groundwater, water management and hydraulic fracturing

T8TA - WHAT’S THE DRILL ON GAS? - MARCH 2015

GROUNDWATER, WATER MANAGEMENT AND HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

Wednesday, April 1, 15

OUTLINE

Hydraulic fracturing - what are the risks?

What do we know about location-specific risks?

What we don’t know

What we should know


WHAT IS HYDRAULIC FRACTURING (FRACKING)?


The shale bed needs to be shattered nearly everywhere

Fracking horizontally

(Source: John Cherry, Munk School of Global Affairs, May 2014)


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Hudson's Hope

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo,and the GIS User Community

0 7.5 153.75 km

Legend!" Oil and Gas well

OGC_fracking_footprint_final

WHSE_FISH_WDIC_WATERBODY_S

Hudson’s Hope


Stream water Water tanker trucks Surface storage at gas-well site

“flowback” water

Flowback treatment

brineDeep-wellInjection

Frac-Water: From Cradle to Grave

Add: sand, biocides,scale inhibitors,acids, surfactants

(Modified from Jim Saiers (Yale), Resources for the Future conference on Managing the Risks of Shale Gas, Nov 2011)

(metals)


WHERE DO WE HAVE SHALE GAS?


(Source: l’ABC du gaz de schistes au Canada, Office national de l’énergie, 2009)


(Source David Hughes, 2013)


GROUNDWATER IS MOVING


Aquifer 1

Aquifer 2

Aquifer 3

Target Zone

Piezometric levels

Spring

River

Groundwater flow

Not to scale

Wetland


Aquifer 1

Aquifer 2

Aquifer 3

Target Zone

Piezometric levels

Spring

River

Groundwater flow

Not to scale

Deep Well

Good seal

Wetland


Aquifer 1

Aquifer 2

Aquifer 3

Target Zone

Piezometric levels

Spring

River

Groundwater flow

Not to scale

Poor quality seal or absence of seal

Deep Well

Good seal

Wetland


Aquifer 1

Aquifer 2

Aquifer 3

Target Zone

Piezometric levels

Spring

River

Groundwater flow

Not to scale


Deep Well

Good seal

Target ZoneTarget ZoneTarget ZoneTarget Zone

Wetland


Aquifer 1

Aquifer 2

Aquifer 3

Target Zone

Piezometric levels

Spring

River

Groundwater flow

Not to scale


Deep Well

Good seal

Groundwater flow

Target ZoneTarget ZoneTarget ZoneTarget Zone

Wetland


WHERE ARE THE PLAYS... AND WHERE IS GROUNDWATER?


Ft St John

Dawson CreekHudson’s Hope

Ft Nelson


0 km 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km

m-asl

0

1000

-1000

-2000-1000

0-1000

-1000

-1000-1000

0

-1000-1000-1000

-1000

0

-1000

0

-2000

1000

-2000-2000-2000-2000-2000

gas-bearing plays

water-bearing plays

Baldonnel (w)Halfway (g+w)Doig (g)

Montney (g)?

gas and water-bearing plays

-2000

-2000

-2000

Halfway (g+w)

190 m-aglCadotte (g+w)

490 m-bgl

formation pressure m hydraulic head

highest recorded

lowest recorded

193 m-agl

Head in BaldonnelHead in BaldonnelHead in Cadotte

490 m-bgl

Head in BaldonnelHead in Baldonnel

Head in Halfway

Baldonnel (w)


0 km 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km

m-asl

0

1000

-1000

-2000-1000

0-1000

-1000

-1000-1000

0

-1000-1000-1000

-1000

0

-1000

0

-2000

1000

-2000-2000-2000-2000-2000

gas-bearing plays

water-bearing plays

Baldonnel (w)Halfway (g+w)Doig (g)

Montney (g)?


-2000

-2000

-2000

Halfway (g+w)

190 m-aglCadotte (g+w)

490 m-bgl


highest recorded

lowest recorded

193 m-agl


490 m-bgl

Head in BaldonnelHead in Baldonnel

Head in Halfway

Baldonnel (w)

65 MPa6500 m (w)


SO, WHAT ARE THE RISKS ?


The well integrity issue

Well integrity refers to the degree in which a well is sealed to prevent leakage of fluids, such as gas, from depth.

Well integrity is likely the most important shale gas issue:

• groundwater contamination

• climate change



Scenario for stray gas plume

• Where the cracked cement intersect a permeable bed, lateral gas migration occurs

• Gas migration away from the well via natural fractures in the rock or other pathways

Domestic Well

gas plume



May 2014


Abandoned

Cancelled

Well Head and Activity

Active

Gas Testing

Well Shaft

Completed Suspended

Cased Well Authority Granted

Sump Source Water Well

2 km


0 km 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km

m-asl

0

1000

-1000

-2000-1000

0

0

-1000

0

-2000

1000

-2000-2000-2000-2000-2000

water-bearing plays


gas-bearing plays

-3000

-4000

-3000

-3000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

-4000-3000

-2000

-2000

-1000

AbandonedActive

Completed Suspended

Source Water Well - depths

unknownProjection of well near the cross-section

Cased


0 km 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km

m-asl

0

1000

-1000

-2000-1000

0

0

-1000

0

-2000

1000

-2000-2000-3000

-4000

-3000

-3000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

-4000-3000

-2000

-2000

-1000

(Note: location of future O&G wells is for illustration purposes)

In 5 or 10 years...


0 km 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km

m-asl

0

1000

-1000

-2000-1000

0

0

-1000

0

-2000

1000

-2000-2000-3000

-4000

-3000

-3000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

-4000-3000

-2000

-2000

-1000


In 5 or 10 years...

0

-1000-1000

-2000-2000-2000-2000-2000-2000

-3000


Cadotte (g+w)

500 m-bgl

2030... 2050


Low river level

Aquifers provide flow and temperature control!


Montney

In 20, 30, ... , 50 years


ARE THE RISKS.... REAL?


WATER ALLOCATION


OGC Northeast Water Tool


Northeast Water Assessment Tool (NEWT) Query

Disclaimer: The NorthEast Water Tool (NEWT) has been developed and placed on this website by theOil and Gas Commission (Commission) for the convenience of industry and the public.Information relating to NEWT is believed to be representative, but technical inaccuraciesand uncertainties may occur. NEWT carries no guarantee of any kind, express or implied.The Commission accepts no liability or blame for loss or damages incurred by any person orbusiness entity based on the use of NEWT.

Query Location:UTM-EASTING 559637UTM-NORTHING 6218547NAME Lynx CreekDATE Mon Jan 7 2013

Query WatershedDrainage Area: 5,028 haAverage Annual Precipitation: 561.3 mmAverage Elevation (m): 858.8 mBasin Centre - Easting: 555621 mBasin Centre - Northing: 6218396 mAverage Annual Unit Runoff: 128.2 mmAverage Annual Volume Runoff: 6,445,769 m!Average Annual Discharge: 0.2 m!/s

Month

AverageRunoff(mm)

AverageDischarge

(m!/s)Average Runoff

(m!)

Reserved forEnvironmental

Flow (m!)

PotentialMaximum

Allocation (m!)

Existing Allocation(Licenses or

Approvals) (m!)

RemainingPotential for

Allocation (m!) Note

Jan 1 0.02 50,529 42,950 7,579 564 7,016 Winter Flow Limited

Feb 0.9 0.02 43,291 36,798 6,494 509 5,985 Winter Flow Limited

Mar 1.3 0.03 67,702 57,546 10,155 564 9,592 Winter Flow Limited

Apr 6.6 0.13 330,148 280,626 49,522 546 48,977

May 37.4 0.7 1,879,099 1,597,234 281,865 564 281,301

Jun 31.8 0.62 1,597,300 1,357,705 239,595 546 239,049

Jul 23.7 0.44 1,190,973 1,012,327 178,646 564 178,082

Aug 11.2 0.21 563,831 479,256 84,575 564 84,011

Sep 7.4 0.14 372,962 317,017 55,944 546 55,399

Oct 3.8 0.07 193,148 164,176 28,972 564 28,409

Nov 1.9 0.04 95,160 80,886 14,274 546 13,728

Dec 1.2 0.02 61,626 52,382 9,244 564 8,680 Winter Flow Limited

Annual 128.2 0.2 6,445,769 5,478,904 966,865 6,637 960,228

Monthly Runoff (m!)Potential Maximum Allocation (m!)Reserved for Environmental Flow (m!)

OGC Water Management BasinDrainage Area: 32,202 haAverage Annual Precipitation: 539.2 mmAverage Elevation (m): 786.9 mBasin Centre - Easting: 559882 mBasin Centre - Northing: 6221366 mAverage Annual Unit Runoff: 106.9 mmAverage Annual Volume Runoff: 34,438,919 m!Average Annual Discharge: 1.09 m!/s

Month

AverageRunoff(mm)

AverageDischarge


(m!)


Flow (m!)

PotentialMaximum

Allocation (m!)


Approvals) (m!)



Jan 0.7 0.09 239,200 203,320 35,880 1,127 34,753 Winter Flow Limited

Feb 0.7 0.09 209,539 178,108 31,431 1,018 30,413 Winter Flow Limited

Mar 1.1 0.13 342,197 290,867 51,329 1,127 50,202 Winter Flow Limited

Apr 5.6 0.69 1,793,606 1,524,565 269,041 1,091 267,950

May 33.2 4 10,703,197 9,097,717 1,605,480 1,127 1,604,352

Jun 26.1 3.24 8,394,981 7,135,733 1,259,247 75,100 1,184,147

Jul 19.1 2.29 6,142,936 5,221,496 921,440 75,136 846,304

Aug 9 1.08 2,901,872 2,466,591 435,281 75,136 360,145

Sep 6 0.75 1,942,323 1,650,974 291,348 25,761 265,588

Oct 3.1 0.37 994,681 845,479 149,202 1,127 148,075

Nov 1.5 0.19 479,865 407,885 71,980 1,091 70,889

Dec 0.9 0.11 294,522 250,344 44,178 1,127 43,051 Winter Flow Limited

Annual 106.9 1.09 34,438,919 29,273,081 5,165,838 259,970 4,905,867


Lynx Creek

Disclaimer: The NorthEast Water Tool (NEWT) has been developed and placed on this website by the Oil and Gas Commission (Commission) for the convenience of industry and the public.

LEGEND

Existing Water Licence POD

Existing Section 8 POD

Query Point

Query Watershed


Northeast Water Assessment Tool (NEWT) Query

Disclaimer: The NorthEast Water Tool (NEWT) has been developed and placed on this website by theOil and Gas Commission (Commission) for the convenience of industry and the public.Information relating to NEWT is believed to be representative, but technical inaccuraciesand uncertainties may occur. NEWT carries no guarantee of any kind, express or implied.The Commission accepts no liability or blame for loss or damages incurred by any person orbusiness entity based on the use of NEWT.

Query Location:UTM-EASTING 559637UTM-NORTHING 6218547NAME Lynx CreekDATE Mon Jan 7 2013

Query WatershedDrainage Area: 5,028 haAverage Annual Precipitation: 561.3 mmAverage Elevation (m): 858.8 mBasin Centre - Easting: 555621 mBasin Centre - Northing: 6218396 mAverage Annual Unit Runoff: 128.2 mmAverage Annual Volume Runoff: 6,445,769 m!Average Annual Discharge: 0.2 m!/s

Month

AverageRunoff(mm)

AverageDischarge


(m!)


Flow (m!)

PotentialMaximum

Allocation (m!)


Approvals) (m!)



Jan 1 0.02 50,529 42,950 7,579 564 7,016 Winter Flow Limited

Feb 0.9 0.02 43,291 36,798 6,494 509 5,985 Winter Flow Limited

Mar 1.3 0.03 67,702 57,546 10,155 564 9,592 Winter Flow Limited

Apr 6.6 0.13 330,148 280,626 49,522 546 48,977

May 37.4 0.7 1,879,099 1,597,234 281,865 564 281,301

Jun 31.8 0.62 1,597,300 1,357,705 239,595 546 239,049

Jul 23.7 0.44 1,190,973 1,012,327 178,646 564 178,082

Aug 11.2 0.21 563,831 479,256 84,575 564 84,011

Sep 7.4 0.14 372,962 317,017 55,944 546 55,399

Oct 3.8 0.07 193,148 164,176 28,972 564 28,409

Nov 1.9 0.04 95,160 80,886 14,274 546 13,728

Dec 1.2 0.02 61,626 52,382 9,244 564 8,680 Winter Flow Limited

Annual 128.2 0.2 6,445,769 5,478,904 966,865 6,637 960,228


OGC Water Management BasinDrainage Area: 32,202 haAverage Annual Precipitation: 539.2 mmAverage Elevation (m): 786.9 mBasin Centre - Easting: 559882 mBasin Centre - Northing: 6221366 mAverage Annual Unit Runoff: 106.9 mmAverage Annual Volume Runoff: 34,438,919 m!Average Annual Discharge: 1.09 m!/s

Month

AverageRunoff(mm)

AverageDischarge


(m!)


Flow (m!)

PotentialMaximum

Allocation (m!)


Approvals) (m!)



Jan 0.7 0.09 239,200 203,320 35,880 1,127 34,753 Winter Flow Limited

Feb 0.7 0.09 209,539 178,108 31,431 1,018 30,413 Winter Flow Limited

Mar 1.1 0.13 342,197 290,867 51,329 1,127 50,202 Winter Flow Limited

Apr 5.6 0.69 1,793,606 1,524,565 269,041 1,091 267,950

May 33.2 4 10,703,197 9,097,717 1,605,480 1,127 1,604,352

Jun 26.1 3.24 8,394,981 7,135,733 1,259,247 75,100 1,184,147

Jul 19.1 2.29 6,142,936 5,221,496 921,440 75,136 846,304

Aug 9 1.08 2,901,872 2,466,591 435,281 75,136 360,145

Sep 6 0.75 1,942,323 1,650,974 291,348 25,761 265,588

Oct 3.1 0.37 994,681 845,479 149,202 1,127 148,075

Nov 1.5 0.19 479,865 407,885 71,980 1,091 70,889

Dec 0.9 0.11 294,522 250,344 44,178 1,127 43,051 Winter Flow Limited

Annual 106.9 1.09 34,438,919 29,273,081 5,165,838 259,970 4,905,867


Lynx Creek

Disclaimer: The NorthEast Water Tool (NEWT) has been developed and placed on this website by the Oil and Gas Commission (Commission) for the convenience of industry and the public.

LEGEND

Existing Water Licence POD

Existing Section 8 POD

Query Point

Query Watershed

OGC Assumption: Safe to take 15% of the flow


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PRRD Short term water allocations

Water extraction

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6)-+/#0-7/);+#04-+#


DISPOSAL WELLS


LEGENDVolume of water disposed

(osp)


13

23

37

14

50

42

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1951-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2014

Num

ber o

f wel

ls

Drilling decade

Number of Wells Used for Disposal, By Drilling Date (BC)


1,847

23,791

4,443

1,316

6,679

3,812

671

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1951-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2014

Volu

me

of li

quid

dis

pose

d of

(OSP

)

Drilling decade of disposal wells

For Wells Drilled in Each Decade, How Much Waste Has Been Injected? (BC)

OSP = Olympic Swimming Pool = 2,500 m3


200

0.00

-200

-400

-600

-800

-1000

-1200

-1400

-1600

-1800

-2000

400

600

Dep

th m

.a.s.

l.

KAKISA

BUCKING HORSE

SCATTER

SHUNDA

EXSHAWKOTCHOTETCHO

TROUT RIVER

FORT SIMPSON

MUSKWA

DEBOLT

WAN: 2240

Water disposal wellDrilled 1967-1968

Volume disposed (1968-6/2013):41 M m³ (16,500 O.S.P.)

BANFF

SLAVE POINT -1632

-1759

Open hole/barefoot completionDiamter: 159 mm (6")

Surface casing (Grade J55)Diameter: 340 mm (13")

Intermediate casing (Grade J55)Diameter: 245 mm (10")

Production casing (Grade N80)Diameter: 178 mm (7")

214

-299

End of hole

Injection of liquid

Valves

DESCRIPTION

Cement sheath

• Casing Collar Log - 2003. Interval depth -1486 to -1604 masl (1890 to 2008 m depth)

An Extraordinary Example: Well 2240Drilled/completion 1967-1968

Last Test completed on well 2240

Well WAN: 2240

16,494 OSP = 41 Billion litres, 39% of all liquid waste disposed of in BC


Z

Z’

0 10 20 30 km

03010Orefyn Energy Advisors Corp.

Disposal Well - ActiveWater to Halfwayat Depth 1510 m

Ground Elev 683 m asl

00181Penn West Petroleum Ltd.

Disposal Well - Suspended (2004)Water to Halfwayat Depth 1495 m


0 m asl

-1000

-500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

Note: depths and thicknesses of formations are approximate, extrapolated from the GeoScience BC Report 2011-11

Approximate Paleovalley

Peace River

Pine River

Moberly River

water-bearing plays


gas-bearing plays Z-Z’

Lower Cretaceous (g)

Nikanassin (g+w)

Baldonnel (w)

Halfway (g+w)

Doig (g)

Montney (g)

Gething (g+w)

(?)

Spirit River (g+w)

Harmon (g+w)Peace River (g+w)

Cadomin (g+w)

(?)


Z

Z’

0 10 20 30 km







0 m asl

-1000

-500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500



Peace River

Pine River

Moberly River

water-bearing plays




Nikanassin (g+w)

Baldonnel (w)

Halfway (g+w)

Doig (g)

Montney (g)

Gething (g+w)

(?)

Spirit River (g+w)


Cadomin (g+w)

(?)

~ 256 OSP of liquid waste disposed off(181: 111 OSP and 3010: 145 OSP)


Z

Z’

0 10 20 30 km







0 m asl

-1000

-500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500



Peace River

Pine River

Moberly River

water-bearing plays




Nikanassin (g+w)

Baldonnel (w)

Halfway (g+w)

Doig (g)

Montney (g)

Gething (g+w)

(?)

Spirit River (g+w)


Cadomin (g+w)

(?)


drilled in 1971


Z

Z’

0 10 20 30 km







0 m asl

-1000

-500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500

0 m asl

-1000

-500

-1500

500



Peace River

Pine River

Moberly River

water-bearing plays




Nikanassin (g+w)

Baldonnel (w)

Halfway (g+w)

Doig (g)

Montney (g)

Gething (g+w)

(?)

Spirit River (g+w)


Cadomin (g+w)

(?)


drilled in 1956!!

drilled in 1971


Gas Plays Gas Plays

REALITY

Shallow Aquifers


Shallow Aquifers

Gas Plays Gas Plays

REALITY

Shallow Aquifers


Shallow Aquifers

Gas Plays

“ Don’t worry ....Everything is under

control”

Gas Plays

REALITY

Shallow Aquifers


WHAT WE SHOULD KNOW


Disposal well Drilling padDugouts

Drinking Water Well

Creek

Conceptual image of groundwater dynamic and connection to surface water

Shallow sand aquifer

Deeper sand aquifer


0 km 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km

m-asl

0

1000

-1000

-2000-1000

0-1000

-1000

-1000-1000

0

-1000-1000-1000

-1000

0

-1000

0

-2000

1000

-2000-2000-2000-2000-2000

gas-bearing plays

water-bearing plays

Peace River (g+w)

Spirit River (g+w)

Bluesky (g+w)Gething (g+w)Cadomin (g+w)Nikanassin (g+w)

Baldonnel (w)

Halfway (g+w)Doig (g)

Montney (g)

?


-2000

-2000

-2000

Montney (g)

2060 m-agl

Doig (g)

650 m-agl Halfway (g+w)

190 m-agl

Cadomin (g+w)

20 m-bgl

Gething (g+w)

600 m-bgl

Bluesky (g+w)

10 m-agl

Falher A (g+w)

580 m-bgl

Cadotte (g+w)

490 m-bgl


highest recorded

lowest recorded

193 m-agl


190 m-agl(g+w)

20 m-bgl

Gething (g+w)

600 m-bgl

Bluesky (g+w)

10 m-agl

Falher A (g+w) Cadotte

(g+w)

490 m-bglHead in BaldonnelHead in Baldonnel

Head in Halfway


0 km 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km

m-asl

0

1000

-1000

-2000-1000

0

0

-1000

0

-2000

1000

-2000-2000-3000

-4000

-3000

-3000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

-4000-3000

-2000

-2000

-1000



Peace River

Near Tumbler RidgeWednesday, April 1, 15

dry river - dry bridge


T H A N K Y O UPhoto: Gilles Wendling


groundwater, water management and hydraulic fracturing

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