moisten timber formwork, to prevent it drying out during the curing period, thereby increasing the length of time for which it remains effective.
b) Plastic Sheeting
Plastic sheets form an effective barrier to control the moisture losses from the surface of the concrete, provided they are secured in place and are protected from damage.
c) Membrane Curing Compounds
Curing compounds are wax, acrylic and water based liquids which are sprayed over the freshly finished concrete to form an impermeable membrane that minimizes the loss of moisture from the concrete.
3. Steam Curing - keeping the surface moist and raising the temperature of concrete to accelerate the rate of strength gain. This type of system is most commonly used for precast concrete products where standard products are manufactured in the factory and the turnaround time of the formwork is very quick.
Precautionary when Curing during Hot / Cold Weather
Hot Weather-curing materials reflecting sunlight-water curing-framed enclosures of canvas tarpaulins
Cold Weather-heated enclosures-insulating blankets-curing compounds
FORMWORKSCast in Place Concrete
Cunanan, Warren
Definition It is a mould or box into which workable concrete will be poured and
compacted so that it will flow and finally set to the required profile of the mould itself.
It is also acts as a temporary structure that supports: Its own weight
Concrete poured
Live loads during construction process
(materials, labor, logistics)
Characteristics Safe
Cost Effective
Economical
Reusable
High Quality
Easy to use
Design It should be able to support the:
Fresh Concrete until 28 days
Steel Rebars
Formwork Materials
Wind & Lateral Loads
Live Loads
Materials Timber
Steel
Aluminum
Glass Reinforced Plastic
Timber
Timber: Advantages Easy to handle due to its weight
Easy to disassemble
Very flexible
Parts can be easily replaced
Useful for small scale projects
Less in cost
Timber: Disadvantages Cant be used for several times
Limited re-uses only
5-6 times only
It also absorbs water from concrete that results to less strength of concrete
Moisture content of timber will affect the form as it will shrink due to water.
It is also hard to place shoring jacks and supports
Eats up a lot of area
Steel
Steel: Advantages Very String and able to carry heavy loads
Easy to be fixed
Uniformity in size and surface finish
Can be used for a long time
Very rigid
Easy to dismantle
Steel: Disadvantages Limited size and shape of forms
Excessive lose of heat
A very smooth surface will be produced being an advantage to finishing beams and columns but disadvantage to floors and partitions.
Limited fixing only
Weight also adds to transportation problems.
Glass Reinforced Plastic
Glass Reinforced Plastic:Advantages
Very useful in complex shapes
Easy to disassemble
Lightweight
Damages are easily repaired
Glass Reinforced Plastic:Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost.
Requires more skilled workers
Not used world wide due to price and availability.
Board & Steel
Board & Steel: Advantages
Easy to use
Reusable for several times
Flexible
Useable in any type of form or shape
Less shoring used
Board & Steel: Disadvantages
In high rise towers used polyboard are hard to dispose.
Systems on cutting the board for re-useable purposes.
Failures
Improper stripping and shore removal.
Inadequate bracing
Vibration
Unstable soil under mudsills
Inadequate control of concrete pouring
Lack of attention to formwork details
Installation: Foundation
Sheet Piles on foundations vicinity
Excavation and Earthworks
Bored Piles
Rebars
Formworks
Shorings
Concrete Pouring
28 days curing
Installation: Columns
Reinforced bars
Splicing
Stirrups
Ties
Formworks
Side Shorings
7-21 days before removing forms
Columns can be chamfered on a triangular shape.
Installation: Beams
Reinforced bars
Splicing
Stirrups
Ties
Formworks
Side Shorings
48 – 72 hours side forms can be removed
28 days support shoring can be removed
Beams are usually formed with the slab.
Installation: Slabs
Reinforced bars
Splicing
Ties
Formworks
Table Forms usually
Full Shorings at lower level
7 days before some shoring can be removed
28 days support shoring can be removed
Slabs are usually formed with the beams
Pictures
Pictures
Pictures
Pictures
CONCRETE REINFORCING
MATERIALSTupaz, Alyza Krizel
What is Reinforced Concrete?
Concrete, in which steel is embedded in such a manner that they act together in resisting forces.
In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of concrete work together to allow the member to sustain these stresses over considerable spans.
High Relative Strength
High toleration of tensile strain
Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factors
Thermal compatibility, not causing
unacceptable stresses in response to
changing temperatures
Durability in the concrete
environment, irrespective of
corrosion or sustained stress
Required Properties of Reinforcement
The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is similar to steel, eliminating large internal stresses due to differences in thermal expansion and contraction.
Cement paste hardens and conforms to the surface of the steel, thereby transmitting forces efficiently between the two materials.
Hardened cement paste also provides a layer of protection for steel, providing larger resistance against corrosion than in normal conditions.
Key Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete
STEEL
Deformed, Plain, Threaded, Welded Wire Fabric
Deformed steel bars are round steel bars with lugs, or deformations, rolled into the surface of the bar during manufacturing. These deformations create a mechanical bond between concrete and steel.
Deformed Steel Bars
Often rounded in cross section, these steel bars are plain in surface and have diameter ranging from 6 to 50mm
Malleable and can be drilled, cut and welded to suit design needs
Plain Steel Bars
These bars can be spliced with threaded couplers or anchored through steel plates while still providing continuous bond between the bar and concrete.
Used as an alternative to lapping standard deformed bars when long bar lengths are required
Or when bars need to be anchored close to the edge of the member
Threaded Steel Bars
A square or rectangular mesh of wires, factory-welded at all intersections.
Used for may applications such as to resist temperature and shrinkage cracks in slabs.
Often used in concrete slabs
Welded Wire Fabric
Benefits of Steel
Reinforcement
Increases overall strength
Minimum maintenance – Reduces
cracking and
deformation
Allows flexibility in design
Substantial Economy –
Cost efficient in
its constructio
n
FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS (FRP)
Mainly used in shotcrete ( a type of concrete conveyed through a hose, projected at high velocity)
Mostly used for on-ground floors and pavements, but can also be considered for a wide range of construction parts
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer refers to polymer materials that are reinforced with fiberglass, carbon fiber or aramid fiber
Used where corrosion of steel bars are likely or where sensitive electrical or magnetic equipment might be affected by a large amount of steel reinforcement.
Fiber-Reinforced Polymers
Benefits of Fiber
Reinforcement
Improves durability
to weather cycling
Reduces overall weight
Improves water migration and
thus aids reduction in corrosion for
steel reinforcement
Improves impact
and abrasion
resistance
GLASS REINFORCEDPLASTIC (GRP)
a composite material or fiber-reinforced polymer made of a plastic reinforced by fine fibers made of glass. Like carbon fiber reinforced plastic, the composite material is commonly referred to by the name of its reinforcing fibers (fiberglass).
Glass-Reinforced Plastic
Benefits of Glass
Reinforcement
Strong lightweig
ht material
Raw materials are much cheaper
Bulk strength and weight are better than
many metals
Can be more readily
molded into complex shapes
Less brittle