ground water sampling assignment

8/9/2019 Ground Water Sampling Assignment

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SOIL AND WATER DATA COLLECTION, MONITORING, ANDEVALUATION ASSIGNMENT

MONITORING OF WELLS WATER QUALITY IN INDONESIA

By:Anna Mariana Situngir

Nur Ariyant!

A"#i$!r:

Dr% DWI SETYAWAN

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DE&ARTMENTDOUBLE MASTER DEGREE INTEGRATED RIVER,LOWLAND, AND COASTAL DEVELO&MENT AND

MANAGEMENT &LANNING 'DD(IRLCDM&)SRIWI*AYA UNIVERSITY

+-.


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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND

Almost Indonesia people still uses groundwater especially well as their drinking

water source. This happens particularly in rural areas in Indonesia. However, the

information of wells water quality in Indonesia is still lack because the

groundwater sampling is still rare to do especially for well in residents in the rural

areas such as Pesawaran egency. In Pesawaran itself, the groundwater

monitoring is conducted only once a year and only at two or three sampling sites.

!"nvironmental #ondition eport of Pesawaran$. It is because some local governments

in Indonesia have limit budget for groundwater monitoring. %oreover, the central

government of Indonesia provides limit budget for groundwater monitoring so the

monitoring can not be done periodically. &eside that, the groundwater monitoring

is a little bit e'pensive due to the technology, chemical reagents used and limited

environment analyst. However, Indonesia government still give less attention for

environment quality.

(sually, the groundwater monitoring is done when the groundwater is

contaminated. Therefore, it is difficult to get data and information about

groundwater quality for long term because many of environmental monitorings in

Indonesia is not conducted for regularly and continuously. However, information

plays an important role in the groundwater monitoring because monitoringwithout specification of information needs before the pro)ect design will be

wasting money, it is important for the effectiveness of monitoring and needed by

the management for making decisions. !%ogheir, * and +ingh, .P. --$.

Figure 1. Monitoring Cycle+ource / %ogheir, * and +ingh, .P. --. Application of Information Theory to 0roundwater

1uality %onitoring 2etworks. http/33cleveland-.ce.ttu.edu. Acessed on 4uly 5, -56

. PROB!EM DEFINITION

1 Soil and Water Data Collection, Monitoring, and Evaluation Assignment
http://cleveland2.ce.ttu.edu/http://cleveland2.ce.ttu.edu/


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The groundwater monitoring in Indonesia is done, but the frequency is usually

not perodically because the cost of groundwater monitoring usually limited.

According to Patrick eed et al !-7$, the monitoring of environmental system

usually has limit costs. 8ue to cost and technology limitations, those resulted in

new design paradigm for groundwater remediation from resource recovery tolongterm risk management. &eside limited cost, the groundwater monitoring

methods is e'pensive especially for long9term monitoring. Therefore, the costs of

long9term monitoring for the sites has been reduced by developing a new

methodology for sampling plan design. !eed, Patrik. et al. -$

&eside that, the groundwater monitoring becomes e'pensive because the water

must be handled and treated and it needs large volume to purge and treat the

water. !Powell, obert and Puls, obert. -6$. However, treating the water will

chemical and usually cost of chemical is not cheap. :urthermore, the necessity

to employ one or more field technicians to take samples from a sampling site isalso not economics.

In addition, some groundwater monitoring methods are inefficient and

undesirable. According to 0ranato et al !5;;


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0roundwater is water which is located under the earth=s surface in the soil pore

spaces. It is recharged from and flow to the surface naturally. The discharge is

naturally happen at springs and seeps and can form wetlands. In addition, the

groundwater is often taken for agriculture, municipal, and industrial use through

contructing and operating e'traction wells. !>ikipedia, the free encyclopedia$

Figure . Groun'()ter+ource. >aller, oger %. 5;


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%ethod tested in a sampling site.

(ndesirable Personnel shortages, bad weather,surge of effluent, contamination, andother factors limit the frequency ofsamples can be taken

+ource / 0ranato et al. -. Automated 0roundwater %onitoring +ystem and %ethod.

"ven though, the manual maethod has some disadvantages, the groundwater

monitoring in Indonesia mostly still uses this method because the new

technology is usually e'pensive.

+econd method is automated method which uses passive techniques. In this

method, a data logger will control a probe which is located in a well to make

measurements from which water quality can be determined. However, this

method has better performance than manual method and the benefits is

outweight than drawbacks. The benefits and drawbacks of automated methodcan be seen in below table.

T)*le . T0e Bene-it+ )n' Dr)(*)c+ o- Auto)te' Groun'()ter %)/ling Met0o'

Automatedmethod

Bene-it+ Dr)(*)c+

?ower cost than manual method The si@e of the pressuretransducers and other probesused limits the minimumdiameter of the samplingwells in which they are

installed.It might be programmed to takea greater frequency of measurements than manualmethod

The data collected are oftenelectronically stored

+ome automated methods havebeen equipped with diagnosticfeedback to increase system

reliability+ource / 0ranato et al. -. Automated 0roundwater %onitoring +ystem and %ethod.

According to obert Powell and obert Puls !-6$, groundwater sampling can

be done using the low9flow and passive sampling. Those methods can be the

most accurate to reduce the large volume of purged water by using dedicated

sampling devices. &eside the volume is eliminated, the time also is reduced. ?ow

flow samping is modification of traditional techniques that sample groundwater

with pumps. The pump is placed at the point where the contaminant

concentration is desired usually at the @one of highest contaminant

concentration. Then, the purging is begun, typically at a rate of .5 to .7 quarts

per minute. The parameters that will be measured in this sampling are pH,

4 Soil and Water Data Collection, Monitoring, and Evaluation Assignment


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temperature, conductivity, 8, and turbidity. Passive sampling has ob)ective to

get the needed samples with minimum possible disturbance to the water in the

well. The disturbance will increase the purging volume and time. The passive

sampling can be done through the following steps/

5. Ad)ust the pump to the slow sampling speed and turn it off.-. Attach the pump to the tubing e'iting the well and start the pump.B. Purge enough water to remove the sampling device volume at least once.6. #ollect and preserve the samples.7. %easure the water level.C. #lose up and proceed to the ne't well.

According to Patrick eed, et al !-$, there are four kinds of groundwater

monitoring. :irst, fate9and9transport simulation which uses the reactive transport

in three dimensions !TB8$ developed at the Pacific 2orthwest 2ational

?aboratories !#lement et al., 5;;< in eed, Patrick. "t al. -$. TB8 can beused to evaluate contaminant fate and transport both reactive or nonreactive

conditions. The current version of TB8 can detect some reactions such as

aerobic decay of ben@ene, toluene, ethyl ben@ene, and 'ylene! &T"D$.

%oreover, it can detects degradation of &T"D using multiple electron acceptors,

sequential degradation of perchloroethylene, and other aqueous contaminant

reactions. However, TB8 must be coupled with a groundwater flow simulator

because flow simulation is used to determine the hydraulic heads required in the

calculation of contaminant transport velocities.

+econd, global mass estimation method which is used to show changes in the

dissolved contaminant mass between successive monitoring periods. The

coordinates and concentrations of sampled points of each potential design are

used to estimate contaminant concentrations at all unsampled nodes within the

modeled domain by using one of two interpolation methods which is kriging or

inverse9distance weighting. The global mass estimate for a particular sampling

plan is then calculated by simply adding all of the mass concentrations and

multiplying this value by the total effective pore volume of the aquifer.

Third, ordinary kriging which is a kind of geostatistical methods. This method canprovide minimum error estimates of contaminant concentrations at unsampled

locations using linear combinations of sampled concentrations. !#ooper and

Istok. 5;


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positive9definite and nonnegative. ?ast, the analysis involves estimating

contaminant concentrations at unsampled locations using ordinary kriging.

However, the ordinary kriging assumes that the mean contaminant concentration

in the neighborhood of an unestimated point is stationary, but trend removal

maybe required in instances where the e'perimentals emivariogram does nothave a clearly defined sill value. The validity of kriged estimates depends on how

well the mathematical model used in structural analysis to predict the spatial

correlation of contaminant concentrations. #ross validation was used to insure

the accuracy of the mathematical model. #ross validation consists of

sequentially estimating concentrations at each of then known locations using the

remaining n 9 5 sampled locations in the domain. An analysis of the residuals

between the estimates and actual known concentrations must show that the

residuals are normally distributed, independent, and have an e'pected value

equal to @ero before the semivariogram model was accepted. Then, the

validated model of the semivariogramis used as an input for kriging. However,

using kriging for interpolation has disadvantages such as its comple'ity

computation and the calculating and validating the semivariogram can require

considerable e'pertise and analytical time.?ast, inverse9distance interpolation which has strength its numerical simplicity.

This method can be used as an alternative method for interpolation since kriging

has some limitations that have stated. The inverse9distance method could also

be used as a screening step to determine whether a detailed geostatistical

analysis could result in considerable savings in sampling costs.

:urthermore, eed, Patrick, et al in -7 has been using new version of the

2ondominated +orted 0enetic Algorithm9II !2+0AII$, 92+0AII for longterm

groundwater monitoring !?T%$. ?T% is sampling of groundwater quality over long

time9scales to provide EEsufficient and appropriate information== to assess if

current mitigation or contaminant control measures are performing adequately to

be protective of human and ecological health. The ?T% problem is ideal for

demonstrating how "% can aid environmental decision making because of the

tremendous e'pense and comple'ity of characteri@ing groundwater

contamination sites over long time periods. (sually, the 92+0AII is combinedwith a parameteri@ation strategy to accomplish the following/ !5$ ensure the

algorithm will maintain diverse solutions, !-$ eliminate the need for trial9and9error

analysis of parameter settings !i.e., population si@e and crossover$, and !B$ allow

users to sufficiently capture tradeoffs using a minimum number of design

evaluations. A sufficiently quantified tradeoff can be defined as a subset of

Pareto optimal solutions that provide an adequate representation of the Pareto

frontier that can be used to inform decision making. A tradeoff solution is termed

Pareto optimal when the solution can only improve its value in one ob)ective by

degrading its value for at least one other ob)ective !Pareto, 5


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plotted in ob)ective space. B92+0AII enables the user to specify the precision

with which they want to quantify the Pareto optimal set and all other parameters

are automatically specified within the algorithm. The proposed algorithm consists

of three steps. :irst, utili@es the 2+0AII with a starting population of 7 individuals

to initiate "% search. The initial population si@e is set arbitrarily small to ensurethe algorithm=s initial search is done using a minimum number of function

evaluations. +ubsequent increases in the population si@e ad)ust the population

si@e commensurate with problem difficulty. +econd, the 92+0AII uses a fi'ed

si@ed archive !which inherently results from the user9specified B precision$ to

store the nondominated solutions generated in every generation of the 2+0AII

runs. The 98ominance allows the user to define the precision with which they

want to evaluate each ob)ective by specifying an appropriate 9value for each

ob)ective. ?ast, checks a user9specified performance and termination criteria to

determine if the Pareto optimal set has been sufficiently quantified. If the criteria

are not satisfied, the population si@e is doubled and the search is continued.

>hen increasing the population, the initial population of the new run has

solutions in)ected from the archive at the end of the previous run. The algorithm

terminates if either a ma'imum user time is reached or if doubling the population

si@e fails to significantly increase the number of nondominated solutions found

across two runs.

Figure ". %c0e)tic O,er,ie( o- N%GAII+ource/ eed, Patrick. et al. -7. http/33faculty.mu.edu.sa3. Acessed on 4uly 5, -56

CHAPTER IIIMETHODO!OG2

The groundwater sampling method will be used in the pro)ect is passive

sampling because the disposal of large volume of purged water that must be

handled and treated often can be minimi@ed. The method can be the most

accurate to reduce the large volume of purged water by using dedicated

sampling devices because beside the volume is eliminated, the time also is

Soil and Water Data Collection, Monitoring, and Evaluation Assignment

Ad)ust the pump to the slowsampling speed and turn it off


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reduced. Passive sampling has minimum possible disturbance to the water in the

well. The passive sampling can be done by the following steps/

!ITERATURE

Anonymous. 0roundwater. >ikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

http/33en.wikipedia.org3wiki30roundwater.Acessed on 4uly 56, -56

Anonymous. -56. "arth=s >ater/ 0roundwater.

http/33water.usgs.gov3edu3earthgw.html.Acessed on 4uly 56,-56.

! Soil and Water Data Collection, Monitoring, and Evaluation Assignment

Attach the pump to the tubing e'iting

the well and start the pump

Purge enough water to remove thesampling device volume at least once

#ollect and preservethe samples

%easure the waterlevel

#lose up and proceedto the ne't well

Analysis sampling waterbased on +2I

Physical parameter

#hemical parameter

&iolo arameter

%onitoring well water qualityusing inverse9distance method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater.%20Acessed%20on%20July%2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater.%20Acessed%20on%20July%2014http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgw.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater.%20Acessed%20on%20July%2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater.%20Acessed%20on%20July%2014http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgw.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater.%20Acessed%20on%20July%2014


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?ocal 0overnment of Pesawaran egency. -5-. #ondition eport of Pesawaran

-5-. 0edongtataan

0ranato et al. 5;;hat is 0round >aterF http/33pubs.usgs.gov. Acessed

on 4uly 56, -56

" Soil and Water Data Collection, Monitoring, and Evaluation Assignment
http://cleveland2.ce.ttu.edu/http://pubs.usgs.gov/http://cleveland2.ce.ttu.edu/http://pubs.usgs.gov/

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