groundwater resources of the world vesi... · lubumbashi paramaribo benin city georgetown phnom...
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Tunguska
Volga
D anube
LakeVolta
WhiteVo lta
LakeAlbert
LakeVictoria
LakeTanganyika
Lake Tana
Ni le
Lake Nasser
Lake Edward
Lake Kivu
LakeTurkana
Lake Mweru
Lake Malawi
Lake KaribaOkavango
Lake Chad
Taj o
Vänern
Vättern
Lake Ladoga
Lake Onega
Lake RybinskLake Peipus
Lake Kuybyshev
Aral Sea
Lake Balqash
Issyk Kul
LakeTiticaca
Coco
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
Lake Huron
Lake Michigan
Lake Superior
Lake Nipigon
Lake Winnipeg
Lake Althabasca
Great Slave Lake
Great Bear Lake
Lomé
Araz
Ganges
Irtysh
Lake Baikal
Lake Taymyr
Sanaga
Kasai
Tuloma
Angara
Kemijoki
Maas
Great Salt Lake
Sev.
Ayeyarwady
Ch ao
Phraya
Chang Jiang
Jiang
Chan
g
Chang
Jiang
Pilcomayo
Desaguadero
Orange
Ora
nge
Webi Shabeelle
Dnipro
Xiliao He
Chisinau
Riga
Tallinn
Vilnius
Astana
Bishkek
K apuas
Hari
Ufa
Leon
Agra
Zibo
Wuxi
Lima
Suva
Dili
Cali
Kano Aden
Sana
Pune
Doha
Xian
Baku
Rome
Lyon
Kyiv
Omsk
Perm
Oslo
Nome
UlsanKaraj
Surat
Taian
Linyi
Taegu
Seoul
Pusan
Perth
Natal
Belem
Quito
Medan
AccraLagos
Davao
Dakar
HanoiMecca
DhakaAswan
DubaiPatna
Miami
TampaDelhi
LhasaCairo
Wuhan
Amman
RabatKabul
Osaka
KyotoTokyo
Jinan
Tunis Adana
Bursa
Jilin
TurinMilan
Odesa
Paris
Lille
Minsk
Kazan
Thule
Putian
Fuyang
Suzhou
YantaiAthens
Samara
Noumea
Taipei
Multan
Meerut
Indore
XuzhouSuzhou
Ningbo
Anadyr
Jeddah
Baotou
Tehran
Vienna
Bogota
Sofiya
Hobart
Sydney
Durban
Maseru
Maputo
Harare
CairnsLa Paz
Cuiaba Lusaka
Darwin
Maceio
Luanda
Recife
Manaus
Kigali
DoualaBangui
KumasiIbadan
Panama City
Kaduna
Bamako ChennaiNiamey
Manila
Asmara
Puebla MumbaiToluca
Merida
Nagpur
KhulnaHavanaMuscat
Riyadh
Murzuq FuzhouKanpur
Jaipur
Kuwait
ShirazAustin Lahore
Dallas
Beirut
Aleppo
Taejon
TabrizSendai
LisbonDalian
DenverAnkara
MadridNaples
Boston
Almaty
Urumqi
Ottawa Harbin
Quebec
Munich
Prague
London WarsawBerlin
Dublin
Moscow
Juneau
Huainan
Torreon
Tijuana
DhanbadAsansol
Wenzhou
Shantou
Huludao
Kwangju
Ushuaia
Rosario
Cordoba
Vitoria
Goiania
Honiara
Bandung
JakartaKananga
Iquitos
Nairobi
Kampala
Yaounde
CayenneAbidjan
Colombo
Conakry
MaduraiMaracay Caracas
Managua
Bangkok
Yangon
Nanning
Karachi
KunmingGuiyang
Thimphu
Tindouf
Houston Chengdu
Nanjing
EsfahanTripoli Baghdad
Phoenix FukuokaAtlanta
Memphis
Lanzhou QingdaoMashhad
Algiers Inch'on
TaiyuanSmyrana Tianjin
BeijingYerevan
Chicago
Detroit
SapporoToronto Halifax
Seattle
Kharkiv
Calgary
Irkutsk
Hamburg
Magadan
Yakutsk
Godthab
Norilsk
Makassar
Vadodara
Ludhiana
Jabalpur
Dongguan
Campinas
Kinshasa
Monrovia
Brussels
Auckland
Canberra
Adelaide
Santiago
Brisbane
PretoriaCuritiba
Asuncion
Gaborone
Windhoek
Brasilia
LilongweSalvador
Surabaya
Medellin
San Jose Valencia
N'Djamena
KhartoumTimbuktu
Belmopan
San Juan
Haiphong
HonoluluKolkata
Varanasi
ChangshaNanchang
Hangzhou
AmritsarBenghazi
DamascusPeshawar
Srinagar
San JoseAshgabat
Dushanbe
Columbus New York
Istanbul TashkentT'bilisi
Shenyang
Belgrade
PortlandMontreal
Budapest
Winnipeg
Edmonton
Helsinki
Murmansk
Changzhou
Las Vegas
Faridabad
Allahabad
Zaozhuang
Hong Kong
Goose Bay
Stockholm
Anchorage
Reykjavik
Jerusalem
Singapore
Melbourne
Cape Town
Sao Paulo
Fortaleza PalembangGuayaquil
KisanganiMogadishu
Maracaibo
Bangalore
Guatemala
HyderabadVientiane
Ahmadabad Guangzhou
T'aichungAbu Dhabi
Monterrey
Kathmandu
Chongqing
San Diego
HiroshimaZhengzhou
Al Mawsil
St. LouisPyongyangBaltimore
BarcelonaCleveland
Milwaukee Marseille
ChangchunBucharest
Astrakhan
Volgograd
Vancouver
Rotterdam
Churchill
Gujranwala
Vijayawada
Jamshedpur
Coimbatore
Aurangabad
Libreville
Nouakchott
Copenhagen
Montevideo
Lubumbashi
ParamariboBenin City
Georgetown
Phnom Penh
ChittagongKaoshsiung
Alexandria Faisalabad
CasablancaRawalpindi
SacramentoCincinnati
Pittsburgh
Providence
Khabarovsk
Birmingham
Arkangelsk
Antofagasta
Livingstone
Brazzaville
Bucaramanga
Addis Ababa
Ouagadougou
Tegucigalpa
Mexico City
Guadalajara
Tamanrasset
San AntonioNew Orleans
Los Angeles
Kansas City
Vladivostok
Minneapolis
Ulaanbaatar
NovosibirskChelyabinsk
Buenos Aires
Port Moresby
Christchurch
Porto Alegre
Johannesburg
Antananarivo
Kuala Lumpur
Barquisimeto
Barranquilla
San Salvador
Shijiazhuang
IndianapolisPhiladelphia
Yekaterinburg
Ciudad Juarez
Alice Springs
Dar es Salaam
Santo Domingo
Tel Aviv-Yafo
San Francisco
Rostov-na-Donu
Rio de Janeiro
Belo Horizonte
Vishakhapatnam
Port-au-Prince
Nizhniy Novgorod
Washington D.C.
Dnipropetrovs'k
Ho Chi Minh City
Saint Petersburg
Santa Cruz de La Sierra
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy
Bhopal
Nagoya
Lucknow
Shanghai
Tangshan
Hyderabad
Amsterdam
Copp
er Cre
ek
Juru
enda
War
rego
Wh i
te N
ile
Amazonas
Kuskokwim
Yenisey
Gascoyne
Du lce
Mur
chiso
n
Georg
ina
KolymaYukon
Mamore
Parana
Vilyuy
Ashburton
Blue
Podkamennaya
Yenisey
Iri ri
Madeira
St. Lawrence
Kura
Sao Francisco
Victo
ria
Arag
uaia
Marano n
Ri o
Car
o ni
Anadyr
Miss
issippi
Missouri
Shilka
Pec hora
Orinoco
Bran
co
Yukon
Kotuy
Ob
Mitchell
Ni le
Chari
O ka
Guaviare
Yenisey
Putumayo
Syr Darya
Negro
Congo
Tobo
l
Gre
en
Para guay
Fras
er
Parn
aiba
Luge
nd
a
Lom
ami
Salw
een
Volga
Indus
Caqueta
Ohio
Jurua
Diamantin
a
Rho
n eSnake
Sungai
Bayka
l Lak
eC
hind
win
Da l
lol B
oss o
Platte
Darlin
g
Gloma
Rhine
Toca
n tin
s
X ingu
Colorado
Omolon
Dnister
Daugava
Irtysh
Sepik
O b
Ili
Euphrates
Sac r
amen
to
Tapa
jos
Karkheh
Severn
Porcupine
Cong
o
Thelon
Sava
Ussuri
Murray
Arkansas
Thlewiaza
Amur
Tisza
Dni p r o
Godavari
Albany
Angara
Negro
Kalixaelven
Argun
Conc
hos
Churchill
Vaal
Paranaiba
Huallaga
Fortescue
Purus
Urug
uay
Yalong J iang
Chubut
Han Shui
Kafue
Alaba
ma
Kama
Chulym
Onon
Cunene
Wu
Colorado
Shu
Wisla
Parana
Gris
alva
Kas ai
Maranon
Amu Dar ya
Nizhnyaya Tunguska
Odra
Toca
n tin
s
Back
u
Cauvery
Mahanadi
Huang He
Len a
Band
ama
White Nile
Com
o e
Colorado
Red
Pyasina
Fitzroy
Vitim
Indigirka
Volga
Ogooue
Hongshui
Benue
Neva
Tone
Bravo
Angerman
Mag
dale
na
Teles Pires
Columbia
Amur
Olenek
Indu
s
Nile
Missouri
Atbara
Neman
Lena
Guapore
Loire
Bhima
Seine
Saskatchewan
Liard
Euphrates
Stewart
Colu
mbia
Ganga
Krishna
Trent
Mekong
Sutlej
Zambezi Sh
ire
Clut
ha
Tennessee
Con
go
Mackenzie
Amur
Che
na
b
Mis
siss
ippi
Ben
i
Niger
Ura l
Selenga
Oka
Oelfusa
Douro
Po
Lule
Narmada
Guadiana
Ot
i
Cuanza
Nelson
Ob
Meta
Eastmain
Batang
Ebro
Niger
Kazan
Kwango
Peace
Mekon g
Yaqu
i
Kizili
mak
Yukon
Olekma
Uele
Ghaghara
Kuban
El be
Prut
Brahmaputra
Senegal
Ishim
Brazo s
Bug
Aldan
Limpopo
Dvina
Rh i
ne
Krishna
Flinders
Esse
quib
o
Yana
Ucaya li
Taz
Bla ck
Volta
Athabas
ca
Sao
Fran
cisc
o
Volga
Zeya
Web i Jubb a
Danube
Orinoco
Don
Oubangui
Tigri s
Red
Cham
bal
Saskatchewan
Yarkant
Drava
Kamchatka
Yellowstone
Zambezi
Grande Riviere
Cuando
Lena
Huang
He
Hong
Gamb ia
Tigris
Great Rua
ha
Lachlan
Salado
major river basin land area with minor or inactive river basins
Sources:Basins selected, derived and adjusted byGlobal Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), Koblenz 2007,based on HYDRO1K by USGS;Mean river discharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1,Universities of Frankfurt/Main and Kassel 2007;Rivers and lakes by GRDC &WHYMAP 2007
Scale 1 : 120 000 000
Mean Annual Precipitation (1961 - 1990)
River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge (1961 - 1990)
Scale 1 : 120 000 000
Source:Gridded Precipitation Normals Data Set,Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC),Offenbach 2007
Scale 1 : 120 000 000
Sources:Gridded Population of theWorld (GPW), Version 3Center for International Earth Science InformationNetwork (CIESIN), Columbia University;United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO) &Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) 2005
Scale 1 : 120 000 000
Sources:Mean groundwater recharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1,Universities of Frankfurt/Main & Kassel 2007;Population data based on GPW - Version 3,Center for International Earth Science Information Network(CIESIN) 2005
Groundwater Recharge (1961 - 1990) per Capita (2000)
Population Density (2000)
Groundwater Resources of the World
Legend
Special groundwater features
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE WORLD 1 : 25 000 000
www.whymap.org
selected wetland, mostly groundwater related
Geography and Climate
selected city
country boundary
boundary of continuous permafrost
selected city,partly dependent on groundwater
area of saline groundwater (> 5 g/l total dissolved solids (TDS))
natural groundwater discharge area in arid regions
area of heavy groundwater abstraction with over-exploitation
area of groundwater mining
Surface water
continuous ice sheet
large freshwater lake
large saltwater lake
major river
180°160° e. G.140°120°100°80°60°40°20°0°20°40°60°80°100°120°140°160° w. G.
Tropic of Cancer
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Tropic of Capricorn
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O C E A N
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
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O C E A N
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
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Arctic Circle
Antarct ic Circle
© BGR Hannover / UNESCO Paris 2008. All rights reserved.Printed by: Oeding Druck GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
Scale 1 : 25 000 000
80°
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Disclaimer
The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoeveron the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or the WHYMAP Consortium concerning the legal status of any country, territory,city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.This map was derived and compiled from disparate sources of information. The WHYMAP Consortium gives no warranty, expressedor implied, to the quality or accuracy of the information supplied and accepts no liability whatsoever in respect of loss, damage,injury or other occurrences however caused.
The data and information on this map are protected under the copyright of Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)and UNESCO. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever or stored in a retrievalsystem of any nature without the prior written permission of BGR and UNESCO.
extracted from:World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP)
Gu l fo f G ui n e a
A r a b i a nS e a
B a yo f B e n g a l
Re
dS
ea
S o u t h
C h i n a
S e a
E a s t
C h i n a
S e a
Y el l o wS ea
S e a o f
J a p a n
S e a o f
O k h o t s k
B e r i n g S e a
E a s t S i b e r i a n S e a
L a p t e v S e aK a r a S e a
B a r e n t s S e a
Baltic
N o r t hS e a
Sea
Black Sea
Me d i t e r r a n e a n
S e a
B a f f i nB a y
H u d s o n
B a y
B er i n gS ea Gu l f
o f A l a s k a
G u l f o f M e x i c o
C a r i b b e a n S e a
S c o t i a S e a
W e d d e l l S e a
T a s m a n S e a
Population in persons/km2
0 5 25 250 1000 no data
Casp ian
Sea
country boundary
Within the past decades the interest in groundwater has increased considerably due to water shortage problems onlocal, regional and even global levels. In order to support the sustainable management of groundwater resources, it isnecessary to map, model and quantify the stored volume and the average annual replenishment, and to determinethe chemical quality of groundwater. Therefore, the World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and AssessmentProgramme (WHYMAP) was created in 1999 as a contribution to the world-wide efforts to improve the managementof the earth's water resources including groundwater.WHYMAP is a joint programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH),the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and NaturalResources (BGR).It aims at collecting, compiling and visualising hydrogeological information at a global scale, to convey groundwaterrelated information in an appropriate way for the global discussion on water issues and to give recognition to invisibleunderground water resources. WHYMAP brings together the huge efforts in hydrogeological mapping, at regional,national and continental levels. BGR, together with the partners above, is gradually building up a geographicinformation system (WHYMAP GIS) in which the groundwater data are managed and visualised.
This Groundwater Resources Map of the World at the scale of 1 : 25 000 000 is a result of WHYMAP and combinesthe related data known or published so far. It shows various characteristic groundwater environments in their arealextent: blue colour is used for large and rather uniform groundwater basins (aquifers and aquifer systems usually inlarge sedimentary basins that may offer good conditions for groundwater exploitation), green colour areas havecomplex hydrogeological structure (with highly productive aquifers in heterogeneous folded or faulted regions in closevicinity to non-aquifers), and brown colour symbolises regions with limited groundwater resources in local and shallowaquifers.Within the three main hydrogeological units up to five different categories are defined according to their modelledrecharge rates from over 300 mm to less than 2 mm per year. Dark colours (dark blue, green and brown) representareas with very high recharge rates while light blue, green and brown colours outline regions with very low rechargepotential. The latter category is vulnerable to groundwater mining. Groundwater recharge rates refer to the period1961 - 1990 and are derived from simulations with the global hydrological model WaterGAP, version 2.1f, provided bythe University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany (Doell et al., 2006).Aspects of hydrodynamic conditions are addressed by outlining areas of groundwater discharge in arid zones (e.g.endorheic basins or "chotts" and "sebkhas").
Groundwater resources frequently sustain important wetland ecosystems. Therefore, wetlands with a surface largerthan 500 hectares which are supposed to be groundwater related have been abstracted from the existing data baselisting wetlands according to the RAMSAR convention (www.wetlands.org/rsis).Rising demands from population growth and food production are calling for a closer look at the use of groundwater.Therefore, known areas of heavy groundwater abstraction prone to over-exploitation and areas of groundwater miningare mapped. Cities shown on the map (mostly those with a population estimated at more than 1 million inhabitants in2005 according to the United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs) known to have at least 25 % ofthe total water consumption supplied by groundwater have been identified by a special symbol.Groundwater quality is an important issue for the use of groundwater such as drinking water supply and irrigated foodproduction. Areas where salinity of groundwater regionally exceeds 5 g/l are highlighted by orange hatching.
The global Groundwater Resources Map contains only selected information related to groundwater. For reasons ofclarity and readability important complementary information has been deferred to a set of four insert maps at thescale of 1 : 120 000 000 (see left). These thematic maps highlight the issues of "Mean Annual Precipitation", "RiverBasins and Mean Annual River Discharge", "Population Density" and "Groundwater Recharge per Capita".Comparison between the main Groundwater Resources Map and the four thematic small-scale maps should help tounderstand the global picture of groundwater and surface water resources and provide insight into their pressures, inparticular the priority use for drinking purposes. Essential geographic differences are revealed over the globe in thedistribution and amount of rainfall, the most important input factor for both, surface water flow and groundwaterreplenishment. The latter is mirrored in the main map by various colour shades. The rainfall map is based on datafrom the Global Precipitation and Climate Centre (GPCC) in Offenbach, Germany. To highlight the surface watersituation, a map of major active water basins (surface water catchment areas) has been provided by the Global RunoffData Centre (GRDC) in Koblenz, Germany. In addition, the surface water courses and lakes have been classifiedaccording to their mean annual discharge. This picture complements with the main map, particularly in the dry regionsof the world, where no surface water is available but luckily some of the biggest aquifer systems are located.Population density also varies largely on earth and is a key factor for the broad variation of water demand on thecontinents. This information combined with the amount of groundwater recharge modelled by Doell et al. (2006)provides categories of mean annual groundwater recharge per capita. On this map, large countries have beensubdivided into individual sub-regions or states, if this was appropriate or known, to highlight the regional variation.Further information will be provided in a corresponding explanatory booklet to be published soon.See also: www.whymap.org
WHYMAP and the Groundwater Resources Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000
Groundwater resources and recharge (mm/year)
in major groundwater basins
in areas withcomplex hydrogeological structure
in areas with local and shallow aquifers
very high high medium low very low0220100300
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Precipitation in mm/year
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no data
Groundwater recharge in m3/person/year(aggregated for countries or subnational units)
0 250 500 1000 1500 100003000
Lake EyreBalonne
Dig
ul
Mahakam
Sungai
The WHYMAP initiative has been supported by the IHP Councilwithin the framework of the IHP VI programme (2002-2007).
Topographic base map
CGMW / UNESCO (2000):UN (2006):ESRI (2006):NASA / USGS (2006):GRDC (2007):
Geological Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000, 2nd editionCartographic DataData & MapsShuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM30)Rivers & Lakes
Under the auspices of
UNESCO / IHPUNESCO / IGCPBGRCGMWIAEAIAH
Andras Szöllösi-Nagy and Alice AureliRobert MissottenHans-Joachim Kümpel and Wilhelm StruckmeierJean-Paul Cadet and Philippe RossiPradeep Aggarwal and Andy GarnerStephen Foster and Jiri Krasny
Prepared by
Wilhelm Struckmeier and Andrea Richts (Chief Editors),Ian Acworth, Giuseppe Arduino, Emilia Bocanegra, Philip Commander,William Cunningham, Petra Döll, Abdallah Droubi, Nelson da Franca,Wilfried Gilbrich, Jan Girman, Jac van der Gun, Jean Margat,Dominique Poitrinal, Shaminder Puri, Alfonso Rivera,Mohamed Safar-Zitoun, Slavek Vasak, Jaroslav Vrba, Peter Winter,Markus Zaepke, Han Zaisheng and Igor Zektser modified by BGR (2007/2008)
Map projection
Robinson projection, longitude of central meridian 11°E,spheroid WGS84, geographic coordinates
Cartographical editing / GIS
BGR Uta Philipp, Andrea Richts
60°
Mean river discharge in km3/year
0 - 5
5 - 10
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2000 - 3000
> 3000