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head_Ground water Manual.pdf

Ground WaterManual

USDI

A Water Resources Technical Publication

head_Ground water Manual.pdf

First reprint in India, 2018

Published by:

United Book Prints

4806/24, Ansari Road,

Daryaganj,

New Delhi - 110 002

Tel.: 011-41511055

E-mail: unitedbookprints@gmail.com

Print: 2018

ISBN: 978-93-83692-82-8

© USDI 1995

Printed in India

head_Ground water Manual.pdf

Contents

Page Preface . . . . . iii Chapter I. Ground-Water Occurrence, Properties and Controls

1-1 Introduction 1 1-2 History of Use 2 1-3 Origin 2

(a) The hydrologic cycle 2 (b) Ground-water discharge 4 (c) Recharge to and discharge from aquifers 5 (d) Ground-water discharge 6

1-4 Occurrence of ground water 6 (a) General 6 (b) Sedimentary material and rocks 7 (c) Igneous and metamorphic rocks 7 (d) Zones of moisture 10

1-5 Ground-water quality 11 (a) General 11 (b) Acceptable limits for chemical constituents in water 12 (c) Contamination and pollution 17 (d) Other uses of water quality data 18

1-6 Ground and surface-water relationships 18 (a) Humid area relationships 18 (b) Arid area relationships 18 (c) Artificial ground-water recharge 19 (d) Ground-water reservoirs 20

1-7 Ground-water rights 21 (a) General 21 (b) Doctrine of riparian rights 22 (c) Doctrine of prior appropriation 22 (d) Prescriptive rights 22 (e) Indian water rights 22 (f) Ground-water regulations 24 (g) Conjunctive use of surface and ground water 24

1-8 Application of ground-water engineering 25 (a) Water supply 25 (b) Ground-water reservoirs and artificial recharge 25 (c) Drainage 26 (d) Contamination problems 26

1-9 Bibliography 26

GOUND WATER MANUAL vi

Page Chaper II Planning Ground-Water Investigations and Presentation of Results

2-1 Introduction 29 2-2 Ground-water modeling 31

(a) Modeling approaches 31 (b) Types of ground-water models 34 (c) Model use 36 (d) Model misuse 42 (e) Limitations and sources of error in modeling 43 (f) Summary 44

2-3 Planning 45 (a) Purpose and scope 45 (b) Field investigations 47

2-4 Data collection and field work 48 (a) Identify existing data 48 (b) Subsurface investigations 48 (c) Water quality data 49 (d) Climatic data 49 (e) Streamflow and runoff 50 (f) Soil and vegetative cover 50

2-5 Data analysis 51 (a) Maps and diagrams 51 (b) Ground-water map interpretation 60

2-6 Report preparation 65 2-7 Bibliography 69 Chapter III. Initial Operations and Aquifer Yield Estimates 3-1 Introduction 73 3-2 Hydrologic budgets 74 3-3 Ground-water inventories 76 3-4 Perennial yield estimates of aquifers 78 3-5 Initial operations 78 3-6 Records of wells, springs, seeps and marshes 79 3-7 Initiation and frequency of ground-water level

measurements

84 3-8 Water level measuring devices 86 3-9 Records of water level measurements 90

CONTENTS vii Page 3-10 Exploration holes, observation well, piezometer,

and monitoring well installation

92 3-11 Drilling of exploratory holes, observation wells,

piezometers and monitoring wells

93 3-12 Sampling and logging of exploration and

observation holes

9 (a) Undistrurved samples of unconsolidated material 99 (b) Disturbed samples of unconsolidated material 99 (c) Mechanical analyses of samples 100 (d) Visual examination of samples 100 (e) Drill core samples of consolidated rock 100

3-13 Water samples from boreholes, wells and surface sources

100

3-14 Bibliography 108 Chapter IV. Geophysical Invetigations

4-1 Introduction 111 4-2 Surface geophysical methods 113

(a) Seismic methods 113 (b) Electrical methods 114 (c) Electromagnetic (EM) methods 116 (d) Magnetic method 119 (e) Gravity method 119

4-3 Borehole geophysical methods 119 (a) Seismic methods 120 (b) Electrical logging methods 121 (c) Nuclear radiation logging methods 122 (d) Other logging methods 124

4-4 Bibliography 125 Chapter V. Definition and Theory of Saturated Ground-water Flow and Factors Affecting Ground-water Flow

5-1 Structural geology and stratigraphy 127 5-2 Darcy’s Law 127 5-3 Hydraulic conductivity 129

GOUND WATER MANUAL viii

Page 5-4 Transmissivity 131 5-5 Storativity 131 5-6 Specific retention 136 5-7 Porosity 136 5-8 Velocity 137 5-9 Hydraulic diffusivity 137 5-10 Steady one-directional flow 138 5-11 Steady radial flow 141 5-12 Transient one-directional flow 142 5-13 Transient radial flow 144 5-14 Anisotropy 145 5-15 Boundaries 146 5-16 Leaky aquifers 148 5-17 Delayed drainage 149 5-18 Recharge and discharge areas 149 5-19 The radius of influence and the cone of depression 150 5-20 Well interference 150 5-21 Principle of superposition 150 5-22 Bibliography 152 Chapter VI. Well and Aquifer Relationships

6-1 Aquifer and well hydraulics 155 6-2 Flow to wells 156 6-3 Yield and drawdown relationships 162 6-4 Well diameter and yield 166 6-5 Well penetration and yield 169 6-6 Entrance velocity 171 6-7 Percentage of open area of screen 172 6-8 Screen slot sizes and patterns 172 6-9 Gravel packs 173 6-10 Well efficiency 175 6-11 Bibliography 176

CONTENTS ix Page Chapter VII. Artificial Recharge, Artificial Storage and Recovery and Subsidence

7-1 Introduction 179 7-2 Surface spreading 180

(a) General 180 (b) Earth dikes 181 (c) Rubber dams 181 (d) Flashboard dams 181 (e) Estimates of infiltration rates 181 (f) Effect of water depth 183 (g) Basin management techniques 184

7-3 Injection wells 184 7-4 Conjunctive wells 185 7-5 Shafts 186 7-6 Horizontal wells 186 7-7 Aquifer storage and recovery 186 7-8 Use of reclaimed wastewater for recharge 187 7-9 Effects of water chemistry 189

(a) Turbidity 189 (b) Microbial activity 189 (c) Precipitation 190

7-10 Recordkeeping 190 7-11 Governmental regulations 190 7-12 Modeling techniques 190 7-13 Subsidence 191 7-14 Bibliography 193 Chapter VIII. Pumping Tests to Determine Aquifer Characteristics

8-1 Methods for estimating approximate values of aquifer characteristics

8-2 Controlled pumping tests to determine aquifer characteristics

198

8-3 Types of aquifers 198 (a) Unconfined aquifers 198 (b) Confined aquifers 198 (c) Composite and leaky aquifers 199 (d) Delayed drainage 200

GOUND WATER MANUAL x

Page 8-4 Selection and location of pumping wells and

observation well

200 8-5 Disposal of discharge 202 8-6 Preparations for pumping test 203 8-7 Instrumentation and equipment required for a test 204 8-8 Running a pumping test 206 8-9 Measurement of discharge 207 8-10 Determining duration of a test 216 8-11 Recovery test for transmissivity 219 8-12 Bibliography 220 Chapter IX. Analysis of Discharging Well and Other test data

9-1 Background data 221 9-2 Steady-state equations 222 9-3 Transient equations 231 9-4 Type curve solutions of the transient equation 238

(a) Time-drawdown solution 243 (b) Distance-drawdown solution 249

9-5 Jacob’s approximation solutions for the nonequilibrium equation

249

(a) Distance-drawdown solution 250 (b) Time-drawdown solution 250

9-6 Use of data from test wells 252 9-7 Recovery analyses 252 9-8 Leaky aquifer solutions 260 9-9 Constant drawdown solution 268 9-10 Delayed drainage solution 272 9-11 Determination of aquifer boundaries 278

(a) Boundary location by type curve analyses 282 (b) Boundary location by straight-line approximation 290 (c) Multiple boundaries 292

9-12 Interference and well spacing 292 9-13 Barometric pressure and other influences on

water levels

294 9-14 Well performance tests 295

(a) Step tests 299 (b) Constant yield tests 300

9-15 Streamflow depletion by a discharging well 300

CONTENTS xi Page 9-16 Estimates of future pumping levels and well

performance

300 9-17 Estimating transmissivity from specific capacity 303 9-18 Flow nets 303 9-19 Drainage wells 305 9-20 Bibliography 309 Chapter X. Permeability Tests in Individual Holes and Wells

10-1 General considerations 317 10-2 Pressure permeability tests in stable rock 319

(a) Methods of testing 320 (b) Cleaning test section before testing 320 (c) Length of test section 321 (d) Size of rod or pipe to use in tests 321 (e) Pumping equipment 322 (f) Swivels for use in tests 322 (g) Location of pressure gauge in tests 327 (h) Recommended watermeters 327 (i) Length of time for tests 327 (j) Pressures to be used in testing 327

(k) Arrangement of equipment 328 (l) Pressure permeability test methods 328

(m) Multiple pressure tests 339 10-3 Gravity permeability tests 342

(a) Cleaning test sections 342 (b) Measurement of water levels through protective

pipe

342 (c) Pumping equipment and controls 343 (d) Watermeters 346 (e) Length of time for tests 346 (f) Arrangement of equipment 346 (g) Gravity permeability test (method 1) 346 (h) Gravity permeability test (method 2) 350 (i) Gravity permeability test (method 3) 355 (j) Gravity permeability test (method 4) 358

10-4 Falling head tests 362 (a) Tests below the static water level in the hole 363 (b) Tests in unsaturated materials above the water

table

364

GOUND WATER MANUAL xii

Page 10-5 Slug tests 366

(a) Introduction 366 (b) Conducting the slug test 367 (c) Analysis 367 (d) Hvorslev 367 (e) Bouwer (1989a and b) 369 (f) Cooper, Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1967) 372 (g) Barker and Black (1983) 375

10-6 Auger-hole test for hydraulic conductivity 375 (a) Introduction 375 (b) Equipment 375 (c) Procedure 383 (d) Calculations 386 (e) Limitations 387 (f) Step tests in layered soils 390

10-7 Piezometer test for hydraulic conductivity 391 (a) Introduction 391 (b) Equipment 391 (c) Procedure 393 (d) Calculations 394 (e) Limitations 397

10-8 Pomona well point method 399 10-9 Single well drawdown test for hydraulic

conductivity

10-10 Shallow well pump-in test for hydraulic conductivity

400

(a) Introduction 400 (b) Equipment 400 (c) Procedure 403 (d) Calculations 407 (e) Limitations 415

10-11 Test for determining infiltration rate 415 10-12 Bibliography 415 Chapter XI. Well Design, Components and Specifications 11-1 General 419 11-2 Corrosion 424 11-3 Encrustation 426

CONTENTS xiii Page 11-4 Surface casing (Soil casing, conductor casing outer

casing

428 (a) Description and purpose 428 (b) Design particulars for surface casing 429

11-5 Pump chamber casing (pump housing casing, working casing, inner casing, flow pipe protective casing

434 (a) Description and purpose 434 (b) Design particulars for pump chamber casing 434

11-6 Screen assembly 443 (a) Description and purpose 443 (b) Design particulars of screen assemblies 448

11-7 Drive shoes 465 11-8 Reducers and overlaps 466

(a) Description and purpose 466 (b) Design particulars of reducers and overlaps 466

11-9 Seals 467 (a) Description and purpose 467 (b) Design particulars for seals 468

11-10 Gravel or concrete base 469 11-11 Centering guides 469 11-12 Tremie pipes 469 11-13 Gravel packs and formation stabilizers 472

(a) Description and purpose 472 (b) Placement procedures and design of gravel packs 473

11-14 Pump foundations 479 11-15 Special well types 479

(a) Drainage wells 479 (b) Inverted wells 480 (c) Pressure relief wells 480 (d) Collector wells 480

11-16 Purposes of well specifications and available standards

481

(a) Materials 482 (b) Methods of construction 489 (c) Time of performance 489 (d) Payment process 489

11-17 Bibiography 489

GOUND WATER MANUAL xiv

Page Chapter XII. Water Well Drilling and Development 12-1 Introduction 493 12-2 Drilling and sampling with cable tool rigs and

variations

493 (a) Drilling methods 493 (b) Sampling 496

12-3 Drilling and sampling with direct circulation rotary rigs and variations

496

(a) Drilling methods 496 (b) Sampling 499

12-4 Air rotary drilling 500 12-5 Drilling and sampling with reverse circulation

rotary drills

501 (a) Drilling methods 501 (b) Sampling 502

12-6 Other drilling methods 503 12-7 Plumbness and alignment tests 504 12-8 Well development 505 12-9 Development of wells in unconsolidated aquifers 508

(a) Overpumping 508 (b) Rawhiding (pumping and surging) 508 (c) Surge block development 511 (d) Development with air 518 (e) Hydraulic jetting 521

12-10 Development of wells in hard rock 526 12-11 Chemicals used in well development 527 12-12 Well sterilization 528 12-13 Chlorination 528 12-14 Other sterilants 533 12-15 Sterilization of gravel pack 534 12-16 Bibliography 535 Chapter XIII. Infiltration Galleries and Horizontal Wells

13-1 Introduction 537 13-2 Basic components of an infiltration gallery 537 13-3 Types of infiltration gallery installations 537 13-4 Design Of infiltration galleries 538 13-5 Horizontal wells 546 13-6 Bibliography 549

CONTENTS xv Page Chapter XIV. Dewatering Systems

14-1 Purposes of dewatering systems 551 14-2 Methods of dewatering and soil stabilization 552

(a) Well-point systems 555 (b) Jet eductor systems 559 (c) Horizontal drains 562 (d) Electro-osmosis 564 (e) Vertical sand drains 564 (f) Drainage wells 565 (g) Deep wells for pumps 566 (h) Relief wells 567

14-3 Field investigation for dewatering systems 569 14-4 Design of dewatering system 571 14-5 Design of well points and similar dewatering

systems

575 (a) Suction lift well-point systems 575 (b) Jet eductor well-point systems 578 (e) Deep-well dewatering systems 579

14-6 Monitoring 579 14-7 Installation of dewatering wells and well points 580 14-8 Pumps for dewatering systems 580 14-9 Artificial ground-water barriers 580

(a) Sheet piling 581 (b) Cutoff walls 581 (c) Slurry trenches 581 (d) Freezing of soils 582 (e) Grouting 582

14-10 Bibliography 583

Chapter XV. Water Well Pumps

15-1 Introduction 585 15-2 Conventional vertical turbine pumps 585

(a) Turbine pump principles 585 (b) Turbine pump operating characteristics 586 (c) Net positive suction head and submergence 589 (d) Turbine pump construction features 591 (e) Selection of pump bowl and impeller 592 (f) Discharge heads 592

GOUND WATER MANUAL xvi

Page 15-3 Submersible pumps 593 15-4 Jet pumps 594 15-5 Pneumatic pumps 596 15-7 Positive displacement pumps 596 15-8 Suction pumps 598 15-9 Estimating projected pumping levels 598 15-10 Analysis of basic data on well and

pump performace

599 15-11 Additional factors in pumping equipment design 604 15-12 Measuring pump performance 605 15-13 Estimating total pumping head 606 15-14 Estimating horsepower input 606 15-15 Measuring pump discharge 607 15-16 Measuring pump efficiency 607 15-17 Selection of electric motors 608 15-18 Selection of internal-combustion engines 610 15-19 Bibliography 611

Chapter XVI Well and Pump Costs, Operation and Maintenance and Rehabilitation 16-1 Well construction costs 613 16-2 Pump costs 614 16-3 Operation and maintenance responsibilities 614 16-4 Operation and maintenance basic records 615 16-5 Video well surveys 616 16-6 Routine observations and measurements on

large capacity wells

617 16-7 Interpretation of observed or measured changes

in well performance or conditions

619 16-8 Well rehabilitation planning 623 16-9 Sand pumping 625 16-10 Decline in discharge 628 16-11 Corrosion 629 16-12 Encrustation 629 16-13 Use of explosives and acidizing 630 16-14 Chlorine treatment 634 16-15 Rehabilitation of rock wells 635 16-16 Hydrofracturing 636 16-17 Bibliography 638 Appendix 639 Index 653

CoverTitlePrefaceContentsTables1 Ground Water Occurrence, Properties and Controls1.1 Introduction1.2 History of Use1.3 Origin(a) The Hydrologic Cycle(b) Ground Water Equation(c) Recharge to and Discharge from Aquifers(d) Ground Water Discharge

1.4 Occurrence of Ground Water(a) General(b) Sedimentary Material and Rocks(c) Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks(d) Zones of Moisture

1.5 Ground Water Quality(a) General(b) Acceptable Limits for Chemical Constituents in Water(c) Contamination and Pollution(d) Other Uses of Water Quality Data

1.6 Ground and Surface Water Relationships(a) Humid Area Relationships(b) Arid Area Relationships(c) Artificial Ground Water Recharge(b) Ground Water Reservoirs

1.7 Ground Water Rights(a) General(b) Doctrine of Riparian Rights(c) Doctrine of Prior Appropriation(d) Prescriptive Rights(e) Indian Water Rights(f) Ground Water Regulations(g) Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water

1.8 Application of Ground Water Engineering(a) Water Supply(b) Ground Water Reservoirs and Artificial Recharge(c) Drainage(d) Contamination Problems

1.9 Bibliography

2 Planning Ground Water Investigations and Presentation of Results2.1 Introduction2.2 Ground Water Modeling(a) Modeling Approaches(b) Types of Ground Water Models(c) Model Use(d) Model Misuse(e) Limitations and Sources of Error in Modeling(f) Summary

2.3 Planning(a) Purpose and Scope(b) Field Investigations

2.4 Data Collection and Field Work(a) Identify Existing Data(b) Subsurface Investigations(c) Water Quality Data(d) Climatic Data(e) Streamflow and Runoff(f) Soil and Vegetative Cover

2.5 Data Analysis(a) Maps and Diagrams(b) Ground Water Map Interpretation

2.6 Report Preparation2.7 Bibliography

3 Initial Operations and Aquifer Yield Estimates3.1 Introduction3.2 Hydrologic Budgets3.3 Ground Water Inventories3.4 Perennial Yield Estimates of Aquifers3.5 Initial Operations3.6 Records of Wells, Springs, Seeps and Marshes3.7 Initiation and Frequency of Ground-Water Level Measurements3.8 Water Level measuring Devices3.9 Records of Water Level Measurements3.10 Exploration Holes, Observation Well, Piezometer and Monitoring Well Installation3.11 Installation of Exploratory Holes, Observation Wells, Piezometers and Monitoring Wells3.12 Sampling and Logging of Exploration and Observation Holes(a) Undisturbed Samples of Unconsolidated Material(b) Disturbed Samples of Unconsolidated Material(c) Mechanical Analyses of Samples(d) Visual Examination of Samples(e) Drill Core Samples of Consolidated Rock

3.13 Water Samples from Boreholes, Wells and Surface3.14 Bibliography

4 Geophysical Investigations4.1 Introduction4.2 Surface Geophysical Methods(a) Seismic Methods(b) Electrical Methods(c) Electromagnetic (EM) Methods(d) Magnetic Method(e) Gravity Method

4.3 Borehole Geophysical Methods(a) Seismic Methods(b) Electrical Logging Methods(c) Nuclear Radiation Logging Methods(d) Other Logging Methods

4.4 Bibliography

5 Definitions and Theory of Saturated Ground Water Flow and Factors Affecting Ground Water Flow5.1 Structural Geology and Stratigraphy5.2 Darcy's Law5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity5.4 Transmissivity5.5 Storativity5.6 Specific Retention5.7 Porosity5.8 Velocity5.9 Hydraulic Diffusivity5.10 Steady One-Directional Flow5.11 Steady Radial Flow5.12 Transient One-Directional Flow5.13 Transient Radial Flow5.14 Anisotropy5.15 Boundaries5.16 Leaky Aquifers5.17 Delayed Drainage5.18 Recharge and Discharge Areas5.19 The Radius of Influence and the Cone of Depression5.20 Well Interference5.21 Principles of Superposition5.22 Bibliography

6 Well and Aquifer Relationships6.1 Aquifer and Well Hydraulics6.2 Flow to Wells6.3 Yield and Drawdown Relationships6.4 Well Diameter and Yield6.5 Well Penetration and Yield6.6 Entrance Velocity6.7 Percentage of Open Area of Screen6.8 Screen Slot Sizes and Patterns6.9 Gravel Packs6.10 Well Efficiency6.11 Bibliography

7 Artificial Recharge, Artificial Storage and Recovery and Subsidence7.1 Introduction7.2 Surface Spreading(a) General(b) Earth Dikes(c) Rubber Dams(d) Flashboard Dams(e) Estimates of Indfiltration Rates(f) Effect of Water Depth(g) Basin Management Techniques

7.3 Injection Wells7.4 Conjunctive Wells7.5 Shafts7.6 Horizontal Wells7.7 Aquifer Storage and Recovery7.8 Use of Reclaimed Wastewater for Recharge7.9 Effects of Water Chemistry(a) Turbidity(b) Microbial activity(c) Precipitation

7.10 Recordkeeping7.11 Governmental Regulations7.12 Modeling Techniques7.13 Subsidence7.14 Bibliography

8 Pumping Tests to Determine Aquifer Characteristics8.1 Methods for Estimating Approximate Values of Aquifer Characteristics8.2 Controlled Pumping Tests to Determine Aquifer Characteristics8.3 Types of Aquifers(a) Unconfined Aquifers(b) Confined Aquifers(c) Composite and Leaky Aquifers(d) Delayed Drainage

8.4 Selection and Location of Pumping Wells and Observation Wells8.5 Disposal of Discharge8.6 Preparations for Pumping Test8.7 Instrumentation and Equipment Required for a Test8.8 Running a Pumping Test8.9 Measurement of Discharge8.10 Determining Duration of a Test8.11 Recovery Test for Transmissivity8.12 Bibliography

9 Analysis of Discharging Well and Other Test Data9.1 Background Data9.2 Steady State Equations9.3 Transient Equations9.4 Type Curve Solutions of the Transient Equation(a) Distance Drawdown Solution(b) Distance Drawdown Solution

9.5 Jocob's Approximation Solutions for the (a) Distance Drawdown Solution(b) Time Drawdown Solution

9.6 Use of Data from Test Wells9.7 Recovery Analyses9.8 Leaky Aquifer Solution9.9 Constant Drawdown Solutions9.10 Delayed Drainage Solutions9.11 Determination of Aquifer Boundaries(a) Boundary Lacation by Type Curve Analyses(b) Boundary Location by Straight Line Approximation(c) Multiple Boudaries

9.12 Interference and Well Spacing9.13 Barometric Pressure and Other Influences on Water Levels9.14 Well Performance Tests(a) Step Tests(b) Constant Yield Tests

9.15 Streamflow Depletion by a Discharging Well9.16 Estimates of Future Pumping Levels and Well Performance9.17 Estimating Transmissivitgy From Specific Capacity9.18 Flow Nets9.19 Drainage Wells9.20 Bibliography

10 Permeability Tests in Individual Drill Holes and Wells10.1 General Considerations10.2 Pressure Permeability Tests in Stable Rock(a) Methods of Testing(b) Cleaning Test Sections Before Testing(c) Lenght of Test Section(d) Size of Rod or Pipe to Use in Tests(e) Pumping Equipment(f) Swivels for Use in Tests(g) Location of Pressure Gauge in Tests(h) Recommended Watermeters(i) Length of Time for Tests(j) Pressures to be Used in Testing(k) Arrangement of Equipment(l) Pressure Permeability Test Methods(m) Multiple Pressure Tests

10.3 Gravity Permeability Tests(a) Cleaning Test Sections(b) Measurement of Water Levels Through Protective Pipe(c) Pumping Equipment and Ciontrols(d) Watermeters(e) Lenght of Time for Tests(f) Arrangement of Equipment(g) Gravity Permeability Test (Method 1 )(h) Gravity Permeability Test (Method 2)(i) Gravity Permeability Test (Method 3)(j) Gravity Permeability Test (Method 4)

10.4 Falling Head Tests(a) Tests Below the Static Water Level in the Hole(b) Tests in Unsaturated Materials Above the Water Table

10.5 Slug Tests(a) Introduction(b) Conducting the Slug Test(c) Analysis(d) Hvorslev(e) Bouwer (1989a and b)(f) Cooper, Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1967)(g) Barker and Black (1983)

10.6 Auger-Hole Test for Hydraulic Conductivity(a) Introduction(b) Equipment(c) Procedure(d) Calculations(e) Limitations(f) Step Test in Layered Soils

10.7 Piezometer Test for Hydraulic Conductivity(a) Introduction(b) Equipment(c) Procedure(d) Calculations(e) Limitations

10.8 Pomona Well Point Method10.9 Single Well Drawdown Test for Hydraulic10.10 Shallow Well Pump-In Test for Hydraulic Conductivity(a) Introduction(b) Equipment(c) Procedure(d) Calculations(c) LImitations

10.11 Test for Determining Infiltration Rate10.12 Bibliography

11 Well Design, Components and Specifications11.1 General11.2 Corrosion11.3 Encrustation11.4 Surface Casing (Soil Casing, Conductor Casing Outer Casing)(a) Description and Purpose(b) Design Particulars for Surface Casing

11.5 Pump Chamber Casing (Pump Housing Casing Wolrking Casing, Inner Casing, Flow Pipe Protective Casing(a) Description and Purpose(b) Design Particu;ars for Pump Chamber Casing

11.6 Screen Assembly(a) Description and Purpose(a) Design Particulars of Screen Assemblies

11.7 Drive Shoes11.8 Reducers and Overlaps(a) Description and Purpose(b) Design Particulars of Reducers and Overlaps

11.9 Seals(a) Description and Purpose(b) Design Particulars for Seals

11.10 Gravel or Concrete Base11.11 Centering Guides11.12 Tremie Pipes11.13 Gravel Packs and Formation Stabilizers(a) Description and Purpose(b) Placement Procedures and Design of Gravel Packs

11.14 Pump Foundations11.15 Special Well Types(a) Drainage Wells(b) Inverted Wells(c) Pressure Relief Wells(d) Collector Wells

11.16 Purposes of Well Specifications and Available Standards(a) Materials(b) Methods of Construction(c) Time of Performance(d) Payment Process

11.17 Bibliography

12 Water Well Drilling and Development12.1 Introduction12.2 Drilling and Sampling with Cable Tool Rigs and Variations(a) Drilling Methods(b) Sampling

12.3 Drilling and Sampling with Direct Circulation Rotary Rigs and Variations(a) Drilling Methods(b) Sampling

12.4 Air Rotary Drilling12.5 Drilling and Sampling with Reverse Circulation Rotary Drills(a) Drilling Methods(b) Sampling

12.6 Other Drilling Methods12.7 Plumbness and Alignment Tests12.8 Well Development12.9 Development of Wells in Unconsolidated Aquifers(a) Overpumping(b) Rawhiding (Pumping and Surging)(c) Surge Block Development(d) Development with Air(e) Hydraulic Jetting

12.10 Development of Wells in Hard Rock12.11 Chemicals Used in Well Development12.12 Well Sterilization12.13 Chlorination12.14 Other Sterilants12.15 Sterilization of Gravel Pack12.16 Bibliography

13 Infiltration Galleries and Horizontal Wells13.1 Introduction13.2 Basic Components of an Infiltration Gallery13.3 Types of Infiltration Gallery Installations13.4 Design of Infiltration Galleries13.5 Horizontal Wells13.6 Bibliography

14 Devatering Systems14.1 Purposes of Devatering Systems14.2 Methods of Devatering and Soil Stabilization(a) Well Point Systems(b) Jet Eductor Systems(c) Horizontal Drains(d) Electro-osmosis(e) Vertical Sand Drains(f) Drainage Wells(g) Deep Wells for Pumps(h) Relief Wells

14.3 Field Investigation for Dewatering Systems14.4 Design of Dewatering System14.5 Design of Well Points and Similar Devatering Systems(a) Suction Lift Well-Point Systems(b) Jet Eductor Well-Point Systems(c) Deep-Well Dewatering Systems

14.6 Monitoring14.7 Installation of Dewatering Wells and Well Points14.8 Pumps for Dewatering Systems14.9 Artificial Ground Water Barriers(a) Sheet Piling(b) Cutoff Walls(c) Slurry Trenches(d) Freezing of Soils(e) Grouting

14.10 Bibliography

15 Water Well Pumps15.1 Introduction15.2 Conventional Vertical Turbine Pumps(a) Turbine Pump Principles(b) Turbine Pump Operating Characteristics(c) Net Positive Suction Head and Submergence(d) Turbine Pump Construction Features](e) Selection of Pump Bowl and Impeller(f) Discharge Heads

15.3 Submersible Pumps15.4 Jet Pumps15.5 Pneumatic Pumps15.6 Airlift Pumps15.7 Positive Displacement Pumps15.8 Suction Pumps15.9 Esto,atomg {rpkected Pumping Levels15.10 Analysis of Basic15.11 Additional Factors in Pumping Equipment15.12 Measuring Pump Performance15.13 Estimating Total Pumping Head15.14 Estimating Horsepower Input15.15 Measuring Pump Discharge15.16 Measuring Pump Efficiency15.17 Selection of Electric Motors15.18 Selection of Internal Combustion Engines15.19 Bibliography

16 Well and Pump Costs, Operation and Maintenance and Rehabilitation16.1 Well Construction Costs16.2 Pumps Costs16.3 Operation and Maintenance Responsibilities16.4 Operation and Maintenance Basic Records16.5 Video Well Surveys16.6 Routing Observations and Measurements on Large Capacity Wells16.7 Interpretation of Observed or Measured Changes in Well Performance or Conditions16.8 Well Rehabilitation Planning16.9 Sand Pumping16.10 Decline in Discharge16.11 Corrosion16.12 Encrustation16.13 Use of Explosives and Acidizing16.14 Chlorine Treatment16.15 Rehabilitation of Rock Wells16.16 Hydrofracturing16.17 Bibliography

AppendixIndex